...I. GLOBALIZATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES A. NEW FORCES DRIVING GLOBALIZATION any people consider globalization nothing new – societies have been interconnected for years. But globalization took different forms in the past and the contemporary conjuncture is new.1 The world has never experienced globalization at this level of intensity before or the speed at which it is transforming and integrating societies. There is no single, all-encompassing definition of globalization, notes Sen.2 Instead, it has become a broad heading for a multitude of global interactions, ranging from the expansion of cultural influences across borders to the enlargement of economic and business relations throughout the world. For the economist, globalization is essentially the emergence of a global market. For the historian, it is an epoch dominated by global capitalism. Sociologists see globalization as the celebration of diversity and the convergence of social preferences in matters of lifestyle and social values. To the political scientist, it represents the gradual erosion of State sovereignty. But disciplinespecific studies explain only a part of the phenomenon. From a multidisciplinary angle, globalization may be treated as a phenomenon, a philosophy and a process which affect human beings as profoundly as any previous event.3 Several factors have been responsible for this phenomenon. This study confines its attention to four growthenhancing facets of globalization that have been among its...
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...Conclusion This concluding chapter evaluates the implications of this research project through five sections. First, a postscript briefly recalls the process of US-North Korean interaction from the transition to the Administration of George W. Bush in 2001 to Pyongyang’s June 2008 demolition of the cooling tower at the Yongbyon nuclear facility. Secondly, and based on the findings of my empirical case study in Chapters Four and Five, I comparatively examine the strength of offensive realism, defensive realism and constructivism in explaining the extent to which US-North Korean security competition was mitigated from 1993 to 2000. The third section considers the implications of this research project’s findings for the ability of policymakers to exercise security dilemma sensibility. The fourth section concludes this PhD thesis by laying out a proposed research agenda that builds on the findings of this research project. 1. Postscript: Transition to George W. Bush George W. Bush succeeded to the US presidency in early 2001 on a political platform that pointed to elements of ideological fundamentalism and assumptions of inherent bad faith in Pyongyang. Robert Woodward argued that the Bush Administration’s outlook was based on moral absolutism that cast the US as a crusader against the ‘evil’ North Korean leadership. Similarly, Charles L. Pritchard, who served as National Security Council Director for Asian Affairs under the Clinton Administration, and the US Representative...
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...the rising world’s rich community loves them. Furthermore, their domestic car market also doing great not like other European markets. The sales figure rise around 9% in the previous year. In contrast with the rest of Europe, car sales in France fell down by 2%, Italy experienced 11% fall and 18% down in Spain last year. It clearly states that their domestic market is almost saturated in Europe. But they have strong presence in emerging countries like BRIC. They are making more profits through export boom which in turn raise their production by 6%. Thus, the continuous shift in sales and environmental regulation drives the automobile industry to footprint their production in different countries to follow the customers. How are the auto industry and marketplace evolving? After the economic crisis, the global automobile industry has recovered last year. The industrial profit during 2012 is 54 billion EUR. This figure is comparatively higher than in 2007 which is 41 billion EUR. It clearly represent in the bar chart blow. Where you can notice that, there is substantial grown in all geographies during 2007. If you come further down during the precise year 2012, there is no contribution in sales from Europe and insignificant progress by Japan and South Korea. On the other hand, North America, BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) and rest of the world have astonishing profit in 2012 and their future growth is also further better. By...
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...;;;POL 210: Introduction to International Relations Midterm Examination – Spring 2015 Due: In class W March 4th – Total Possible Points: 100 Name: Instructions: This exam is open-book and open notes. You may use your text, readings, and any materials we have used in class. You should cite to the actual readings, not to the PPTs. You may not use the Internet or any material that we have not used in class. Type your answers under each question. Each question is worth 25 points. You should aim for an answer that is not longer than 750 words, so do not waste time on jargon and get to the point. Please proofread and edit your paper, as there will be deductions taken for grammar and spelling mistakes. Use in-text citations to cite your sources. This exam is due in class on Wednesday, March 4th. Late work will not be accepted and will receive a grade of 0. 1. Analyze the U.S.’s decision to enter Iraq in 2003 from the international, state, and individual levels of analysis. Define each level of analysis as you proceed. How did each of these perspectives inform the U.S.’s decision? What was the role of public opinion in influencing that decision? The international state of analysis involves the system in which a state resides as a whole. As described by the billiard ball model “International relations are shaped exclusively by the structure of the international system and the external interactions of the states within that model” (Pg. 71). This means that...
