...who should get an organ donation first, health care professionals utilizes ethics of principles as a guide. The four ethics of principles states that people's autonomy should be respected, no harm should be done, health care professionals should do good, and justice should always prevail. The allocation of organ transplant is a form of treatment that also helps restore patient's life to a certain extent because there is always a chance that the recipient's system might reject the organ. Statistics shows that, in the US, at every given point in time, the ratio of available organ and the recipients are never proportionate. That is, the organs available are never enough for the amounts of recipients. Needless to say, the waiting list is always long, and proper strategies are always used in picking who gets the organ first. This situation as brought a lot of controversies as no one wants to die waiting for an organ and everyone thinks that their loved ones deserve to go first. Factors such as blood type, waiting time, right size donor and so on plays a big part in determining the priority of allocation. On the other hand, one of the biggest controversies that seem unethical is: whether or not the organ should be given to the sickest person on the list or to a patient who is less sick and consequently having a higher chances of living longer? When examining and evaluating how this issue applies to the principles of ethics, one can tell that simply allocating the organ to the sickest individual...
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...WHAT IS ADMINISTRATIVE LAW? Broadly, AL might be defined as the legal control of govern’t More narrowly, AL consists of those legal principles at define the authority and structure of administrative agencies, specify the procedures agencies must follow, determine the validity of administrative decisions and define the role of reviewing courts and other organs of govern’t in relation to a.a. Each particular field of regulation has its corresponding substantive and procedural law. AL as such deals with the general principles and rules that cut across the particular substantive fields and apply t a.a. generally. These principles include 3 basic bodies of law: (1) constitutional law; (2) statutory law, including above all the APA; (3) a form of federal com mon law, embodied in judicial decisions that do not have a clear constitutional or statutory source. REGULATION Aa are engaged in regulation. Regulatory agencies develop and enforce prohibitions or obligations with which private firms and/or individuals must comply (some agencies aren’t regulatory, but benefactor: they’re engaged in disbursing govern’t benefits). PROBLEMS THOUGHT TO CALL FOR (ADMINISTRATIVE) REGULATION One can imagine a govern’t without agencies, but no govern’t can avoid “regulation”. The common law is in fact a regulatory system, although outside the definition set out above: it depends on the creation and enforcement , by law, of a set of rights, notably those creating private property and enforceable...
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...Name: Public Administration in Bangladesh Course Number: PA-123 Submitted to: Dr. Syeda Lasna Kabir Associate Professor, Department of Public Administration University of Dhaka. Submitted by: Mukarram Hussain 1st Year, 2nd Semester Session: 2011-2012 Roll: kj-059 Department of Public Administration University of Dhaka. Date of Submission: October 11, 2012 Introduction: Constitution is the supreme law of a country. Legislative, executive and judiciary are chief organs of the government. According to the theory of separation of power, check and balance between these organs is necessary. In democratic and constitutional system, each body can exercise its power within the boundaries set by the constitution and allows other organs to perform its work freely without interfering in others’ jurisdiction and without being interfered. To prevent the abuse of the state power, and to consolidate the rule of law, besides legislative, executive and judiciary, other constitutional organs are also envisioned in a constitution. Constitutional bodies in Bangladesh: There are some constitutional bodies in Bangladesh. Constitutional bodies are those offices or, persons their establishment, recruitment and retirement follow the rules of law of the constitution. The constitution of Bangladesh contains the provisions or articles defined the rules of establishment of those bodies and the recruitment & retirement of the officials. Some of the constitutional bodies are mentioned...
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...fifteen per cent belongs to Tibet (Aljazeera, 2011). There are a total of six main tributaries: Sutlej, Ravi and Beas flow through Punjab and the other three rivers of the Indus basin - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab run through the territory of Jammu and Kashmir (Harvard, 2011). Since the partition of the British Indian empire in 1947, Pakistan and India have fought over the province of Punjab and the state of Kashmir, which resulted in a partition of the area between the two countries. The water dispute is also closely related to partition of the Kashmir region, too. The six rivers run through India which controls Jammu and Kashmir, before reaching Pakistan and the part of Jammu and Kashmir governed by Pakistan (Harvard, 2011). The geological allocation described above brought out significant disadvantages to Pakistan in early the1950s as a consequence of the political conflicts between the two countries. The help of the World Bank together with other third parities made possible the signing of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) between India and Pakistan in 1960, relieving political tensions on the both sides. Due to the high demand of water resources over sixty years and the insufficient supply, the Indus Water Treaty has faced harsh criticism resulting in water wars among other political conflicts. Considering the strong dependency on...
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...2. Chapter Two: Literature Review Related works that could serve as a background for the analysis of the paper under consideration could be reviewed in three major parts: effectiveness of foreign Aid, measures of Aid effectiveness and donors development policy objectives. 2.1. Effectiveness of Foreign Aid The success or failure of foreign aid in developing countries has won a wide range of attention and exhibited a huge controversy. The whole work and accompanying results of foreign aid effectiveness vs economic growth has become a “political football” Easterly and Levine (2003) . The direct impact of aid or its contribution along other factors (Aid_ saving, Aid_ investment, Aid_ productivity, Aid _ Trade) to growth has been described as...
