...photoprotection generate detectible leaf- and canopy-scale reflectance changes that are highly correlated with LUE at both the leaf and forest stand levels. Current research includes study of how these biophysical changes, with significant leaf- and forest-level reflectance correlations, can be used to quantify the degree of photosynthetic down-regulation in a spatially continuous mode. Future research directions could take the following forms. Development of a theoretical (physically based) canopy-level model to predict reflectance changes at 531 nm. One of the basic research needs identified in this article is for the development of an improved understanding of the relationship between remotely sensed photochemical reflectance spectra and canopy-level down-regulation of LUE as it varies with sensor view and solar illumination conditions, forest stand geometry, and unstressed leaf optical properties. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop physically based models that are more generally applicable than the empirical studies used to demonstrate the general relationship between LUE and spectral observations. There is as yet no physically based algorithm to robustly relate forest-level reflectance changes at 531 nm to down-regulation. Such algorithms need to be based on canopy reflectance models that account for the leaf-level reflectance changes as a function of photosynthetic down-regulation and that can scale these variations from the leaf up to the canopy level. Down-regulation...
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...notes on qualities and characteristics of an object using the senses. Creating observations in numbers is quantitative observations and provide more indebt information | Noting information objectively instead of personal opinion such as “the rotting apple has a distinct odor” instead of “the apple smells bad”. Students can observe fruit using the sight smell taster and touch. | Classifying | Grouping together the objects based on their common qualities and characteristics. | Traits of an object in relation to their appearance; an apple is red, yellow or green, sweet or sour but still a fruit. Create a chart that classifies the fruit by color and taste. | Communicating | Articulating an objects qualities and characteristics in a descriptive way. | Explaining information and data indicated on notes, charts or data display tables. | Measuring | Comparing the objects attributes to an ordinary reference such as standard and nonstandard | Measure the weight, temperature, and length of the objects used in an experiment using rulers, scales and thermometers. | Predicting | Foretelling events based on collected information. | Predicting that a piece of fruit will ripen faster when exposed to room temperature than a refrigerated area because of the containment of ethylene. A prediction is testable based on collected data. | Inferring | Providing a conclusion based on the evidence of the observations. | Infer that a colder temp will cause fruit to ripen slower. Infer that when...
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...cross should show. His findings were that for a monohybrid cross, such as my crosses three and six, the phenotypes would have a ratio of 3:1 (Russell 2003). My results show that cross six fails to reject Mendel’s hypothesis with a ratio of 3 purple to 1 non-purple plant observed. However, cross three did reject Mendel’s hypothesis because epistasis was involved (Strickberger 1985). The results of my last monohybrid cross, cross three, showed a phenotypic ratio of 9 with a yellow tip to 7 all green plants. The dihybrid cross that my group generated showed a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes, which is the ratio Mendel proposed for such a cross. The phenotypes visible for the dihybrid cross were red stem green leaf, red stem white leaf, no red stem green leaf, and no red stem white leaf. Introduction Genetics, which is the science of heredity, has four major areas. One of these areas is called transmission or Mendelian genetics, which deals with the transmission of genes from generation to generation (Russell 2003). Within this area, there are hereditary traits, which are controlled by genes. As studied by Mendel, genotype and phenotype are both characteristics of an organism. Genotype is the genetic make-up of an organism while phenotype is the observable characteristics of an organism. The expression of a trait, phenotype, can be affected by the Sullivan 2 genetic constitution, genotype, and...
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...herbicide application on plant growth. We planted a total of fourteen seeds in each of our eight different pots; seven soybean seeds and seven corn seeds. We designated four different treatment groups that were labeled the following; control, unknown, known, and extra treatment group. Over the course of two weeks the plants were placed in a greenhouse and given the proper measures to germinate. Then, the greenhouse staff administered an herbicide to our known group and an herbicide to our unknown group. Additionally, our group administered the extra treatment, Diet Coke, to our extra treatment group. We then made careful observations of each plant and concluded that our known herbicide was indeed Round Up, which resulted in the death of our soybean plants. After observing our unknown group, we hypothesized that the herbicide used was 2-4, D, which resulted in leaf and root decay of our soybean plants. Lastly, we concluded that the Diet Coke treatment resulted in steady growth of our plants, because of the added carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen that the pop provided for our plants. Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to observe and later identify the effects of certain herbicide application on plant growth. In order to understand the following aspects and steps of the experiment, it is crucial that the basics of plant growth are discussed. Also, it is important to identify the plants used in the experiment. For nearly 3 billion years life remained in constant...