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...Global Business Cultural Analysis: Republic of Korea Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide information to business professionals about the Republic of Korea, the Korean culture, and the peculiarities of conducting business in this country. The topics discussed include a brief historical background about the nation, its dimensions of culture, how these elements are integrated by Koreans, and a comparison between these characteristics and American culture and business practices. The paper examines the implications for US firms wishing to do business in Korea using Hofstede’s Dimensions of culture, a SWOT analysis, and FDI analysis. Keywords: culture, religion, Confucianism, innovation, export, KORUS FTA Historical Background of Korea The Republic of Korea (ROK) is commonly known as South Korea. For the remainder of this paper, the ROK will be synonymous with "Korea". Korea is located in northeast Asia on the Korean peninsula between the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. It borders the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), also called North Korea (nK), immediately to the north, across the 38th parallel. Korea's total land area is nearly 62,000 miles, slightly larger than Indiana (www.cia.gov). It has an ethnically homogeneous population of over 49 million people, 83% of which live in urban areas (www.cia.gov). According to legend, Korea's birth as a nation was in 2333 BC with its early inhabitants coming from and heavily influenced by China...
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...Chapter 38 The Bipolar World THE CHAPTER IN PERSPECTIVE No sooner had World War II reached its bloody finish than the world was thrust into an even more frightening conflagration. The United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies faced off in a fundamental struggle to shape the postwar world. It was a contest based on power politics, competing social and economic systems, and differing political ideologies that lasted over fifty years and touched every corner of the globe. A spiraling arms race eventually brought the world to the brink of nuclear apocalypse. While the war remained technically cold, the fear of a nuclear disaster made it feel very different to the peoples of the world. OVERVIEW The Formation of a Bipolar World Despite the lingering general animosity and mistrust that the Soviets and Americans shared, at the heart of the cold war was a fundamental disagreement between political, economic, and social systems. Capitalism and communism, at least in the minds of the superpowers, remained mutually exclusive. The United States attacked communism and backed, at least in theory, liberalism. Consequently, the United States criticized the Soviet record on human rights and the suppression of civil and religious institutions. In turn the Soviets, led by Nikita Khrushchev, were critics of the failings of laissez‐faire capitalism and the wide gulf between rich and poor in western European and especially the United States...
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...the first world ranking. There are three generations of Asian miracle. Starting with Japan, the first generation of what called Asian miracle, following with the second generation including South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan, and final generation consists of some Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Malaysia. This paper is going to talk about the second generation of Asian economic miracle. By showing their economic achievement, illustrating their economic policies, and analyzing how the economic trend of 20th century reflected on those policies, this paper will argue that Asian miracle was the result of the wise choices of how to manage an economy. Furthermore, developing countries should learn the lessons of how to choose the right economic policies to make economic miracle. Asian Economic Miracle: The Wisely Chosen Economic Policies and The Economic Trend of 20th Century Introduction According to the East Asian Miracle (EAM, World Bank, 1993), “East Asia has a remarkable record of high and sustained economic growth. From 1965 to 1990 the twenty-three economies of East Asia grew faster than all other regions of the world.” The eight Asian economies: Japan, the “Four Tigers” including Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore, and the newly industrializing countries (NICs) of Southeast Asia including Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia, contributed mostly to the above achievement (EAM, World...
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...NATIONAL OPINION POLL: CANADIAN VIEWS ON ASIA © Copyright 2014 Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THE ASIA PACIFIC FOUNDATION OF CANADA _________________________________________________ 2 ABOUT THE NATIONAL OPINION POLL: CANADIAN VIEWS ON ASIA ________________________________ 2 METHODOLOGY KEY FINDINGS ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 EXPLAINING CANADIANS’ VIEWS ON ASIA DETAILED FINDINGS ___________________________________________________________ 7 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 17 SECTION 1: PERCEPTIONS OF ASIA __________________________________________________________ 17 SECTION 2: VIEWS OF CANADA-ASIA ECONOMIC RELATIONS ____________________________ 23 SECTION 3: PROVINCIAL PERSPECTIVES ON CANADA-ASIA RELATIONS _______________ 31 SECTION 4: CANADA-ASIA ENERGY RELATIONS ___________________________________________ 35 SECTION 5: PROMOTING HUMAN RIGHTS IN ASIA ________________________________________ 39 SECTION 6: CANADA-ASIA SECURITY ISSUES ______________________________________________ 41 SECTION 7: DEMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS ______________________________________________________ 43 APPENDIX: READING THE TABLES _____________________________________________________________________ 49 NOP 2014...
