...DISOBEDIENCE AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND MORAL PROBLEM 2 “Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem” Erich Fromm Erich Fromm’s essay “Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem” suggests that humankind’s evolution has, and continues to rely on man’s capability to exercise disobedience. While discussing the positions of disobedience being considered a vice, and obedience being a virtue, Fromm reflects upon the history of Adam and Eve believing that “eating the forbidden fruit” was man’s first act of disobedience. This is the point that broke the bond between man and nature requiring man to be dependant upon his own powers, while rewarding him with his “complete” humanity, freedom, and independence. Another example Fromm discusses is the Greek myth of Prometheus’ defiance of the gods. Prometheus proclaimed that he “would rather be chained to this rock than be the obedient servant of the gods.” These are just a couple acts of defiance throughout the course history that have contributed to man’s evolution. Through acts of disobedience, man has continued to evolve spiritually, as well as intellectually. In addition, Fromm goes on to explain that just as disobedience has been the construct for humankind, blind obedience has the power to wipe it out it altogether. Fromm believes that the driving force catapulting man into the position of ultimately destroying all civilization is that, while currently living in the Atomic...
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...Borough of Manhattan Community College City University of New York Department of English Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem by Erich Fromm For centuries kings, priests, feudal lords, industrial bosses and parents have insisted that obedience is a virtue and that disobedience is a vice. In order to introduce another point of view, let us set against this position the following statement: human history began with an act of disobedience, and it is not unlikely that it will be, terminated by an act of obedience. Human history was ushered in by an act of disobedience according to the Hebrew and Greek myths. Adam and Eve, living in the Garden of Eden, were part of nature; they were in harmony with it, yet did not transcend it. They were in nature as the fetus is in the womb of the mother. They were human, and at the same time not yet human. All this changed when they disobeyed an order. By breaking the ties with earth and mother, by cutting...
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...Civil disobedience is the act of refusing to obey the law; it is rebelling against the government. This is a highly sensitive subject when it comes to questioning whether it is justified or not. When the government legalizes a law that is too harsh or goes against religion, it stirs a protest among many. In addition, the act of rebellion wouldn’t be commendable if the act strengthens justice or remains passive-aggressive. A number of times, people believe it is never justifiable under the circumstances that it is normally dangerous and may cause other problems. However, Civil Disobedience is justified only when the law is threatening, the act is passive aggressive, and it strengthens justice. "Unjust Laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?" (Thoreau). At what point does the law no longer become what the people need? When the law itself causes more harm then obedience. Also, when it contradicts religion and moral standards."What we've learned is that our government is doing things worldwide that definitely directly affect our privacy as Americans but affect the privacy of other people globally as well" ("Why One Expert"). It is not a rare occurrence that we see unjust actions....
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...between the two dialogues. The Apology presents readers with a defiant Socrates who declares in his trial that, if acquitted on the condition that he never philosophize again, he would continue to practice philosophy in spite of the jury’s order to the contrary: . . . if you said to me in this regard: “Socrates, we do not believe Anytus now; we acquit you, but only on condition that you spend no more time on this investigation and do not practice philosophy, and if you are caught doing so you will die”; if, as I say, you were to acquit me on those terms, I would say to you: “Men of Athens, I am grateful and I am your friend, but I will obey the god rather than you, and as long as I draw breath and am able, I shall not cease to practice philosophy . . . (29c-d).1 The passage from the Apology seems to present a defiant argument for civil disobedience in the face of injustice. In the Crito, however, when given a chance to escape prison and his upcoming execution, Socrates reasons that such an action would be unjust because it would defy the laws 1Plato, Apology. Trans. G. M. A. Grabe (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2000), 32. Blanks 1  of the city. Near the end of the dialogue Plato presents Socrates as speaking for a hypothetical anthropomorphized “voice of the laws”: Is your wisdom such as not to realize that your country is to be honored more than your mother, your father,...
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...Condemning Civil Disobedience Recurringly, civil disobedience is an abstract idea revolutionaries made to combat unjust legislature. Unjust legislature should be dealt with accordingly, but civil disobedience is not that way. Natural rights as a citizen should not doubt preserved, but when it comes to subduing unjust law, sometimes the best option is to just let it persist. Doing nothing is better than disorganizing your country through civil disobedience. Civil disobedience is the nonviolent protesting of oppressed or unjustly treated groups, usually resulting in unlawful acts. These acts are driven by passion, pain, and desire to reform the government. But in reality, is civil disobedience the correct approach to having your voice heard? Thoreau stands to civil disobedience saying, “ Unjust laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?” [Thoreau, Paragraph 16]. The acts are claimed to be moral and to benefit the public, however, these limelight “martyrs” are radicals in reality. Going against the law in any shape or form is unpatriotic and when one might say the government themselves go against the law themselves, sadly that is not your place to take action against. Checks and balances are upheld to make sure unjust or...
