...animals have similar organ systems and body processes. Experiments on animals help scientists increase knowledge about the way the human body works. In the United States, scientists perform experiments on more than twenty million animals each year. Medical researchers study animals to get a better understanding of body processes in humans and animals. They use many animals to study the causes and effects of illnesses, such as cancer and heart disease. Vivisection is the most controversial issue of animal rights. Vivisection actually means “cutting a living thing”. Some popular companies that still test on animals are Band-Aid, Clorox, Febreze, Maybelline, and many more. Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, and other animals are locked inside cold cages in labs across the country. They suffer in pain, ache with loneliness and long to be free. All they can do is sit in their cages and wait, in fear, for the next experiment to begin. The stress actually causes the animals to begin strange behavior like pulling out their hair and biting at their own skin. They jump in fear whenever someone walks past, scared that they will be chosen. After going through this terrible life, almost all of these animals are killed. I feel animals are tested for meaningless numbers on a chart and then killed. There are many cheap, faster, and non-animal tests that can replace the ones that are out there now. The first realistic software models of human and animal organs are starting to...
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...Bodily Systems and the Spatial-Functional Structure of the Human Body Barry Smith, PhD1,2, Igor Papakin1, Katherine Munn1 1Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 2Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Abstract. The human body as conceived by medical science is a system made of systems. The body is divided into bodily systems proper, such as the endocrine and circulatory systems. These are subdivded into many subsystems at a variety of levels whereby all systems and subsystems engage in massive causal interaction with other systems and subsystems. In this essay we offer an explicit definition of bodily system, and explicit means for understanding these causal interactions. Whereas informality is acceptable in documentation created for human beings, it falls short of what is needed for computer representations. In our analysis we will define bodily system, and will take some first steps toward understanding the causal relationships bodily systems have with their subsystems. 1. Introduction Ontology plays an increasingly significant role in work on terminology and knowledge management systems in the domain of biomedical informatics, and we hold that it will play an essential role in biomedical research of the future. The term ‘ontology’ must, however, be understood in the right way [1]. The dominant paradigm might be referred to as ‘applications...
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...and somewhat inconsequential applications like; cosmetics, and other household products. Here are some pro’s and cons that are mostly mentioned about animal testing: Pro’s o Finding drugs and treatments to improve health and medicine. There are already some lifesaving medical breakthroughs that are the result of animal testing, like open heart surgery, organ transplants, effective insulin, vaccines for deadly diseases, … o It is the most accurate way to learn the effects of substances in a living body o Ensuring the safety of drugs and other substances o Human harm is reduced and human lives are saved but also animal lives are saved because of animal testing. o Many of the medications and procedures that we currently use today wouldn’t exist and the development of future treatments would be extremely limited. o Many argue that the lives of animals may be worthy of some respect, but the value we give on their lives does not count as much as the value we give to human life. o Using cell cultures can only reveal side effects on a molecular level and cannot unfortunately, reveal side effects like organ failure, rashes, tumors, or cardiac arrest like animal testing can. o Using computer models cannot always predict unknown variables that can be discovered with animal testing. o Animals may not have the exact same philology...
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...BIMESTER (JANUARY 6 – MARCH 5, 2014) NAME: MARIA E. PANTING GRADE: 9TH INTEGRATED SCIENCES: LIFE SCIENCE AND CHEMISTRY The human body is formed by different systems and organs that allow it to work, and grow. We will study the skeletal system, the skin and muscles, food and digestion, circulation, respiration and excretion. 1. What must I know and be able to do at the end of the third bimestrial? ¬ Ch. 1 Bones, Muscles, and the Skin 1. Identify the functions of the skeletal system, the muscular system and the skin. 1. Compare and contrast movable and unmovable joints, and types of muscles. 1. Explain how skin protects the body from disease. ¬ Ch. 2 Food and Digestion 1 Identify the importance of each type of nutrient. 2 Explain the relationship between diet and health. 3 Identify the organs of the digestive system and what takes place in each. ¬ Ch. 3 Circulation 1 Compare and contrast arteries, veins and capillaries. 2 Identify the functions of the pulmonary and systemic circulation system. 3 Identify the parts and functions of blood, and give examples of diseases. 4 Describe the functions of the lymphatic system, and explain how lymph organs help fight infections. ➢ Ch.4 Respiration and Excretion 1. Describe functions of the respiratory system and what happens during gas exchange and breathing. ...