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...comprehend the unique nature of this Korean management system, we performed an in-depth analysis on its performance. The external environment of the Korean management system is a crucial factor in understanding it. In this kind of environment, the role of government is prominent because without active support from the government, no enterprise can survive and prosper. The government, in return, demands some favors from these enterprises, making this a quid pro quo, a unique feature of the Korean management system. We will discuss extensively the relationship between government and business to understand the Korean management system. Because South Korea is a rapidly changing society, variable sources of information like newspapers and weekly and monthly magazines were integrated into this book. Of course, we also used books published in South Korea and elsewhere for developing a conceptual framework of the...
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...A Review of Acemoglu and Robinson’s Why Nations Fail by Michele Boldrin, David K. Levine and Salvatore Modica Acemoglu and Robinson’s Why Nations Fail [2012] is a grand history in the style of Diamond [1997] or McNeil [1963]. Like those books, this book is exceptionally fun to read and full of interesting historical examples and provocative ideas. The basic theme of the book is that what matters most in why some nations fail – and others succeed, for the book is as much about success as failure – are not – as earlier authors have argued - economic policies, geography, culture, or value systems – but rather institutions, more precisely the political institutions that determine economic institutions. Acemoglu and Robinson theorize that political institutions can be divided into two kinds - “extractive” institutions in which a “small” group of individuals do their best to exploit - in the sense of Marx - the rest of the population, and “inclusive” institutions in which “many” people are included in the process of governing hence the exploitation process is either attenuated or absent. Needless to say Acemoglu and Robinson’s theory is more subtle than this simple summary. They argue that for any economic success political institutions must be sufficiently centralized to provide basic public services including justice, the enforcement of contracts, and education. Given that these functions are carried out, inclusive institutions enable innovative energies to emerge and lead to continuing...
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...Z01_JOHN2020_09_SE_EM18.QXD 10/13/10 9:09 Page 658 CASE STUDY Tesco: from domestic operator to multinational giant Michelle Lowe and Neil Wrigley This case considers the emergence of Tesco plc as one of the world’s leading multinational retailers. In a remarkable 10-year period, Tesco has transformed itself from a purely domestic operator to a multinational giant – with subsidiaries in Europe, Asia and North America – and in 2009 had 64 per cent of its operating space outside the UK. Examining market entry into Asia in more detail, the case compares ‘success’ in Thailand and South Korea with ‘failure’ in Taiwan. It also considers ‘a high risk gamble’ in Tesco’s entry into the US market, long considered to be a graveyard of overambitious expansion by UK retailers. ● ● ● Introduction In April 2009, Tesco, the UK’s largest retailer and private sector employer of labour, announced annual sales for 2008/09 of almost £60 billion (x66bn or $90.2bn) together with profits of £3 billion (x3.3bn or $4.5bn). After a dramatic decade-long transformation from purely domestic operator to multinational giant, Tesco now had a remarkable 64 per Source: Getty Images. cent of its operating space outside the UK, was developing increasingly strong businesses across 11 Asian and European markets, had a rapidly expanding ‘start-up’ subsidiary operating in the western USA, and had announced its entry into the Indian market. Moreover, as signalled in both the title of its Annual Report...