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...Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2005. 56:485–516 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142105 Copyright c 2005 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on June 21, 2004 WORK MOTIVATION THEORY AND RESEARCH AT THE DAWN OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Gary P. Latham Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E6; email: latham@rotman.utoronto.ca Craig C. Pinder Faculty of Business, University of Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2; email: cpinder@uvic.ca Key Words needs, values, goals, affect, behavior ■ Abstract In the first Annual Review of Psychology chapter since 1977 devoted exclusively to work motivation, we examine progress made in theory and research on needs, traits, values, cognition, and affect as well as three bodies of literature dealing with the context of motivation: national culture, job design, and models of person-environment fit. We focus primarily on work reported between 1993 and 2003, concluding that goal-setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice theories are the three most important approaches to work motivation to appear in the last 30 years. We reach 10 generally positive conclusions regarding predicting, understanding, and influencing work motivation in the new millennium. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MOTIVATIONAL FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...and former communist states have made solid efforts to enhance the capacities of their systems of local governance since the third wave of democratic revolution swept through the world in the 1980s and 1990s and the results have been quite impressive. Africa may be the only exception to this general principle even though there have been some progress as well in some countries. Unfortunately, Zimbabwe has not been part of the good news as far as the effort to enhance the capacity of local governance is concerned. It is ironic that over time, the resilient institutions of local governance that were inherited at independence have deteriorated over time-both in the cities or in the rural areas. It is even further ironic that though community organs were crucial during nationalist struggles in the countries in which political independence involved military engagement between occupying powers and nationalist forces, the story of local governance has been lack-luster in these countries in Africa (Mozambique, Uganda, Angola, Ethiopia) once the nationalist party emerged victorious. Local government, a statutory not a constitutional issue in many British influenced traditions have become de jure and de facto constitutional in many developing countries towards the end of the last century...
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...paralyzed or in a vegetative coma, it was still success - they were alive. Today, this assumption is being reconsidered as patients themselves demand to decide for themselves what is in their own best interest. Of particular interest is Oregon law which states, "an adult who is capable and has been determined by the attending doctor to be suffering from a terminal disease, and who has voluntarily expressed his or her wish to die, may make a written request for medication for the purpose of ending his or her life in a humane and dignified manner." In short, the patient can decide when it is time to go, and request the necessary medication to bring about his or her own death. Oregon is the only state with such legislation in place, and the controversy surrounding this law is much what you would expect. This will be an interesting week in our course indeed! Reading: Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Discussions: * Patient confidentiality (graded) * Unethical...
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...INDIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICS Vol XL No.2 & 3 April-September 2006 Editor Naheed Murtaza A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH – 202002 (INDIA) Dynamics of Constitutional Development in Nigeria, 1914-1999 49 DYNAMICS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA, 1914-1999 S.O. Aghalino* Abstract: This article examines the intractable problem of constitutional engineering in Nigeria. It is asserted that the drafting of constitutions is a recurring decimal in Nigeria's chequered political history. Right from the colonial period. Nigerians were barely involved in the art of constitution making while the British colonial overlords employed constitution making to consolidate their imperial strategies. Post colonial Nigerian leaders have utilised constitution drafting to ensure regime longevity. The current 1999 constitution is a product of haste because the receding military junta was in a hurry to leave the political turf. Consequently, the 1999 constitution has all the trappings of military centralisation of power resulting in de-federalisation of Nigeria and the consequent clamour and agitation for the amendment of the constitution. Introduction: The drafting of constitutions has been a recurring decimal in the political history of Nigeria. Right from the colonial period, Nigeria has witnessed incessant clamour for one form of constitution or the other. The series of constitutions that were put in place during the colonial period...
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...Continental J. Education Research 4 (3): 70 - 80, 2011 © Wilolud Journals, 2011 Printed in Nigeria ISSN: 2141 - 4265 http://www.wiloludjournal.com ADMISSION AS A FACTOR IN THE NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES’ MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS Babatunde Oyedeji Dept of Politics and International Relations, Lead City University, Ibadan ABSTRACT Admission is a necessary foundation building for joining a university institution for study or for scholarship. It is the climax to a string of academic activity starting from the cradle (of applicants) onto the matriculation watershed. Universities therefore take the task of admission of Students into their portals seriously insisting that as part of its basic academic freedom, the University Senate should provide and protect policies and processes for admission. Phillip G Altback described the central elements of academic life as ‘….. the admission of students, the curriculum, the criteria for the award of degrees, the selection of new members of the professoriate, and the basic direction of the academic work of the institution’1. This paper seeks to dissect the background and circumstances affecting and afflicting the admission process and its pivotal role in the business of tertiary education in Nigeria. It will attempt to draw connections as between admissions and variables such as the quality, quantity, stakeholder involvement, institutional effectiveness of the process and how it features as an instrument for higher quality higher education. KEYWORDS: University...
