...XL crude oil pipeline project have been under the scrutiny of American politics in recent months. A debate has ensued around national calls for the construction of infrastructure that would transport a crude oil alternative from Canada to the United States, and has rapidly gained increased exposure. This exposure can be attributed to a number of factors, but in large part rising gasoline prices and political pressures are the driving factors. Increased demand for more reliable and stable supplies of crude oil in the United States has been driven by an ailing supply of traditional heavy oil. TransCanada Corporation is a Canadian based energy company which develops and operates energy infrastructure throughout North America. The corporation finds itself at the focal point of the oil sands debate. The transnational corporation has applied for a permit to carry out a $7 billion project by the name of Keystone XL, which would allow TransCanada to construct and manage an oil transport pipeline between the United States-Canada border. The pipeline would transport crude oil produced from oil sands in Canada to oil refineries in the Texas Gulf Coast. Since the pipeline would cross international borders, the project requires the approval of the State Department in accord with Executive Order 13337. It is over this crucial point that much of the discussion has been centered. Time Magazine has dubbed oil sands “Canada’s greatest buried energy treasure” (“What is Oil Sands?”). Oil sands are...
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...$5 U.S. scientists are warning that there are environmental risks, regulatory holes and serious unknowns regarding the shipment of Alberta oilsands products by pipeline, rail and tanker. The findings are in a 153-page report from last September by the emergency response division of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The unit has expertise in preparing for, evaluating and responding to oil and chemical spills in coastal environments. Enbridge, the company behind the proposed Northern Gateway pipeline to the British Columbia coast, counters that most of the concerns raised in the report are out-of-date, overstated or being resolved. The study examined the different ways to transport Alberta's bitumen, a molasses-like crude oil, over U.S. land and water. Those included rail, the proposed Kinder-Morgan Trans Mountain pipeline to Vancouver, the Keystone XL line to Texas from Alberta, and Northern Gateway. * Supreme Court refuses First Nation's appeal over oilsands expansion * Prominent Canadians support Neil Young's anti-oilsands campaign * Neil Young concert tour surpasses anti-oilsands fund goal "Most oilsands products are transported to market via existing and proposed pipelines; however, a sharp increase in the use of rail and marine transport can be expected while new pipelines are constructed to match the increased production of oilsands products," the report says. It was written by six experts at the University of Washington and supervised...
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...Improvement in Supply Chain Management for Oil and Gas Sector Using Drag Reduction Theory 2 2 2 Arshad Ali Anjum1*, Arshad Chughtai , Amir Shafeeq , Ayyaz Muhammad Abstract Supply Chain Management is an integrative philosophy about managing the flow of distribution channels from supplier to the consumer. PARCO, an oil and gas company in Pakistan has three existing pipelines. Out of three, two pipelines are running parallel from Karachi to Mehmood Kot. One pipeline is of crude oil and meeting the demand of PARCO refinery while second pipeline is of High Speed Diesel (HSD) and third pipeline is of (HSD & Kerosene) running from Mehmood Kot to Machhike(Sheikhupura).PARCO supply petroleum products from Shikarpur, Mehmood Kot, Faisalabad & Machhike to oil marketing companies (OMCs) as per their share, standard and demand. The purpose of these pipelines is to meet the country demand for petroleum products at various locations all over Pakistan. In the peak season when OMCs have high demand and receipt of product from PARCO pipelines are less, there is a need to enhance the flow rate of oil inside the PARCO pipelines to fulfill the demand of OMCs. This could be done economically by the application of drag reduction theory. So by injecting drag reducer, dragging of the oil inside the pipeline could appreciably be reduced thereby improving the pumping of oil. Introduction Supply Chain is the network of Organizations that are involved, through upstream and...
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...PETRO CASE STUDY ASSESSMENT OF PIPELINE CORROSION BACKGROUND Internal corrosion monitoring & assessment of subsea production and export carbon steel pipelines during operation is a crucial part of overall subsea pipeline corrosion management strategy. Internal corrosion of the pipelines is generally assessed by continuous monitoring of operational parameters and periodic inspection of pipeline’s internal condition by inspection tools such as NDT (non- destructive testing) techniques. However, corrosion assessment is highly challenging for the pipelines not equipped with facilities (un-piggable pipelines) to run the inspection tools. One prominent alternative for the corrosion assessment of un-piggable pipelines is to use a combination of different corrosion models. CORROSION ASSESSMENT MODELS Carbon steel pipelines are widely used in subsea for transport of multiphase production fluids due to their significant economic impact on offshore projects. However, carbon steel is highly susceptible to internal corrosion caused by presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in free water, an environment commonly present in multiphase (oil, gas and water) production systems and pipelines. During design stage of the carbon steel pipelines, a corrosion allowance is usually added to pipe wall thickness in order to accommodate metal loss due to corrosion during the operational life. Corrosion allowance is an effective barrier for mitigating the loss of pressure...