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...Larvicidal Potency of Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Stem and Leaf Extract against Mosquito Larvae Table of Contents Page Title Page 1 Approval Sheet 2 Acknowledgment 3 Table of Contents 4 List of Tables 5 Abstract 6 Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS Introduction 7-8 Statement of the Problem 9 Research Objectives 9 Statement of the Hypothesis 10 Significance of the Study 10 Scope and Limitations 11 Definition of Terms 11-12 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Related Literature 13-16 Related Studies Foreign 16-18 Local 18-20 Chapter 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of Marigold Leaf and Stem Extracts 21 Application of Marigold Leaf and Stem Extracts to the setups 22 Determination of effectiveness of the Marigold Extract 23 Experimental Designs 24 Schematic Diagram of the Research Methodology 25 Chapter 4 RESULTS 26 Chapter 5 DISCUSSIONS 28 Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 29 Conclusion Recommendations BIBLIOGRAPHY 30-31 APPENDICES Raw Data Pictorials Curriculum Vitae List of Tables...
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...with the addition of solutions. Questions that must be answered are what affect a different NaCl solution has on plant cells as compared to water? The hypothesis being tested in this report is that when a plant cell is introduced to a NaCl solution, the water in the cells will move out to an area of low concentration, thereby altering the shape of the cell. This directly relates to the key question. Materials and Methods: First and foremost, it is important to gather all necessary materials. Materials that are needed are forceps, a microscope, coverslip and slide, 5% NaCl solution, distilled water, and Elodea leaves. After all materials are gathered, use the forceps to remove a piece of Elodea leaf tissue. Make a wet mount of this tissue with the top side up. Examine the leaf under a...
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...In my essay, I added the questions into it Throughout the seasons this year, I have noticed many nature changes and observations. In the fall, I had sports outside and noticed many different changes. As the season had arrived I noticed the leaves changed colors and the air had a breeze. I wrote on page 4 in my October nature notes that fall had started to come and the leaves were starting to change colors. More species, seeds, and buds began to appear around the time of fall. Fall patterns and observations take place around the time of October, as mid-season it is easier to see acknowledge the nature differences. The texture was rough, since the leafs would fall off the trees and break with a crumble sound, the sounds for fall changed as the...
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...that are heart shaped. My group in this Lab was assigned the Eastern Cottonwood, and we needed to create a phenology project around the Cottonwood. Phenology is essentially the study of how organisms are related to their environment and it is important for everyone to understand the occurrences of Earth and its’ organisms. Everything on earth is interconnected, and if one piece is missing, the rest will be affected. In the case of the Eastern Cottonwood, the time at which it seeds and the leaf buds burst is easily affected by the environment. If the environment is changed slightly, dates at which important...
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...histogram is a.|1| b.|2| c.|3| d.|4| ANS: A PTS: 1 3. Which of the following graphical methods is most appropriate for categorical data? a.|ogive| b.|pie chart| c.|histogram| d.|scatter diagram| ANS: B PTS: 1 4. In a stem-and-leaf display, a.|a single digit is used to define each stem, and a single digit is used to define each leaf| b.|a single digit is used to define each stem, and one or more digits are used to define each leaf| c.|one or more digits are used to define each stem, and a single digit is used to define each leaf| d.|one or more digits are used to define each stem, and one or more digits are used to define each leaf| ANS: C PTS: 1 5. A graphical method that can be used to show both the rank order and shape of a data set simultaneously is a a.|relative frequency distribution| b.|pie chart| c.|stem-and-leaf display| d.|pivot table| ANS: C PTS: 1 6. The proper way to construct a stem-and-leaf display for the data set {62, 67, 68, 73, 73, 79, 91, 94, 95, 97} is to a.|exclude a stem labeled ‘8’| b.|include a stem labeled ‘8’ and enter no leaves on the stem| c.|include a stem labeled ‘(8)’ and enter no leaves on the stem| d.|include a stem labeled ‘8’ and enter one leaf value of ‘0’ on the stem| ANS: B PTS: 1 7. Data that provide labels or names for groupings of like items are known as a.|categorical data| b.|quantitative data| c.|label data| d.|generic data| ANS: A PTS: 1 8. A researcher is gathering...