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...Z01_JOHN2020_09_SE_EM18.QXD 10/13/10 9:09 Page 658 CASE STUDY Tesco: from domestic operator to multinational giant Michelle Lowe and Neil Wrigley This case considers the emergence of Tesco plc as one of the world’s leading multinational retailers. In a remarkable 10-year period, Tesco has transformed itself from a purely domestic operator to a multinational giant – with subsidiaries in Europe, Asia and North America – and in 2009 had 64 per cent of its operating space outside the UK. Examining market entry into Asia in more detail, the case compares ‘success’ in Thailand and South Korea with ‘failure’ in Taiwan. It also considers ‘a high risk gamble’ in Tesco’s entry into the US market, long considered to be a graveyard of overambitious expansion by UK retailers. ● ● ● Introduction In April 2009, Tesco, the UK’s largest retailer and private sector employer of labour, announced annual sales for 2008/09 of almost £60 billion (x66bn or $90.2bn) together with profits of £3 billion (x3.3bn or $4.5bn). After a dramatic decade-long transformation from purely domestic operator to multinational giant, Tesco now had a remarkable 64 per Source: Getty Images. cent of its operating space outside the UK, was developing increasingly strong businesses across 11 Asian and European markets, had a rapidly expanding ‘start-up’ subsidiary operating in the western USA, and had announced its entry into the Indian market. Moreover, as signalled in both the title of its Annual Report...
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...Z01_JOHN2020_09_SE_EM18.QXD 10/13/10 9:09 Page 658 CASE STUDY Tesco: from domestic operator to multinational giant Michelle Lowe and Neil Wrigley This case considers the emergence of Tesco plc as one of the world’s leading multinational retailers. In a remarkable 10-year period, Tesco has transformed itself from a purely domestic operator to a multinational giant – with subsidiaries in Europe, Asia and North America – and in 2009 had 64 per cent of its operating space outside the UK. Examining market entry into Asia in more detail, the case compares ‘success’ in Thailand and South Korea with ‘failure’ in Taiwan. It also considers ‘a high risk gamble’ in Tesco’s entry into the US market, long considered to be a graveyard of overambitious expansion by UK retailers. ● ● ● Introduction In April 2009, Tesco, the UK’s largest retailer and private sector employer of labour, announced annual sales for 2008/09 of almost £60 billion (x66bn or $90.2bn) together with profits of £3 billion (x3.3bn or $4.5bn). After a dramatic decade-long transformation from purely domestic operator to multinational giant, Tesco now had a remarkable 64 per Source: Getty Images. cent of its operating space outside the UK, was developing increasingly strong businesses across 11 Asian and European markets, had a rapidly expanding ‘start-up’ subsidiary operating in the western USA, and had announced its entry into the Indian market. Moreover, as signalled in both the title of its Annual Report...
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...Examiners’ Report June 2013 GCE Geography 6GE03 01 Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the UK’s largest awarding body. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes for employers. For further information visit our qualifications websites at www.edexcel.com or www.btec.co.uk. Alternatively, you can get in touch with us using the details on our contact us page at www.edexcel.com/contactus. Giving you insight to inform next steps ResultsPlus is Pearson’s free online service giving instant and detailed analysis of your students’ exam results. • See students’ scores for every exam question. • Understand how your students’ performance compares with class and national averages. • Identify potential topics, skills and types of question where students may need to develop their learning further. For more information on ResultsPlus, or to log in, visit www.edexcel.com/resultsplus. Your exams officer will be able to set up your ResultsPlus account in minutes via Edexcel Online. Pearson: helping people progress, everywhere Pearson aspires to be the world’s leading learning company. Our aim is to help everyone progress in their lives through education. We believe in every kind of learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they are in the world. We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years, and by working across 70 countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international...
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...Introduction Following the end of the Marcos dictatorship in 1986, a new hope had dawned in the eyes of the Filipino people. A new president was put into power, along with a list of demands and requests by citizens, ultimately seeking a new direction leading to a better life. One of the issues needed to be tackled was the longstanding problems in the agriculture sector. Considered an integral part in the country’s economy, the agriculture sector accounts a significant portion of the total employment, which ranged from 45-50% during the 1980s. On the other hand, this sector also attributed significant portions of the total poor in the country for decades. Thus, in June 1988, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) was signed into law, paving the way for extensive land distribution and reforms which communist insurgencies urged during the Marcos regime. Consequently, the initial stages of the implementation process of CARP was met with apparent complications, expectedly so given that such a policy entailed a wide scope, whilst rural landlords provided staunch opposition in seizing their ownership to government. However, as the years passed and administrations would change, the promises of sweeping agrarian reform have remained unfinished, otherwise, significantly watered down. Such arbitration would be considered a detrimental factor to the current pitfalls that have hindered the development of Philippine political economy. In that, this paper questions what led to this...
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