...attained is not a solution to performance problems. On the other hand, a manager does need to lower standards when they are found to be unattainable due to resource limitations and factors external to the business. Control helps an organization adapt to changing conditions, limits the compounding of errors, helps an organization cope with complexity, and helps minimize cost. In today’s complex and turbulent environment, all organizations must contend with change. If managers could establish goals and achieve them instantaneously, control would not be needed. But between the time a goal is established and the time it is reached, many things can happen in the organization and its environment to disrupt movement toward the goal or even to change the goal itself. A properly designed control system can help managers anticipate, monitor, and to changing circumstances. Small mistakes and errors do not often seriously damage the health of an organization. With the passage of time, however, small errors may accumulate and become very serious. When a firm purchases only one raw material, produces but one product, has a simple structure, and enjoys constant demand for its product, its managers can probably maintain control with a note pad and pencil. But in an organization that produces many products from myriad raw materials, has a...
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...INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM Ascertaining Internal Control System Methods of ascertaining the control systems are summarized as follows: * Examining previous audit work, * Client’s own documentation of the system, * Interviews with client’s staff, * Tracing transactions, * Examining client’s documents, * Observation of procedures. a. Examining previous audit work: The audit work should provide a record of the previous audit and how the system operates. Any change in the audit work should be documented for updating. b. Clients own documentation of the system: Some organizations have their on Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). These Standard Operating Procedures provides source of information and to the existing control systems. It is therefore important to check whether the system as described in the (SOP) is what actually practiced. c. Interview with staff: During various stages of the audit, the auditor will need to some members of the staff of the client and find out how they carry out the assigned duties. These questions will reveal existing control and give indication of potential problems. d. Tracing transactions: Walk through checks allow auditors to identify any examples of actual procedures that vary from intended procedures. It also helps the understanding of the entire process as well as identification of risks. e. Examining client’s documents: The auditor can also ascertain the clients control systems by examining...
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...their data. Agencies must make sure they protect data stored on their systems. They must also do inventory systems, do risk assessments, possibly put systems through a certification and accreditation process, and continue to monitor systems to make sure they stay secure. FISMA also requires agencies to conduct an annual inspection that tests for effectiveness. A sample of policies, procedures, and practices are tested to evaluate how effective the program is. B. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was passed into law in 2002 for companies who trade publicly. The law holds board members, specifically chief executive officers (CEOs) and chief financial officers (CFOs) responsible for financial data. CEOs and CFOs must be able to verify financial statements and prove those statements are accurate; if they do not, they will be held liable. 2. Discuss the levels of the CMMI process improvement approach. There are five levels of the Capability Maturity Model Integration. These five levels are: 0: Nonexistent, there are no security features in place 1: Initial, risks are considered only after a threat exploits vulnerabilities. 2: Managed, organization realizes there is a need for security because of risks but a detailed plan is not made; instead responses is reactive to incident. 3: Defined, action is proactive. An organization has policies in place to counter threats. 4: Quantitatively Managed, The organization has formal policies and procedures and performs regular risk assessments...
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...Project Management Construct a Cost-Benefit Analysis matrix for an organization that is considering replacing its internal payroll system with a payroll outsourcing service. Include direct and indirect revenue enhancements and direct and indirect cost reductions. For an organization which is considering replacing its internal payroll system with a payroll outsourcing service, the direct revenue enhancements and cost reductions for a company which is into internal payroll system may include increase in productivity of the company’s employees since they can now focus on doing more productive things, and improve the profitability. For instance, this holds true for small businesses with employee strength of 10-20. Moreover, the other direct cost reduction could be avoiding IRS Penalties. According to the IRS, 40.00% of small businesses pay an average penalty of US$845.00 per year for late or incorrect filings and payments. Outsourcing of payroll may help the company to avoid the penalty notices. The other direct revenue enhancements could be reduction on transaction costs. The outsourcing company may enable the employees to claim Reimbursement statements and other things online. The indirect revenue enhancements could be building brand in the other countries. For instance, the outsourced company features its partner’s Logo Branding which enables the company to display the company name, and logo in all employee and client access pages. The other indirect cost reduction could be...
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...that, he returned to McDonogh for a year before he received the job that would steer his career in a different direction. In 1887 Gantt joined the workforce at Midvale Steel Company in Philadelphia. While working there, he coupled with Fredrick Taylor in applying scientific management principles to the workplace. During this time, Gantt was involved in many infrastructure projects including the Hoover Dam and the Interstate highway system. Meanwhile, local corporations were growing at an incredible pace. With the upcoming of the economy, the scientific management...
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...mean by ‘control’? Control is the process through which the standards are established and met with. This process consists of observing our activity performance, comparing the performance with some standard and then taking action if the observed performance is significantly too different from the standards 4. Define the control process. The control process involves a universal sequence of steps such as: Choose the control object Choose a unit of measure Set the standard value Choose a sensing device which can measure Measure actual performance Interpret the difference between actual and standard Taking action 5. Define ‘quality control’. What are the different types of quality control. It is a system that is used to maintain a desired level of quality in a...
