...Kidney is a bean-shaped organ and measures 10-12cm. Each kidney is covered by a dense irregular connective tissue capsule. Excretory systems regulate solute movement between internal fluids and the external environment. The kidney, the excretory organs of vertebrates is the mammal’s principal organ of excretion and osmoregulation. Osmoregulation regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water. Thus, regulation of the osmotic concentrations of blood plasma by the kidneys ensures the osmotic regulation of all other body fluids. Excretion gets rid of many toxic metabolic waste products, particularly the nitrogenous compound urea. The mammalian excretory system centers on paired kidneys, which are also the principal site of water balance and salt regulation. Nephron is the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney approximately one million of nephrons can found in human kidney. Nephrons perform the function osmoregulation and excretion by filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion. Pressure-filtering of body fluids involve only filtration of most small molecules from blood plasma to form an ultrafiltrate of plasma. Selectively reabsorption by reclaiming valuable solutes like most of the water and other molecules from the ultrafiltrate and leaving behind waste material will be excreted. Secretion of hydrogen ion into the urine helps to maintain the acid-base balance. Excretion is to remove the metabolic waste products and unwanted chemicals or substances...
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...9.4 Water Balance The body’s internal environment of extracellular fluid must maintain a constant volume, solute content, and often temperature. Humans and other organisms require a stable aqueous environment to survive. They carry this aqueous environment inside their body, and they must continuously replenish and maintain it. Aquatic organisms must also maintain their internal environment, since the conditions of the external environment change in terms of solutes and temperature. Atlantic salmon spends part of its life cycle in both freshwater and saltwater environments. For the first few years of its life, the salmon lives in freshwater rivers and lakes, where the solute concentration is less than the concentration within its body. This concentration gradient results in the uptake of water into the salmon’s internal environment, and therefore homeostatic mechanisms must expel the excess water from the body. As the salmon matures, it abandons the freshwater environment for the salt water of the Atlantic Ocean, where the concentration of solutes is higher. In this saltwater environment, the salmon experiences a continuous loss of water from its body, which it must replenish. Because water is not as abundant on land as it is in aquatic environments, terrestrial organisms require mechanisms to conserve water and maintain a homeostatic balance of solutes within their body. OSMOSIS – define the following: During osmosis, water molecules move from a region where they are highly...
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...Re-absorption in the kidneys and associated abnormalities Task 1 Water is the main bodily fluid with around 60% of your body weight made up of water. This is a major component of bodily fluid. Bodily fluids contain many components within the body. they can include the following: Bile Mucus Sweat Blood serum Pleural fluid Urine Gastric juice Saliva Water This image shows the main electrolytes found within the bodily fluids. They are sodium, chloride, magnesium, calcium and potassium. They are involved in various functions in our cells and organs. They are responsible for maintain the balance of fluids between the intracellular and extracellular environments. Tutor vista 2014. List of electrolytes [Online] available from: http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/list-of-electrolytes.html...
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...degrees Celsius. On the other hand, in summer nights the water becomes hypoxic(pO2~10mmHg) and hypercapnic(pCO2~25mmHg) with the same temperature....
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...Chapter 33: Animal Nutrition * Nutrition: food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up * Herbivores (plants or algae) vs. Carnivores (other animals) vs. Omnivores (All) * Most animals are opportunistic feeders – eat outside their standard diet when their usual foods aren’t available * Animals must eat * But, to survive and reproduce balance their consumption, storage, and use of food 33.1: AN ANIMAL’S DIET MUST SUPPLY CHEMICAL ENERGY, ORGANIC MOLECULES, AND ESSENIAL NUTRIENTS * Diet must satisfy 3 nutritional needs: * Chemical energy for cellular processes * Organic building blocks for macromolecules * Essential nutrients * Activities of animals depends on sources of chemical energy that is used to produce ATP * To meet the continuous requirement for ATP, animals ingest and digest nutrients * Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids for cellular respiration and energy storage Essential Nutrients * Essential nutrients are preassembled organic molecules and minerals * Obtained from an animal’s diet * Include essential fatty acids and amino acids, vitamins, minerals * Key function: serve as substrates, coenzymes, and cofactors in biosynthetic reactions * Essential Fatty Acids and Amino Acids * Animals convert fatty acids to a variety of cellular components * Membrane phospholipids, signaling molecules, storage fats * Essential fatty acids – animals can’t...
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...2.3 Explain how the body coordinates its internal activities • Homeostasis • Principle of feedback loops For the human body to function, cells within the body have to work and function correctly. Tissues, cells and organs all have different jobs with very different functions. The cells must have an internal environment which has to be stable to suit them for them. This enables survival for example things necessary are oxygen, nutrients or the removal of waste products. This ensures the human body is healthy and is able to function. This process where the body can control this internal environment no matter what is going out in the external environment this is known as homeostasis. Homeostasis involves the stability of equilibrium within a cell or within the human body. Homeostasis is maintaining a constant environment within the body for example homeostasis is very important making sure our bodies have the correct levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and maintain a correct body temperature. Homeostasis is vital to ensure all living things survival, keeping a stable and balanced internal environment which can constantly change within and out of the cell; this is known as homeostatic regulation. Homeostasis can be recognised as a dynamic equilibrium or steady state due to within a cell every mechanism that is kept alive is a...