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...what is cloning, the pros and cons of cloning, and how to fix this controversial issue. Cloning is a cell or organism that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which is was derived from. Cloning can be done on animals, plants, food, and even humans. The three types of cloning are Gene, Reproductive, and Therapeutic Cloning. Gene cloning creates copies the DNA, Reproductive cloning involves copies of animals, and Therapeutic cloning deals with stem cells in human beings body. One of the pros from cloning is that it can replace internal organs and tissue. Embryonic stem cells can grow and produce new organs and tissue from the damaged one. When patients are in need of a transplant, instead of waiting for an organ donor, they would just clone their organs and tissues. So if someone got into a car accident and needed a new heart and a new face, cloning would produce the organ so they could have another organ and the tissue so they could make his face without scars. Another pro for cloning is it being the solution to couples who have infertility issues. There are couples in this would who have problems producing kids...
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...Yoga is a scientific system of physical and mental practices that began in India more than three thousand years ago. Its main purpose is to help each one of us achieve our highest potential and to experience enduring health and happiness. It helps extend our healthy, productive years far beyond the accepted norm and, at the same time, improve the quality of our lives. There is a branch of yoga that is called Hatha Yoga. Hatha Yoga begins by working with the body on a structural level, helping to align the vertebrae, increase flexibility, and strengthen muscles and connective tissue. At the same time internal organs are toned and rejuvenated; the epidermal, digestive, lymphatic, cardiovascular, and pulmonary systems are purified of toxins and waste matter; the nervous and endocrine systems are balanced and toned; and brain cells are nourished and stimulated. The end result is increased mental clarity, emotional stability, and a greater sense of overall well-being.Because Yoga works on so many different levels, it has great potential as an effective therapy for chronic diseases and conditions that do not respond well to conventional treatment methods. According to the book “Yoga for the Special Child” children with Down Syndrome and other developmental disabilities who practice Yoga often surprise their parents and teachers with their quick mastery of basic motor, communicative, and cognitive skills. The same Yoga routine can help children with learning disabilities develop greater...
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...Time COM 172 March 21, 2012 Dr. Yvette Irizarry Extending Human Life One Chip at a Time How long would you like to live? It is undeniably that scientists and technology are predestined to mend and prolong people natural lifespan expectancy. This, due to the emergence and advancements of a new technology era with highly specialized medical doctors, along with; biologists and bioengineers, electronics, chemists and chemical engineers, physicists, and mechanical engineers all working together in an orchestrated choreographed process around the globe. Novelties in nanotechnology, sustained living tissue reproduction, bio-hybrid organ devices and microfluidics platforms have evolved from a concept of fantasy to a revolutionized reality. Available technology has migrated into the medical world, allowing scientists to develop several human organs utilizing microfluidics platform technology. Harvard University has developed a highly refined lung on-a-chip that embodies numerous forms of tissues. “We started with the simplest embodiment of human airway and capillary cells, and then introduced immune cells” (Ingber, 2010, p. 661). The chip consists of micro-channels parted by a malleable micrometer tissue. A single conduit encompasses air sacks lining like human lungs, and the other channel conveys capillaries, and to emulate blood flow, it has liquids flowing. The chip highlights the cells’ behavior and fluctuations when they are stretched. The size of the chip is made of human...