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...University of Phoenix Material System Inventory Select and complete one of the following assignments: Option 1: Virtual Organization System Inventory Option 2: General IT System Inventory Option 1: Virtual Organization System Inventory Select one of the following Virtual Organizations: • Smith Systems Consulting • Huffman Trucking • Kudler Fine Foods Complete the following chart, filling in information for each system used at that Virtual Organization. Add rows to the chart as necessary. System Name Brief Description Department to Use the System Purpose of the System Connects With Development Details Administration Where daily administrative information are handled such as legal Public Relations/Communications To keep all employees in the loop with all communication within Kudler Fine Foods All divisions, all employees in all stores Finance and Accounting Where all financial and accounting transactions are handled. Including payroll, purchasing. Payroll, accounting, finance To maintain all of KFF’s financial records and transactions Employees, banks, and management Sales and Marketing Where marketing strategies are provided as well as sales forecast. Provides information on current sales plan and status. Sales, marketing, finance To keep all sales and marketing informed of the current sales status, its projection, as well as marketing strategies and surveys. All stores, sales personnel. Human Resources Central location where company information...
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...System Inventory Select and complete one of the following assignments: Option 1: Virtual Organization System Inventory Option 2: General IT System Inventory Option 1: Virtual Organization System Inventory Select one of the following Virtual Organizations: • Smith Systems Consulting • Huffman Trucking • Kudler Fine Foods Complete the following chart, filling in information for each system used at that Virtual Organization. Add rows to the chart as necessary. |System Name |Brief Description |Department to Use |Purpose of the System |Connects With |Development Details | | | |the System | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Option 2: General IT System Inventory Complete the following chart, filling in information for each system. Add rows to the chart as necessary. |Industry or Business |System Name |Brief Description |Target Departments |Purpose |Would Connect With | |Type | | ...
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...University of Phoenix Material – Phineas Johnson System Inventory Select and complete one of the following assignments: Option 1: Virtual Organization System Inventory - Phineas Johnson has chosen Option 1. Option 2: General IT System Inventory Option 1: Virtual Organization System Inventory Select one of the following Virtual Organizations: • Smith Systems Consulting • Huffman Trucking • Kudler Fine Foods – Phineas Johnson has chosen Kudler Fine Foods. Complete the following chart, filling in information for each system used at that Virtual Organization. Add rows to the chart as necessary. |System Name |Brief Description |Department to Use |Purpose of the System |Connects With |Development Details | | | |the System | | | | |Management Support |It extends the information|Sales and Marketing|To increase the |Issues and |It’s a valued system in the | | |retrieval capabilities of | |information recovery |individuals within |company. | | |the end users with query | |abilities of users. |the company that | | | |and analysis functions for| | |examine analysis...
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...Definitions – TOM framework, benefits, awareness and obstacles. Quality – vision, mission and policy statements. Customer Focus – customer perception of quality, Translating needs into requirements, customer retention. Dimensions of product and service quality. Cost of quality. UNIT II PRINCIPLES AND PHILOSOPHIES OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT 9 Overview of the contributions of Deming, Juran Crosby, Masaaki Imai, Feigenbaum, Ishikawa, Taguchi techniques – introduction, loss function, parameter and tolerance design, signal to noise ratio. Concepts of Quality circle, Japanese 5S principles and 8D methodology. UNIT III STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL AND PROCESS CAPABILITY 9 Meaning and significance of statistical process control (SPC) – construction of control charts for variables and attributed. Process capability – meaning, significance and measurement – Six sigma concepts of process capability. Reliability concepts – definitions, reliability in series and parallel, product life characteristics curve.Total productive maintenance (TMP) – relevance to TQM, Terotechnology. Business process re-engineering (BPR) – principles, applications, reengineering process, benefits and limitations. UNIT IV TOOLS AND...
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...Assessment for Quality Improvement Quality improvement should be a major focus in any organization and requires four basic steps: “…specify the requirements, design the product, create the product, and examine the product.” (Burrill and Ledolter, 1999, p. 142). Each process must be completed in order as each is important. Once requirements and specifications have been determined, resources and standards can be evaluated to create and test the product. The means of creation will be different in various organizations but the process remains the same. During every part of each process, flow charts can be analyzed to make proper decisions; strategic plans must be considered; impact on all stakeholders must be evaluated; and appropriate quality management tools must be determined. Each member of the team involved in writing this paper completed a simulation exercise on “Quality Management and Productivity” to determine the ability to analyze data. Information on the above considerations, perceptions of the simulation and suitable quality management tools to improve processes in a health facility are furnished in this paper. Description of the Create Process “Create is the process of actually producing the required product. Whether the product is a house, a gourmet meal, a term paper, or a clean office, this stage involves the creation of a product according to the product requirements.” (Burrill and Ledolter, 1999, p. 148). The creator is simply creating something different, depending...