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...caudal fin is the fin that produces most of the propulsion to move the fish forward. over time this fish has developed these different types of fins to allow the fish stability and speed to ecscape preditors. Along with a defence mechinism that are the spinny protruberences on the dorsal fin. the lateral line is a wonder of adaption and evolution. The lateral line is a senory organ that is filled with fluid sac with hair-like sensory appartus that senses water currents, pressure, and movement in the water vie under water vibrations, and is capable of determining the direction of it their source. it uses a series of pores that are open to the water, which enables it to sense the water.It is ovious that the lateral line was developed over time through adaption for the purpose of detecting preditors, pry, and mates. without this lateral line the largemouth bass would have an extremely hard time surviving in the ecosystem that it currently resides. The air bladder is also a producted of evolution. it is a hollow, gas-filled balance organ that allows a fish to conserve energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy in the water. Without this air bladder the big mouth bass would have to consumes more food to...
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...B3.1 The uninary system The urinary system is designed to remove waste products such as urea, as well as excess ions and water from our blood. The kidneys contain many nephrons which remove any waste, before reabsorbing any substances the body needs. Waste is stored in the bladder before being removed as urine. The urinary system overview Waste products are produced by our cells. These include carbon dioxide from respiration and urea from the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver. Carbon dioxide is removed by our lungs. Our urinary system is responsible for producing, storing and removing urine from our bodies. Our urine contains urea and any excess water. The kidneys The kidneys are part of the urinary system, together with the ureter, urethra and bladder. Humans have two kidneys. They are bean-shaped organs - approximately 11.5 cm long – which are found just below our ribcage, one on either side of our spine. location of kidneys in abdominal cavity The renal arteries take blood with waste products to the kidneys to be filtered. Renal veins then return the filtered blood to be circulated around the body. Blood vessels take the blood though the kidneys where the waste products are removed into convoluted tubules. These tubules join together to form the ureter, which transports urine to the bladder where it is stored. Urine is then passed from the bladder to the urethra to be released. Kidney failure Since the kidney is responsible for the removal of waste...
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... HD3 4LN HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LEVEL 2 Assignment 1 TMA 1 1.1 Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions? The four basic human structures are cells, tissues, organs, and systems. The cell is the smallest building block of the body, and is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. They live independently and can reproduce itself. A group of cells form Tissues. They come in all different sizes such as elongated, square, oval and even star shaped. The cell is made up of protoplasm (jelly like substance), it is 70% water plus organic and inorganic salts, carbohydrates, lipids (fatty substance), nitrogenous substances, (these are amino acids obtained from protein), and compounds of all the above. Blood for example is a liquid tissue made up of several different types of cells. Cells allow us to breathe, digest, excrete, reproduce, sense, grow, move, die. When a cell goes wrong this can be the origin of disease and illness. Tissues, is a group or cells joined together, there is four different types of tissue, epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular. Epithelial There is two categories of epithelial tissue, simple and compound, simple is often found as a covering or lining for organs and vessels. Compound provides external protection and the internal elasticity. All in all the tissue performs a variety of functions including protection, secretion, absorption, filtration and sensory. Connective ...
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...OF OSTEICHTYES The main organ in the excretory system of all Osteichthyes is the kidney. They are complex, and within them is the nephrons. The nephrons form in segments much like an Earthworm. The corpuscle is part of the nephron that filters blood, and the tubule send back water and solutes (nutrients) into the blood. The bad and useless componets of the blood are sent to the ureter which is where urine is removed from the body. Solid wastes are processed through the digestive tract, and removed from the body out of the anus. In fishes, some excretion also takes place in the digestive tract, skin, and especially the gills (where ammonia is given off). Compared with land vertebrates, fishes have a special problem in maintaining their internal environment at a constant concentration of water and dissolved substances, such as salts. Proper balance of the internal environment (homeostasis) of a fish is in a great part maintained by the excretory system, especially the kidney. The kidney, gills, and skin play an important role in maintaining a fish's internal environment and checking the effects of osmosis. Marine fishes live in an environment in which the water around them has a greater concentration of salts than they can have inside their body and still maintain life. Freshwater fishes, on the other hand, live in water with a much lower concentration of salts than they require inside their bodies. Osmosis tends to promote the loss of water from the body of a marine fish...