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...Stephanie Rock Professor Hoover Eng 112 Web 15 February 2013 Final Draft: Critique Paper To Do or Not to Do? : A Critique of "Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem Do we do it or do we not do is always the big question, is it not? In the article “Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem”, Erich Fromm explains how society has always defined “obedience is a virtue and that disobedience is a vice” (p. 683). As a well known writer and thinker, Psychoanalyst, philosopher, historian and sociologist, Fromm believed that “human history began with an act of disobedience, and it is not unlikely that it will be, terminated by an act of obedience” (p. 683). How many of us have done something without even thinking about it simply because we were told to do it? That is exactly where Fromm is going with this article. Are we doing something because we are told to or are we doing it because we are scared of what may happen if we don’t? But is that always the right answer? Although Fromm’s ideas were organized and the evidence he used to support his argument was effective, the counter argument is missing. Fromm is trying to get us to understand that by man being introduced to the world by disobedience, whether it be from Adam and Eve or Prometheus, we now have to answer to a authority figure, which in return having to obey to that authority figure will end the world. Fromm’s fear and worry is just that. If we get in the habit and routine of doing...
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...Civil Disobedience Essay Thoreau expresses the Transcendentalist belief that all people must live as individuals, not as mindless parts of a society that may or may not be just. He claims that citizens have the power to create a better government, but they are afraid to take a stand and make changes without the support of the majority. An example of this is Gandhi’s Salt March against the British, who put a tax on their staple ingredient, salt. This is how Gandhi’s vigorous salt march began. Gandhi’s Salt March relates to Thoreau's idea in “Civil Disobedience,” because it shows how Gandhi refused to obey the British law and attempted to make his opinion known. Gandhi’s Salt March emphasizes Thoreau’s idea on how important it is for individuals to come together as a society and voice their opinions to the government on what they believe is right. The Salt March was a reaction to the British tax on salt. Mahatma Gandhi, the British, and some protesters were involved. The British had previously colonized India and therefore were trying to regulate their economy. The Salt March took place in India on March 12, 1930, due to the unreasonable tax on salt, which Gandhi didn’t find fair. He then started a...
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...Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams stormed onto tea ships in the Boston harbor in an act of civil disobedience against the tea monopoly the British had given to the East India Company. This act ultimately resulted in the American Revolution. Roughly 150 years after the Boston Tea Party, the British again created a monopoly on a precious good—salt. With the Salt Acts, Britain forced Indians to buy salt from the Empire and prohibited its production. In another act of civil disobedience, Gandhi marched 240 miles to the sea in order to collect salt. He was arrested but his actions ultimately resulted in India’s independence. These two events, although separated by over 150 years and more than 7,000 miles, show the positive...
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...– The LD File Civil Disobedience Index Topic Overview 3-7 Definitions 8-10 Affirmative Cases 11-19 Negative Cases 20-25 Affirmative Extensions 26-34 Civil disobedience worked to free India. 26 Civil disobedience overthrew the communists in Poland. 26 The tradition of civil disobedience in America goes all the way back to the founders. 26 Civil disobedience can serve to prevent situations from escalating into violence. 27 Civil Disobedience has been used to promote peace. 27 Civil disobedience was used to promote racial equality. 27 Civil disobedience is used to try to prevent the destruction of the environment. 27 Civil disobedience is effective at changing the law. 28 Legal channels can take too long. 28 Consent to obey just laws does not imply consent to obey unjust ones. 28 Distinguishing between just and unjust laws to disobey can be universalized. 28 Civil disobedience can be stabilizing to a community by spreading a shared sense of justice. 29 Sometimes it is only the unjustified response to civil disobedience that has harmful consequence. 29 Civil disobedience is traditionally non-violent. 29 Civil disobedience is a form of exercising free speech- which is essential in a democracy. 30 Civil disobedience has been used to fight slave laws 30 Civil disobedience played a role in ending the Vietnam war. 30 Civil disobedience shouldn’t be punished-...