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...Introduction I chose to use the ISD model ADDIE for this project. I chose ADDIE because, to me, it is the most straightforward approach to instructional design. In ADDIE, there are five basic categories. These are Analysis, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluation. My analysis included learner analysis and needs analysis. These are described more in depth below. The design and development of the project was to create a Mary Kay Skin Care class that I can use throughout my Mary Kay career. Mary Kay has examples provided to independent consultants, but I wanted a skin care class that represented me and was original. My development included creating an original skin care class that I felt was correlated with my instructor style. In the implementation of the class, I actually taught the class to two groups of young ladies, aged 16-28, at my house. Each of the ladies was transitioning from a teen skin care to the adult skin care. The instructional objective was “My learners will be able to complete a skin care regiment in sequential order, based on their skin type and time of day (morning or night).” The class was very hands-on and allowed the ladies to participate in a skin care regiment that was relevant to their needs. It took about 60 minutes for the learners to complete the training, excluding the question and answer session at the end. Finally, the evaluation was conducted as a game through which the participants had to recall the skin care regiment in order...
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...basic human body structure units and their functions The four basic human body structures and their units are as follows – • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Systems Cells A cell is the simplest and smallest unit of the human body. They can live independently and can also reproduce themselves. Cells exist in a variety of shapes and sizes including elongated, oval and square. Cells have many different functions. A group of cells is called a tissue. The study of the structure, and the form of cells and tissues is called histology. Joanne Thomas NC26585 Assignment 1 Page 2 Tissues Tissue is a group/organization of a number of similar cells, not all are identical, but all are from the same origin. They carry out a similar function, of which consists of a varying amount of non-living and intercellular substances. There are four main types of tissues – Epithelial tissue This is widespread throughout the body. They form the covering to all the body surfaces and is the main tissue found in glands. This tissue performs a variety of functions including protection, secretion, absorption, filtration and sensory receptors. Connective tissue This binds structures together and provides a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole. It also acts as a transport system to carry substances around the body, and it also helps to store flat. It helps to protect the body against...
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...skeletal system, excretory system, urinary system, muscular system, endocrine system, digestive system, nervous system and the reproductive system. I will give the basics on each system. The circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. It pumps blood to the body which sends oxygen to the cells and takes away waste. The respiratory system includes the nose, trachea and lungs and is needed to deliver oxygen to the blood and also to take away carbon dioxide from the body. Then, there is the Immune system which helps to keep the body stay well and free from diseases. In the immune system, are different kinds of cells, proteins, organs and tissue like our skin which is the very first line of defense for the immune system. The skeletal system includes the bones and helps us stay upright and able to move and protects the body’s organs along with the muscular system which is made up of the muscles. The excretory system includes the lungs, large intestine and kidneys. Its job is get rid of the waste that the body makes in the form of exhaling carbon dioxide from the lungs, feces from the large intestine and urine from the kidneys. . The urinary system is made up of the bladder and kidneys and is actually part of the excretory system as it rids our bodies of waste in the form of urine. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines and is responsible to breaking down our food to be delivered to our body in the different areas it needs to go...
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...self-confidence and independence. | Preschool-Aged Erickson’s Developmental Stage: Initiative vs. Guilt The longing to do what adults to creates awkward circumstances. | School-Aged Erickson’s Developmental Stage: Industry vs. Inferiority Cultivate fresh abilities and understandings, which lead to industry. | Pattern of Health Perception and Health Management: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | 1. Are capable of distinguishing and naming few parts of the body 2. Afraid to visit hospitals. When sick, they like to be cared by everyone | 1. Have a very good idea about the human body 2. Can easily term common organs like the heart, stomach, etc. | 1. Better knowledge about human anatomy and about taking care of it. 2. Afraid of being ill | | 1. Wounds 2. Infections | 1. Are nervous about parts of the body 2. Afraid of injury and loss of life | 1. Malnourishment. 2. Infection and illness. | Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | 1. Eat only food which is liked. 2. Like to have what their parents consume | 1. Different types of food items are eaten 2. Like non homely foods more | 1. Rejects iron-rich foods like vegetable and spices | | 1. Growth is much slower 2. Concentration...
