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North and South

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링컨과 남북전쟁

2012년 3월 29일 20074455 나태주

1861년부터 4년간 지속된 미국의 남북전쟁은 단순히 한국가의 내전으로 정의되기에는 전쟁 자체가 내포하고 있는 의의가 크다. 남북전쟁은 표면적으로는 노예해방을 위한 링컨의 정치적 결사로 발발한 전쟁으로 표현되고 있지만 그 내부를 조금만 살펴보면 결국 남부와 북부의 정치, 경제의 주도권을 놓고 대립한 전쟁임을 쉽게 알 수 있다. 4년간의 소모적인 전투를 통해 많은 희생자와 국가적 피해를 발생시킨 이 전쟁은 결국 북부의 승리의 끝나게 되었다. 여기서 북부가 전쟁을 승리한 요인을 살펴보면 다양한 이유가 있겠으나 링컨의 리더십이 큰 역할을 했음을 부인할 수 없다. 특히 주목할 점은 링컨의 전략적 유연성과 정당성 확보라는 점이다. 링컨은 군사대학 출신도 아니며 사실상 전쟁에 대한 경험이 부족했다. 허나 링컨의 기다릴줄 알고 인내하는 성격과 부족한 점을 보완하기 위한 철저한 노력을 통해 자기 군대에 강점과 약점에 대한 뛰어난 이해에서 발생하는 군사적 리더십은 부족한 전쟁경험을 보완하는데 충분한 역할을 했다. 또 자신의 부족한 군사적 지식을 보완하기 위해 미숙한 군사적 지식에도 불구하고 전략회의에 적극적으로 참여하면서 전체적인 전쟁의 상황판단에 이해를 높였고 이를 바탕으로 신속한 명령체계를 구축한 점은 긍정적으로 평가된다. 이러한 야전사령관들과의 긴밀한 관계유지와 유연한 사령관 운용 전략 또한 북부가 승리하는데 주요한 요인으로 작용했다.
전쟁에서 정당성이라는 측면은 매우 중요하다. 과거부터 국가가 국가를 침략하는 데에는 그에 따른 타당한 이유가 있어야 했고 현대에 와서도 그것은 마찬가지이다. 국제관계에서 국내주권과 인류 보편적 가치의 갈등은 갈수록 중요해지고 있는 실정이다. 세계 최강대국이라는 미국도 긍정적 혹은 부정적 평가를 떠나서 정당성을 획득하기 위해 많은 국제적인 노력을 기울이고 있다. 이러한 점에서 링컨은 전쟁에서 스스로의 정당성을 확보하는데 그 정치적 전략 운용이 탁월했다. 최초 남부의 주들이 연방에서 탈퇴했던 행위를 헌법상 위헌으로 간주하면서 전쟁의 정당성은 사실상 북부에 있었다. 또 노예해방이라는 인류 보편적 가치를 전쟁의 명분으로 주창하면서(그 당시 링컨이 이러한 미래적 상황을 예측했는지는 모르나) 이는 지금에 와서도 역사적 정당성을 링컨에게 주고 있다. 전쟁 중반 여론과 국민들이 전쟁에 대한 정당성을 바탕으로 링컨에 대한 부정적인 여론을 형성할 때 링컨은 전쟁의 목적을 노예해방에서 연합의 유지라는 목적으로 바꾸면서 형성시킨 민족주의적 고양력은 국민들에게 전쟁인식에 대한 차이를 둠으로써 북부의 도덕적, 민족적 정당성을 주창하며 국민들의 전쟁에 대한 지원과 인내를 끌어냈다. 이에 반해 민족적인 고양력이 부족했던 남부는 결국 흔들리게 되었고 이러한 차이가 전쟁의 승패를 결정하는데 중요한 역할을 했다고 볼 수 있다. 지금도 명연설에 대표적 사례가 되고 있는 링컨의 게티스버그 연설은 5분간의 짧은 연설이었지만 그 연설의 파급력은 예측할 수 없을 만큼 대단했다. ‘국민의 국민에 의한 국민을 위한’ 이 3마디는 지금에 와서도 민주주의의 사상적 근간을 가장 잘 나타낸 표현으로 알려져 있다. 즉 짧은 5분의 연설에서 링컨은 민족주의의 의식적인 고취를 목적으로 더없이 뛰어난 연설을 했고 이 연설을 통해 스스로의 정치적, 도덕적, 민족적 정당성을 확보하며 민족의 의식을 고양하는 사상적 기반을 마련했다고 볼 수 있다. 결국 남부의 항복으로 끝난 남북전쟁은 북부의 공화당 정치이념으로 통일되었고 이런 근대적이고 통일된 국민국가로서의 미국의 모습이 20세기 미국의 패권적 모습의 바탕을 마련하는 바탕이 되었다고 판단된다.

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