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...But today, Quality tools understanding and importance has grown among people and organizations. There are many tools that are used among the organizations that are classified as follows: 1. Cause Analysis Tools: includes Fishbone, Pareto, and Scattered Diagram. 2. Evaluation and Decision Making Tool: Decision Matrix, Multivoting. 3. Process Analysis Tool: includes Flow chart, Failure Mode Effects Analysis, Mistake-proofing and Spaghetti Diagram. 4. Data Collection and Analysis Tools: box and whisker plot, check sheet, control chart, Design of experiments, Histogram, Scatter Diagram, Stratification, and Survey. 5. Idea Creation Tools: Affinity Diagram, Benchmarking, Brainstorming, Nominal Group Technique. 6. Project Planning and Implementation Tool: Gantt Chart, Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle or Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) Cycle. 7. Seven New Management and Planning Tools: Affinity Diagram, Relations Diagram, Tree Diagram, Matrix Diagram, Matrix Data Analysis, Arrow Diagram, Process Decision Program Chart. Quality tools & techniques use statistical knowledge to accumulate data and analyze them. It serves diverse range of medical, computing, industrial, telecommunications and defense. These tools drive improvement throughout the organization. Employee has to at all levels has to master the fundamental Quality skills and advanced Quality tools. This is critical to improve the organization process. These tools helps to improve company’s business management, organization’s...
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...QDC1 Study Questions Week 1 1. Describe the type of graphical charts used in operations management? Flow Charts, check sheets, histograms, cause and effect diagram, pareto diagram, scatter diagram, control charts, run charts. 2. Which two charts are important in statistical process control? Control chart and run chart Control Charts – show the performance and the variation of a process or some quality or productivity indicator over time in a graphical fashion that is easy to understand and interpret. They also identify process changes and trends over time and show the effects of corrective action. Control charts monitor performance of one or more processes over time to detect trends, shifts or cycles. Distinguishes special from common causes of variation. Allows a team to compare performance before and after implementation of a solution to measure its impact. Focuses attention on truly vital changes in the process. 3. Describe the uses of functional flowcharts: A chart that describes the steps in a process. Summarize the process, from start to finish, great to use for training. A flowchart or process map identifies the sequence of activities or the flow of materials and information in a process. Flowcharts help the people involved in the process understand it much better and more objectively by providing a picture of the steps need to accomplish a task. 4. Describe the use of histograms: provides clues about the characteristics of the parent population...
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...1) Study Questions Chapter # 3 Questions # 72 and 73 72. Computer aided systems engineering (CASE) tools are software programs that automate or support the drawing and analysis of system models and provide for the translation of system models into application programs. True 73. Forward engineering allows a CASE tool to read existing program code and transform that code into a representative system model that can be edited and refined by the systems analyst. False. Forward engineering requires the systems analyst to draw system models, either from scratch or from templates. The resulting models are subsequently transformed into program code. Reverse engineering allow a CASE tool to read existing program code and transform that code into a representative system model that can be edited and refined by the systems analyst. 2) Study Questions Chapter # 4 Questions # 40, 41, 67, 78, and 81. 40. The critical path for a project is that sequence of dependent tasks that have the shortest sum of pessimistic durations. The critical path determines the latest possible completion date of a project. False. The critical path for a project is that sequence of dependent tasks that have the largest sum of most likely durations. The critical path determines the earliest possible completion date of a project. 41. The slack time available for any non-critical task is the amount of delay that can be tolerated between the starting time and completion time of a task without...
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...QDC1 - Quality Management Homework 1. List the types of graphical charts used in operations management. a. Flowcharts b. Check sheets c. Histograms d. Cause-and-effect diagrams e. Pareto diagrams f. Scatter diagrams g. Run charts h. Control charts 2. Which charts are important in statistical process control (SPC)? a. Two are used for variation i. Mean charts ii. Range Charts b. Two are used for attributes i. P-charts 1. Used to monitor the proportion of defective items in a process ii. C-charts 1. Used to monitor the number of defects per units 3. Describe the uses of functional flowcharts. a. Cross-functional flowcharts show the relationship between a business process and the functional units (such as departments) responsible for that process. b. Shows the steps in a process. 4. Describe the uses of histograms. a. A chart that shows an observed frequency distribution. b. Provides a sense of the distribution of observed values. 5. Describe the uses of run charts. a. To track results over time b. To identify patterns c. Easy to construct and interpret 6. Describe the uses of controls charts. a. Show the performance and the variation of process or some quality or productivity indicator over time in graphical fashion that is easy to understand and interpret. b. To identify process changes and trends over time and show the effects of corrective actions. 7. Describe the problems management faces when implementing quality and...
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