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...muscles bigger. Why do they take steroids? Some people do it for fun, and after a time, it’s just like if they were smoking. Your muscles gets bigger, but the self esteem won’t, just the other way, it gets harder to be together with other people, but it improves their sport career, so they probably don’t care about other people. There’s also some people who do it, to look strong, but doesn’t really do any sport at all, they just want their body to grow. Why is it a problem? It’s a problem if a sports guy do it, because he ruins his career, if he get busted. He will also probably banned from the sport, of some kind. Your body can’t resist to get reactions, but your body will be ruined by taking steroids, and by that, it’s the internal organs, that are getting ruined, so when you get addicted, your body is already ruined. When their body is ruined, by the inside, the will get busted some day, and when they are busted, their career is ruined, and get banned for 2 years unpaid How can we solve this problem? Whenever they get busted, they could get a severe penalty, instead of 2 years away from the sport unpaid, in my opinion they should have 3 years away from sport unpaid, and 6 month in jail, for taking steroids and ruining it for other people. We could also just get rid of all the steroids by saying it’s illegal to sell and buy...
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...These sections are called the mid sagittal plane, the coronal plane, and the transverse plane. There are two main cavities; “Dorsal and ventral body cavities”. Based on Bite Anti Body Research, Some anatomical references do not recognize the dorsal body cavity but we will use it in this example because it is use by some professionals and colleges. Dorsal body cavity protects organs in our nervous system and dorsal body cavity has 2 divisions which is cranial which works around the brains and spinal which works around the spinal cord. With Ventral the superior division is called the thoracic cavity. The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the ribs and muscles in the chest. It’s further subdivided into lateral pleural cavities (each pleural cavity envelopes a lung) and the mediastinum. Within The pericardial cavity lies within the mediastinum. Quadrants are divides our bodies into regions for diagnostic and descriptive purposes. The quadrants are defined by drawing an imaginary line vertically (top to bottom) and horizontally (sideways) though the umbilicus (belly button). The following is a list of the organs in the four quadrants. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) , Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) (CINDY SCHMIDLER, 2015) When it comes to the study of human body according to structures and functions; Anatomy is...
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...Unit 5 – P3 By Jess Ross Respiratory system The respiratory system is made up of organs that help the body to breathe that is its main function. The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. In the lungs oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is breathed out. The red blood cells are responsible for picking up the oxygen in the lungs and carrying the oxygen to all the body cells that need it. The red blood cells drop off the oxygen to the body cells, then pick up the carbon dioxide which is a waste gas product produced by our cells. The red blood cells transport the carbon dioxide back to the lungs and we breathe it out when we exhale. Renal system The renal system (also known as the urinary system) consists of the kidneys, urethras, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The urethras, urinary bladder, and urethra together form the urinary tract, which acts as a plumbing system to drain urine from the kidneys, store it, and then release it during urination. Besides filtering and eliminating wastes from the body, the urinary system also maintains the homeostasis of water, ions, pH, blood pressure, calcium and red blood cells. Within the system renal veins take blood from the kidneys straight into the vena cava, the main within the body. Nervous system The nervous system comprises the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system, the nerves running...
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...A number of organs in the human body have very restricted ability to regenerate after injury. For over 150 years, many research had been conducted regarding heart regeneration but many findings were extremely controversial (Carvalho and de Carvalho 2010). The heart is one of the most important organs as it’s responsible for the body’s oxygen and blood supply. The human heart is divided into four chambers and is enclosed in a fluid filled sac within the chest cavity. One of the least regenerative organs in the human body is the heart but if there is a regenerative response, it is small in comparison to that of other organs such as the liver and skin (Laflamme and Murry 2011). But why can’t the heart regenerate after a heart attack compared to other organs that can is the question and the cells that makes up the tissue can explain this. The incapability of the human heart to regenerate after injury such as a heart attack (Myocardial infarction) poses a major difficulty in the cardiovascular medicine (Laflamme and Murry 2011). Heart attacks are caused by the disturbance of blood supply to parts of the heart, causing heart tissues to die, often due to the blockage of the coronary artery. The heart responds to a heart attack by scarring, which consequences in reduced cardiac function and to compensate for the reduced cardiac function, the heart then develops hypertrophy which in turn leads to heart failure (Lien et al. 2012). Marie et al. (1996) explain hypertrophy as the wall...
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