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...Burma Pipelines Case Study OL 690 Helen Cowell Prof. Jan Wyatt August 16, 2012 Torture, forced displacement, land confiscation, genocide and arbitrary arrest are connected to the Shwe natural gas and oil project in Burma. What is the damage to the environment and the livelihood of the thousands of the displaced people? Are the people’s human rights being violated by being forced to give up their land? Are Chinese companies being unethical and prey-hunter businessmen? These are just a few of the questions being asked concerning the new pipelines being built. Natural gas and oil pipelines, which will start in Kyaukphyu, are being constructed to provide gas and oil to resource hungry China. The oil pipeline will be 479 miles long and will be able to discharge 240 thousand barrels of oil per day. The natural gas pipelines will extend even further to Guangxiin China, running a total of 1700 miles long. Burma relies on agriculture and exports of rice to keep their economy afloat. Climate changes, due to burning gas, will have huge impacts on global temperatures in Burma. Burma is a lowland delta region which is vulnerable to flooding. The project has led to the confiscation of thousands of acres of land across the area of Burma due to creating a “security corridor” adjacent to the pipeline, destroyed the livelihood of farmers due to land confiscation, bankrupted fisherman by devastating the marine ecosystem, due to underwater mining, and killing fish. Some farmers...
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...Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion: Regulatory Requirements and Technical Analysis Student Name University Name Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 5 2.0 Shipping 5 2.1 Spills risk 6 2.2 Spills response 7 2.3 Spills recovery 8 3.0 Pipeline safety and integrity 9 3.1 Risk analysis 10 3.2 Spill preparedness and response 10 4.0 Greenhouse gas emissions 11 4.1 Implications of pipeline expansion 12 4.2 Alternatives and its effects 13 5.0 Conclusion 13 Abstract There is high rate of increase in the world’s demand for energy to run its various development projects. However, the most popular source of the needed energy is oil and petroleum products. To respond to this dire need for energy, Trans Mountain company under the Kinder Morgan Canada has presented a request for approval of its multi-billion dollar expansion. However, their proposal report for approval has drawn mixed reactions from first nations, municipal governments, British Columbia residents and various environmental organizations. A lot of environmental issues have topped the list of the project’s safety complications. Some of these groups have vowed never to support the expansion project citing various loopholes. Kinder Morgan Canada’s oil spills risk assessment both on pipelines and shipping vessels is elaborate. It has considered every concern of various partied and has tried to adjust to the NEB requirements. The NEB has scheduled public hearing on this project for 2015. As the company...
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...per cent for pipelines and 5 per cent for roads. Railways and roads are inefficient modes of carrying petroleum products because they consume significantly more energy (320 BTU for railways and 1700 BTU for roads to move one tonne of petroleum products over one km) than pipelines for which the comparable figure is only 50-135 BTU. Clearly, pipeline transportation is the most efficient way of moving petroleum products and gases and, hence, is the preferred mode all over the world. In developed countries like the USA and the UK, almost all long distance transportation of petroleum products and gas takes place through pipelines. India is far behind these countries in realizing the full potential of pipelines because it does not have a well-developed pipeline network. A rapid development of pipelines, therefore, is essential to ensure that the share of this mode in the transportation of petroleum products and natural gas reaches the desired level. It is estimated that around Rs 30,000 crore are likely to be invested over the next 10-12 years in setting up pipeline networks for liquid petroleum products The efficient and effective movement of natural gas from producing regions to consumption regions requires an extensive and elaborate transportation system. In many instances, natural gas produced from a particular well will have to travel a great distance to reach its point of use. The transportation system for natural gas consists of a complex network of pipelines, designed to quickly...