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...Research Notes and Comments A Bibliographical Essay on Decision Making IT has been said that administration is the critical organizational process, making possible production, procurement, and the rest; that leadership is the heart of administration; and that decision making is the key to leadership. Inherent in these statements are some remarkably accurate characterizations of current administrative theory. One thing they seem to imply is a coherence and a unity in administrative theory which do not seem to exist. When one attempts to assay the literature dealing with a concrete administrative process such as decision making, he discovers this. Divergent approaches to the study of decision making show that there are conflicting conceptions of its nature and function. And these probably are symptoms of a more fundamental conflict in contemporary administrative theory. Administration and leadership as foci for study have traditionally been the concern of historians, occasional novelists, and students of management, public and private. A generation ago these people had articulated a consistent, rather comprehensive conception of leadership, and especially administration. The Papers of Gulick and Urwick, for example, were regarded by many of us as a major conceptual achievement setting forth a twentieth-century theory of organization. Even as these ideas were gaining acceptance, however, the concepts that would replace them were emerging. After World War I, even before the ...
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...July 8, 2013 Bishop Soc Villegas heads CBCP Villegas to pursue fight against RH law The protégé of the late Jaime Cardinal Sin, Lingayen-Dagupan Archbishop Socrates “Soc” Villegas, was elected president of the influential Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) on Sunday amid a continuing conflict between the Church and the Aquino administration on the controversial reproductive health (RH) law. At 52, Villegas will lead the 96 active and 40 honorary members of the bishops’ collegial body when Cebu Archbishop Jose Palma ends his term on Dec. 1. To succeed Villegas as vice president is Davao Archbishop Romulo Valles. While Villegas is known to have had strong ties with the late President Corazon Aquino, the mother of the incumbent Chief Executive, he is perceived as one who will not give in to the whims of the current administration. “One thing is certain, the archbishop will talk as needed. He will not keep quiet,” Archbishop Emeritus Oscar Cruz told the Inquirer over the phone on Sunday. “This man is intelligent and courageous. He will exercise his [pastoral duties] and will put into action his qualifications.” Cruz said. Cruz cited a pronouncement that Villegas made amid the debate on the RH bill last year, which he noted “had angered the Palace.” “My dear youth, contraception is corruption. The use of government money, taxpayers’ money to give out contraceptive pills is corruption. Contraceptive pills teach us it is all right to have sex with someone...
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...MAPP Message- what you want your audience to know (information), make it clear, make the message simple; break it down. You want people to believe, sell people on an idea. Audience- think of your audience first then think about how you are going to portray your message. Purpose- what do you want your audience to do and you are doing it. Presentation- is almost always a physical thing. What is public relations? Public Relations- is the management function that identifies, established and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the various publics on whom its success or failure depends. * Communication can be external and internal. Keywords: Deliberate Planned Performance Public Interest Two-way Management function Challenges * PR is multifaceted Global * An estimated 3 million people practice public relations world wide Definitions * A number of definitions; often defined as publicity in a newspaper, television interview, or red carpet events Learning the ROPES Research-identifying and learning the client, what their problem is, and what there is. Objectives- Setting objectives to solve your problem. Programming- Planning out how you’re going to do the project. Evaluation- how you adjust and making sure you are addressing the objectives. Stewardship- Making sure it all flows together. Areas of public relations: Counseling Research Media relations Publicity Employee/member relations Community...
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...7 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea CONTENTS Page PREAMBLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 PART I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Article 1. PART II. Use of terms and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE . . . . . . . . 23 23 SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 2. Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 2. LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 3. Breadth of the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 4. Outer limit of the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 5. Normal baseline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 6. Reefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 7. Straight baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 8. Internal waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 9. Mouths of rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 10. Bays ........ Article 11. Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 12. Roadsteads...
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...ECOFORUM [Volume 3, Issue 2 (5), 2014] WHAT DO WE KNOW FROM EPRG MODEL? Krzysztof DRACHAL Warsaw University of Technology, Poland k.drachal@mini.pw.edu.pl Abstract The aim of this paper is to present the fundamental ideas behind EPRG model. They are discussed with some illustrating examples. Moreover, some attention is drawn on the evolution from one orientation to another. In particular, the geocentric orientation is widely discussed. General Electric is studied in more details as a particular case of the geocentric orientation. Finally, some non-market dissertations are presented, on how geocentrism can evolve and some threats to the public interest are sketched. Key words: corporations; EPRG model; General Electric; geocentrism; internationalization. JEL Classification: F23, F60, L20, M14, M30 I. INTRODUCTION EPRG model, sometimes called also EPG model, is used in the international marketing. It was introduced by Perlmutter (1969). The strategy of the organization is characterized by three factors: ethnocentrism, polycentrism and geocentrism. Hence, the original name - EPG. A little later, Wind, Douglas and Perlmutter (1973) extended this model by another factor - regiocentrism. The extended model is known as EPRG model, in short. This model aims to identify the orientation of the organization. The strategy can be differently oriented, indeed. As a result, costs and profits are generated in slightly different ways, depending on the mentioned kind...
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