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...ACP W131 Mr. Scanlan 19 October, 2015 Comparative Critique Obedience and Disobedience has been a part of key moments in history. Many have studied forms of obedience to learn how it affects people and situations. For example, Stanley Milgram conducted a well-known experiment in which the subject, named the “teacher” must shock the “learner” every time he doesn’t remember a word pair from a memory test. The focus of this study is on the teacher, and whether they will administer killing shocks when told to by an authority figure. Another well-known experiment is the Stanford Prison Experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo. A group of college boys were separated into two groups, prison guards and prisoners, and were put into a mock prison to test how obedience plays out in a prison setting. Many others have studied obedience and discussed key aspects of them. In Erich Fromm’s “Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem”, Fromm discusses varieties of obedience and disobedience. He argues that Similarly Theodore Dalrymple examines blind disobedience to authority in his article “Just Do What the Pilot Tells You”. Dalrymple argues that there needs to be a balance between obedience and disobedience. Fromm begins his article by pointing out that for centuries people believed that disobedience is a vice and obedience is a virtue. He goes on by stating that in actuality obedience and disobedience can be either a vice or virtue depending on certain situations. He defines the...
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...unspoken and spoken, is second nature to mankind. It has become habitual to conform to the orders of authority in order to promote obedience as a social virtue. This often leads man to equate disobedience with sin, which traces as far back as the biblical account of Adam, Eve, and the Serpent. However, neither disobedience nor obedience could exist without the power of an authority figure to dictate the rules and restraints of submission. In his article “The Perils of Obedience,” Yale psychologist Stanley Milgram asserts that authority as a whole is an essential component of social living and that obedience to this authority is a social behavior unknowingly entrenched in a majority of the population. Milgram’s scientific review explores this claim as he shares data from his experiment in which subjects blindly obey someone they believe to be an expert, simply due to his prompting. Supported with reactions...
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...Neguisa Sheikhpour Civil Disobedience In his essay, “Civil Disobedience,” Henry David Thoreau discusses the injustice of the government and how it wrongfully forces people to do its will. Thoreau believes “that government is best which governs not at all,” but he also acknowledges that government serves a purpose. He writes, “It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right. The only obligation I which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think right.” Thoreau realizes that society is not ready to live free government control but he sees that people are blindly obeying authority without listening to their conscience. It is not enough for one to have the right opinion, one must take action against what they consciously believe is wrong. According to Thoreau, there are three ways to deal with unjust laws: ignore our own opinions and obey the laws, obey the laws while trying to change them, or break the laws and accept the consequences. Thoreau admits that it is not practical for everyone to fight the government but he asks those people “at least, to wash his hands of and, if he gives it no thought longer, not to give is practically his support.” There is no problem with respecting the law, but when the law is so wrong and so unjust, people have a duty and obligation to make it right. Some would say that Thoreau is an anarchist because of his reference to a “government that is best which governs not at all,” but that...
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...There is almost complete agreement among philosophers that a political obligation exists, or that there is a moral obligation to obey the law. There are numerous accounts of “political obligation,” or a moral obligation to obey the law of whatever state or country one lives in. Yet, a satisfactory account of political obligation—one that most political philosophers can agree on—has not yet been made, though attempts go back to at least as far as Socrates’ time. I will argue that there is no general prima facie moral obligation to obey the law, though there are various ethical reasons to obey most laws. Hobbes views fidelity to law as necessary for two reasons: an agreement to obey the law is part of the social contract—once the agreement to obey the sovereign is made, breaking the law is immoral. Secondly,...
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...It is fair that John and Jane conform to the laws. This is because they would be owning their obedience to their fellow citizens. All of whom obey the laws, even if some are specific to certain groups. The doctrine establishes the idea that each citizen owes it to their fellow citizen because doing so would further the advantages the entire populace receives. The fact that the two are citizens and enjoy the benefits of society, they too must obey the law so that these benefits can continue to be enjoyed; regardless of the loss or constraints liberties they are experiencing. Mill’s Argument Mill is in favor of limited government, as such, I would assert the opinion that he would be against aspects of this law. However, the law in question is not what he would against. Rather, how the law is enforced and by what ways the law had come into being would be the issue. The concept of limited government established that liberty of an individual is allowed to flush and restrained as little as possible. It is even more restrained when one’s happiness is infringed upon. “For Mill, sort-term or even intermediate-term calculations of happiness were a wholly inadequate means of making moral judgments about human...
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...America was founded on disobedience. What if the Revolutionary War had never happened because people didn't have the courage to disobey? Would there even be an America? If not for disobedience, would America still have slaves? If not for civil disobedience, would we still have segregation? As I ponder these questions, I come to the conclusion that resistance, particularly peaceful resistance, positively impacts a free society. Henry David Thoreau once stated, "Unjust laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?" When I think of peaceful resistance, I think of Rosa Parks, Alice Paul, Martin Luther King Jr., and Mahatma Gandhi....
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