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...plagued Niger Delta, Nigeria since its oil-rich region was discovered by oil companies. Despite all these cases being in different areas of the United States and the world, they all have one attribute in common. All these communities are of low socio-economic status that who’s residents are predominantly people of color. The link between extreme pollution, toxic waste, lack of proper utilities such as clean water, and exclusion in the decision-making in regard to the use of natural resources and race make up environmental racism. When researching a subject such as this, the primary points to analyze are the origins of the environmental racism, both domestic and international examples, and the intent behind the corporations that poison these specific communities. These points are of particular relevance because they provide context. Next, it shows that environmental racism is a global phenomenon. Lastly, and most importantly, exploring intent will give context to whether the use of the word racism is valid....
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...Topic Tar sands oil spill in arkansas Name Nadya Sanjaya SID 1412251 DELETE THIS PAGE WHEN YOU HAND IN THE EXAM Objective: This take home exam is designed to test your understanding and interpretation of engineering ethics principles and social science issues as related to contemporary engineering problems. Procedure: Select a current engineering topic that is not the Dreamliner. Follow the questions on the subsequent pages. Writing format: Times new roman font, 12 pt. Single-spaced with justified margins. Just like on this page here. One space in between each paragraph. Email the final copy to r.angelo.borrelli@gmail.com. Points will be deducted for incorrect format. Citations: Please cite all sources you use. In the text of the paper, please use a superscript when you make a citation, like this.1 Then, in the REFERENCES section, list your sources in order. Length: ‘Sufficient.’ I am not going to give a set page limit. Be concise but show depth. Writing style: You will be writing in some form, whether technical writing or essays, and then when you get jobs in the real world. There is no time to start practicing like now. Grammar and spelling are part of the grade! Proof-read your paper several times! 1. Introduction [10] Please introduce your topic and explain why it is important to you. The topic I’m writing is about the tar sands oil spill in Mayflower, Arkansas. ExxonMobil, the company that runs the pipeline was in charge of the...
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...Five case studies from civil society sponsored by February 2010 About ECCR The Ecumenical Council for Corporate Responsibility (ECCR) is a church-based investor coalition and membership organisation working for economic justice, environmental stewardship, and corporate and investor responsibility. ECCR undertakes research, advocacy and dialogue with companies and investors. It seeks to influence company policy and practice and to raise awareness among the British and Irish churches, the investor community and the general public. For more information, please visit www.eccr.org.uk. Acknowledgements ECCR would like to thank the five civil society organisations that contributed case studies based on their work in the Niger Delta; Cordaid for generously sponsoring the report; members, partners and independent experts who advised, read and commented on the text before publication; Royal Dutch Shell Plc and Shell Petroleum Development Corporation of Nigeria for providing company information and commenting on the text. Cover photo credits: Friends of the Earth International; IRIN/UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; Milieudefensie/Friends of the Earth Netherlands; Stakeholder Democracy Network. Disclaimers ECCR has commissioned and published these case studies as a contribution to public understanding. The text has undergone a careful process of fact-checking and review to achieve accuracy and balance. Nevertheless, the views expressed in the case studies do not...
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...TECH) IN COMPUTER SCIENCE. MODIBBO ADAMA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY YOLA, NIGER STATE OCTOBER 2012 DEDICATION This report is dedicated to the Almighty ALLAH and to my beloved mother and Mrs Aisha Tijjani and her husband also with the entire staffs and students of Surveying and Geo-informatics Federal University of Technology Minna. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My profound gratitude goes to the Almighty God who saw me through this training program and thanks my parents and siblings who encouraged me when the road seemed too tough, for shelter and financial support. My appreciation goes to the staff of Pipeline and Products Marketing Company (PPMC) especially my supervisor and the staff of Pipeline Right Of Way (PROW) and to all NNPC staff and development control for their kind support and for the knowledge they impacted on me during the period of my training. My thanks goes to the SIWES and ITF coordinators especially the Federal University Of Technology Minna SIWES coordinator, my Head of Department (HOD), Course Adviser, and entire survey staff and students for all their contribution so far truly I am very grateful for their support and kind words of encouragement. I really appreciate all my friends for being there in both the good and challenging times and for the fun we all had....