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...Stat1600 Solution to Midterm #1 Form D 1. The chest sizes, measured in inches, of Scottish militiamen in the early 19th century were recorded (adapted from DASL: Chest sizes of Militiamen). A histogram of chest sizes shows an approximately normal curve. It is known that the mean chest size is 39.4 inches with a standard deviation of 2.2 inches. Given this information, use the Z-Table provided to answer the following questions: (a) (15 points) What percentage of soldiers having chest size under 37.2 inches? Note that the z-score of 37.2 is 37.2 − 39.4 = −1.00 2.2 z= Hence, the chance that a soldier having chest size under 37.2 inches can be computed as the area under the Z curve to the left of −1.00 which equals the area to the right of 1.00 and is calculated as 1−0.8413 =0.1587 (see figures below). That is, 15.87%. = = 1−0.8413 = 0.1587 =1− −1.00 1.00 z z 1.00 z (b) (10 points) What percentage of soldiers having chest size between 35 and 43.8 inches? Note that the z-score for 35 is z= 35 − 39.4 = −2.00 2.2 and that the z-score for 43.8 is z= 43.8 − 39.4 = 2.00. 2.2 Hence the percentage of men soldiers having chest size between 35 and 43.8 inches is the area (in percentage) under the Z curve bounded by −2.00 and 2.00 which is approximately 95% according to the empirical rules. 1 Using Z Table, the probability is 0.9544 or 95.44%: =1− −2.00 2.00 =2x −2.00 z −1 2.00 = 2x0.9772...
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...Molecules 2010, 15, 6008-6018; doi: 10.3390/molecules15096008 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Article Assessment of Euphorbia hirta L. Leaf, Flower, Stem and Root Extracts for Their Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity and Brine Shrimp Lethality Mohammad Abu Basma Rajeh 1, Zakaria Zuraini 1, Sreenivasan Sasidharan 2, Lachimanan Yoga Latha 2 and Santhanam Amutha 2,3,* 1 2 3 School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mail: zuraini@usm.my (Z.Z) Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mail: srisasidharan@yahoo.com (S.S) School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: amutha_santhanam@yahoo.com; Tel.: 00604-6534818; Fax: 00604-6534803. Received: 25 July 2010; in revised form: 7 August 2010 / Accepted: 20 August 2010 / Published: 31 August 2010 Abstract: The antimicrobial activities of the methanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta L leaves, flowers, stems and roots were evaluated against some medically important bacteria and yeast using the agar disc diffusion method. Four Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus sp., Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringensis), four Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and P. mirabilis) and one yeast (Candida albicans) species were screened...
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...AIUB 1 Master of Business Administration Course Instructor: Dr. Swapan Kumar Dhar Definition of Statistics Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting data for the purpose of making intelligent statements and drawing appropriate conclusions. So, according to this definition, there are four stages: (1) Collection of data (2) Presentation of data (3) Analysis of data and (4) Interpretation of data. Example of Statistics: Examples include the average starting salary of college graduates, the number of deaths due to road accidents last year, and 20% students of BBA are female. In these examples statistics are a value or a percentage. Other examples include: 95% students of BBA come to the class in time. 25% students of IBA come to the campus by car. The above are all examples of statistics. Data: Data are the facts and figures that are collected, analyzed and summarized for presentation and interpretation. The data collected in a particular study are referred as the data set for the study. For example, the heights (in cm.) of 14 randomly selected persons from a group of 100 persons are as follows: 152, 160, 158, 155, 154, 155, 162, 164, 160, 153, 161, 158, 167, 151. The above information on height of people constitutes a data. A set of five students is selected from a class...