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...Dehydration is when the body does not have enough water and/or fluids as it should have. Dehydration can be caused by a number of things such as losing fluid, not drinking enough water or liquids daily, or a combination of both. Vomiting and diarrhea can also lead to dehydration. If the body loses too much water or fluids it can lead to severe dehydration and can be life threatening. The symptoms of dehydration range from dry or sticky mouth, urine decreases, eyes become dry and irritated, sunken eyes, and in severe cases of dehydration one may become lethargic or comatose. The best way to overcome being dehydrated is to consume water or fluids in small amounts. If a large amount of water is consumed it may result in vomiting, which is not helping to hydrate the body. If worse case scenarios, to get hydrated, a person could be put in the hospital with IV’s to hydrate the body. It is always important to drink plenty of water and fluids whether a person is healthy or ill. Water is essential to health maintenance because it makes up over 60% of our body weight. In children water makes up around 70% (p. 282). Water is found in three areas according to chapter nine of this week’s reading. Intracellular fluid is inside cells. Extracellular fluid is opposite of intracellular as it is located outside of the cells. It can be found in blood, lymph’s, spinal column, eyes & joints. Interstitial fluid is located between the cells and tissues. The comment “I’m dying of thirst” may be a true...
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...large intestine B. stomach C. pharynx D. rectum _____5. To extract the most simplified food substance from the digestive system, it is best to study the A. mouth B. esophagus C. stomach D. small intestine _____6. The diffusion in and out of the blood of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes occurs only in the A. capillaries B. arterioles C. arteries D. veinlets _____7. ____________ carry blood away from the heart. A.Capillaries B. Venules C. Vein D. Arteries _____8. The component of blood that is responsible for clotting is: A.platelets B.Erythrocytes C.neutrophils D.basophils _____9. Respiratory organs for insects, millipedes, and centipedes A. Booklungs B. Tracheal Tubes C. Gills D. Respiratory Tree _____10. The site of gas exchange in bird lungs A. alveoli B. booklungs C. parabronchi D. tracheae _____11. Marine invertebrates that have surfaces permeable to salts and water so that they are always in osmotic equilibrium with their seawater environment are...
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...Electrolyte is a scientific term for salts, specifically ions. The term electrolyte means that this ion is electrically-charged and moves to either a negative or positive electrode. Ions that move to the negative which are called cations are positively charged and Ions that move to the positive which are called anions are negatively charged. They can be divided into acids, bases, and salts, because they all give ions when dissolved in water. Electrolytes are present in the human body, and the balance of the electrolytes in our bodies is essential for normal function of our cells and our organs. Electrolytes are important because they are what your cells, especially nerve, heart and muscle use to maintain voltages across their cell membranes and to carry electrical impulses such as nerve impulses and muscle contractions across themselves and to other cells. The major electrolytes that are in our body are as follows: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (PO42-), sulfate (SO42-). Sodium is an abundant metallic element which is an important mineral for all living organisms. It is also widely used industrially to make an assortment of consumer goods. In a pure form, sodium is a soft, silvery gray, highly reactive metal. Pure sodium is usually stored in a nonreactive substance, as it oxidizes rapidly when exposed to air, quickly forming a thick coating. The soft metal appears in an abundance of compounds,...
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...Osmosis Experiment Diana Arrowood Grand Canyon University BIO-100L Biology Concepts September 16, 2011 Osmosis Experiment Directions Use the information below to complete the Osmosis Experiment. Materials 1 fresh baking potato Water Salt Four small containers (i.e., drinking cups or clear glasses) A metric ruler Methods and Procedure 1) Place 1 cup (236 ml) of water in each of the 4 containers. In 2 of the containers, add 1 tablespoon (14.8 ml) of table salt and mix well until dissolved. Label which containers have salt. Cut a fresh baking potato into 5 mm slices. Cut four rectangles 2.5 cm x 1 cm from the slices as close to the same size as possible. Measure the length and width of each rectangle in metric units and place one in each of the containers, keeping track of which measured slice went in which container. There will be two slices (duplicates) for fresh water and two for salt water. After 1 hour, remove and measure the length and width of each piece of potato and return it to the appropriate container. Note any physical changes. After 24 hours, remove and measure the length and width of each piece of potato. Note any physical changes in the potatoes and describe their appearance. Written Lab Report Introduction 1) Address the following questions: A) Define osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, aiming to equalize the solute concentrations...
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...mechanical system which moves the limbs and other parts of the body. The skeletal also relates the cartilages and joints of the human body which then creates the human skeleton. It is one of the main and important systems in the body. The joints are very important because they allow different types of movements at different locations to happen. However there are three components; • Bones • Cartilages • Joints Bones: Bones is a tough and frim form of connective tissue. It is the responsibility is to almost all strength of skeletal. Bone is the mineralization factor. Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts Cartilages: The cartilage is a form of the connective tissue however it is not as tough and frim as the bone and the main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor. This is because the bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts whereas cartilages are not. Joints: the joints are important components of the human body because they allow the body to move about, the joints befalls in between two or more bones. The functions of the skeletal system: the skeletal system completes lots of functions such support, protection, movements, blood cell protect, calcium storage and endocrine regulation which allows us move around in our everyday life. The skeletal system protects the rib cage and the skull, it also...
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