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...Pipeline Routes For Delivery Of US North Slope Natural Gas to Lower-48 Markets [pic] Economics 494 March 2, 2005 By: Etienne Snyman Pipeline Routes for Delivery of US North Slope Natural Gas to Lower-48 Markets Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Over-the-Top Route 1.2 Alaska Highway Route 2.0 Part 1 2.1.0 Economic Impacts of the Alaska Highway and “Over-The-Top” Routes on Various Stakeholders 2.1.1 Natural Gas Producers in Alaska 2.1.2 Natural Gas Producers in the Beaufort Sea-Mackenzie Delta 2.1.3 Mackenzie Valley Corridor Producers 2.1.4 Producers in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 2.1.5 Producers in the Supply Regions of the Lower 48 US States 2.1.6 The Global Liquefied Natural Gas Sector 2.1.7: Natural Gas End-use Consumers 2.1.8: Pipeline Operating Companies 2.1.9: American Taxpayer Perspective of the Alaska Highway Route 2.1.10: Canadian Taxpayer Perspective of the Alaska Highway Route 2.1.11: American Taxpayer Perspective of the “Over-the-Top” Route 2.1.12: Canadian Taxpayer Perspective of the “Over-the-Top” Route 2.1.13: Aboriginal Interests 2.2.0: Potential Environmental Impacts of the Alaska Highway and the “Over-The-Top” Routes 2.2.1: Overview 2.2.2: Environmental Impacts According To The Yukon Conservation Society 2.2.3: Environmental Impacts...
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...1. Read Chapter 8 and 9 Chp8. Do study questions: 3,7,9 and 10 3. The typical pipeline company has high fixed costs. What economic factors account for this situation? What special problems does this present? These economic factors include depreciation and amortization and general expenses. With that being said, the special problems that this situation presents is that there will be major variable expenses such as line-operating costs, operating rents, and maintenance. 7. What would be the impact of higher fuel charges on the water carrier industry? Provide a rationale for raising their user charges. The impact of higher fuel charges would yield higher variable costs. A high volume of business would be the reason of higher fuel charges. 9. Intermodal competition is more intense than intramodal competition for water carriers. Why? Water carrier service has limited coverage which limits its effective competitiveness. 10. Why are pipelines unknown to many individuals? Do you think the pipelines should advertise to change this? Yes, pipelines should increase their visibility to increase their revenue. Read Case 8-2: CNG Pipeline Company. Answer Case Questions #1,2, and 3. 1. Do you feel the project has any merit for further investigation? Why or why not? Yes, because considering the new refineries that are being built closer to the source of oil means a bigger profit margin for their company. 2. What additional information is needed...
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...On Sunday, March 29th 2013 an ExxonMobil pipeline that was carrying crude oil burst leaving the backyards of homes destroyed, and causing the residents to evacuate; thousands of barrels of heavy crude oil flowed from the pipeline and vandalized the town (CNN.com). Occurring mainly in Mayflower, Arkansas and on March 31, people living in the homes were forced to leave due to the unhealthy living conditions that the pipeline created. (CNN.com) The residents of this town filed a class-action lawsuit against ExxonMobil because of this incident. This residential area is seeking more than $5 million in damages. There were 22 homes that had to be evacuated, and the pipelines rupture spread as far as 18 miles in this town. An Exxon spokesperson said the current estimate is 5,000 barrels of Wabasca heavy crude — or 210,000 gallons — spilled from the breach (Arktimes). Due to the obstruction the town had to endure when they were suddenly flooded by crude oil, “a growing international debate over corporate influence” according to the Arktimes (Koon and Peacock, 2013). A video of a resident in the area was posted on YouTube later that day. You can clearly see the large amount of oil gushing from the lawns of these people’s homes. One of the most grotesque features of this 30-second video clip is the description of the smells the man has to endure while driving through his once neatly kept neighborhood. Imagine having that happen in a surrounding town and having to deal with the destruction...
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...Pipelines OZ Location classification I thought I might start a serious of posts on location classification, since it’s an important concept in AS 2885 and some aspects of it cause confusion. To start with the basics, location classification is a way of categorising land uses to reflect the threats to and from the pipeline. Where there are lots of people there is not only likely to be an increased level of activity that might result in pipeline damage, but the consequences of a serious pipeline failure will probably also be greater. So in more populated areas we need more stringent protection against pipeline failure. The primary purpose of the AS 2885 location classes is to draw attention to the greater risk level in more populated areas so that the pipeline can be designed (or managed) appropriately. The standard doesn’t actually have many fixed rules that vary between location classes. The most important set of rules are in Section 4.7, Special Provisions for High Consequence Areas. Apart from that it has some fairly common-sense requirements for things like depth of cover and sign spacing, although even those often make little distinction between R1 and R2, or between T1 and T2. My view is that the most important function of location classification is to help focus the safety management study on the areas where the likelihood and/or consequences of a failure may be greatest. For that reason I don’t care much about getting the location classification exactly right...
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