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...found in plant cells only, mitochondrion is found in both animal and plant cells. It is believed that these two organelles were once bacterial cells on their own, but then they were engulfed by other bacteria. This theory is called the Endosymbiotic Theory. This theory is proven by the fact that chloroplast and mitochondrion are the only organelles, within a cell, that have their own DNA. They also use this DNA to produce their own enzymes and proteins. Further proof is shown by the fact that both these organelles have a double layer of membrane surrounding them, and that they replicate as a bacteria does. Purpose: * Prepare a supernatant of spinach leaf * Demonstrate proper techniques involved in using centrifuge * Using filtration and centrifugation, separate the chloroplast from other organelles in a spinach leaf * Identify mitochondrion in an onion cell Materials: * Fresh spinach leaves * Grinding solution * 0.33 M sorbitol * 10mM sodium pyrophosphate (NaPO) * 4mMMgCl * 2mM Ascorbic Acid * Adjust pH to 6.5 with HCl * Chopping board and knife * Chilled mortar and pestle * Cheesecloth * Refrigerated preparative centrifuge * Suspension solution * 0.33 M Sorbitol * 2mMEDTA * 1rnMMgCl * 50rnMHEPES * Adjust pH to 7.6 with NaOH * Hematocytometer and microscope * Ice bath * Sprig of elodea Procedures: Part 1: Choroplasts from Spinach Leaves 1. Prepare an ice bath and pre-cool all...
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...collection of data 6 2.2.1 Planning 6 2.2.2 Collection of variables 7 2.3 Quality of data and discussion 8 3.0 Data Exploration 9 3.1 Handling and processing data 9 3.2 Exploring and analysis 10 3.2.1 Histogram of unit price 10 3.2.2 Stem-and-leaf of price and unit price 11 3.2.3 Descriptive Statistics of price, unit price with type 12 3.2.4 Scatterplot of unit price, quality guarantee period and type of milk 13 3.2.5 Dotplot of price 14 3.2.6 Boxplot of unit price 15 3.2.7 Bar chart of container size and packaging 15 3.2.8 Pie chart of brand 16 3.3 Observation and commenting 16 4.0 Data analysis 17 4.1 One way ANOVA analysis 17 4.1.1 Price versus Packaging 17 4.1.2 Price versus Quality guarantee period 19 4.1.3 Unit price versus Type 21 4.1.4 Unit price versus Brand 23 4.2 Two way ANOVA analysis 26 4.2.1 Price versus Quality guarantee period and Type 26 4.2.2 Unit price versus Store and Brand 28 4.3 Regression 30 5.0 Conclusion 31 Reference 32 Appendix 33 Appendix A 33 Appendix B 34 List of Illustrations Figure 1. Planning for data collection 7 Figure 2. Grouped histogram of unit price 10 Figure 3. Stem-and-leaf of unit price 11 Figure 4. Stem-and-leaf of price…………………………………………………………………………………………………12 Figure 5. Descriptive Statistics of price and unit price 12 Figure 6. Scatterplot of unit price VS quality guarantee period 13 Figure 7. Dotplot of price 14 Figure 8. Boxplot of unit price by quality guarantee...
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...BIOEFFICACY EVALUATION OF ANTRACOL 70 WP AGAINST HELMINTHOSPORIUM LEAF SPOT OF SWEET CORN (ZEA MAYS L. var. RUGOSA) INTRODUCTION Corn is an important crop in the Philippines as another staple food of many Filipinos next to rice. Yellow corn or grain corn is the type of corn mainly produced in the country because of the growing demand as component for animal feeds. But aside from grain corn, sweet corn production is also a growing trend in the Philippines with the introduction of new supersweet corn varieties with higher sugar content and longer postharvest life. However, these varieties are also exposed to different fungal diseases causing significant yield losses. One of these is Helminthosporium leaf spot. Corn leaf spots or Helminthosporium leaf spots caused by Helminthosporium maydis Nishekado & Miyake are small, spindle-like or oblong, reddish-brown to brown spots on the leaves of corn. This disease causes significant yield losses when corn is not treated with protectant fungicides. Frequent rainy periods enhance disease development. Antracol 70 WP is an organic fungicide containing propineb, an active ingredient belonging to the dithiocarbamate group of compounds. It is a product of Bayer CropScience. It is a protectant foliar fungicide with long residual activity and it is used across the world as a protective treatment on several crops for the control of various fungi, especially Oomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Fungi imperfecti. In various...
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