...TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….3 Land Act……………………………………………………………………………………..3 Water Act…………………………………………………………………………………….4 Forest Act…………………………………………………………………………………….5 International Convention of Environment……………………………………………………6 References…………………………………………………………………………………….9 INTRODUCTION Environmental Laws are the standards that governments establish to manage natural resources and environmental quality. The broad categories of ‘natural resources” and “environment quality” include such areas as air and water pollution, forest and wildlife, hazardous waste, agricultural practices, wetlands, and land use planning. The promulgation of the Kenya Constitution, 2010 marked an important chapter in Kenya environmental policy development. Hailed as a green Constitution, it embodies elaborate provisions with considerable implications for sustainable development. These range from environmental principles and implications of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) to the right to clean and healthy environment enshrined in the Bill of Rights. This paper will highlight on the Water Act, Land Act, Forest Act and International Convention of environment (Mohammed,2012). LAND ACT Land resources are finite, fragile and non-renewable. Land is considered a capital and asset...
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...purpose of this paper is to identify any unintended consequences of humankind’s activities that have led to environmental problems, describe how scientific or technological activities are exacerbating or improving the existing situation, discuss how a proper application of the scientific method could have helped the problem, and address any alternative solution beyond the scientific method. Unintended consequences There are multiple human activities that have led to environmental problems. The first is the thinning of the ozone layer. This is the cause of man-made compounds, such as halocarbons. The Global Climate Change and Ozone Layer Protection (2005) website states “Halocarbons are formed when halogen gases such as fluorine, chlorine and bromine become attached to carbon. The smaller halocarbons turn into a gas quite easily and are the prime suspects in ozone depletion (What causes Ozone Layer Depletion?, para. 2). The depletion to the ozone layer leads to a global climate change. Raven, P., Berg, L., and Hassenzahl, D. (2010) explain: “As the water has warmed in recent decades around Antarctica, less pack ice has formed during winter months. Large numbers of marine algae are found in and around the pack ice, providing a critical supply of food for the krill, which reproduce in the area” (How humans have affected the Antarctic food web, para. 5). Because there is less krill, this causes the food chain to be disturbed. As the years pass with a lowered amount of krill...
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...Understanding the Impacts of the EU Framework Program of Research and Technological Development On the basis of Stratospheric Ozone Research "1 1) Evaluation of Framework Program Amsterdam Treaty obligated EU to implement some European research program and policies in order to not fall beyond the world’ powerful countries such as United States or Japan. Because of this obligation also involved a chapter on research and technological development, Framework Program of Research and Technological Development was established at early 80s. The main reasons of Framework Program focus on carrying European Union to the world standards in the basis of research and development and make EU to be able to compete with other countries on R&D areas, notably in energy and Information Technology. Even so Framework Program had been started as one of the supportive program of R&D, day by day it has become to be one of the most powerful and important component of EU policy. In connection with EU’s desire on becoming as one body, EU had to develop a way to be better at research and development areas than nation states. Nation states were already making investment on R&D therefore there was no need to depend on EU and this point of view was conflicting with EU’s. Therefore to avoid and block the diversification between member states and EU, EU has started to invest on Framework Program more and more by the time of progress and this made Framework Program sustainable and successful...
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...ENG 1106 Week 6 Formulating a Thesis Statement Definition: The thesis statement is a summary, in one or a few sentences, of the topic, direction and argument to be found in your essay. The thesis statement acts as a sort of signpost informing your reader what the subject of your paper is and what line of reasoning you are going to follow. Examples of Thesis Statements: The overuse of air conditioners and inefficient automobiles in North America has needlessly contributed to global warming by damaging the ozone layer. Formulation: After choosing the topic for your paper and doing preliminary research you should be ready to create a rough, working thesis to give focus to your thoughts as you begin organizing and writing your essay. When formulating your thesis, keep the following in mind: 1. A good thesis statement makes a clear, definite and limited assertion that must be explained and supported by evidence and argument. a. The thesis statement must have a clear and specific point to it, a pronounced thrust in the direction of your argument. b. You must be careful, however, that the thesis statement is not too big for your paper. Ask yourself if, within the page limit assigned, you can truly explore everything and only things covered by your thesis. c. Your thesis should need to be proven rather than being instantly accepted by your reader. It shows your take on the topic, including your emphasis and the direction in which your argument will...
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...The ozone layer diminishes more each year. As the area of polar ozone depletion (commonly called the ozone hole) gets larger, additional ultraviolet rays are allowed to pass through. These rays cause cancer, cataracts, and lowered immunity to diseases.1 What causes the depletion of the ozone layer? In 1970, Crutzen first showed that nitrogen oxides produced by decaying nitrous oxide from soil-borne microbes react catalytically with ozone hastening its depletion. His findings started research on "global biogeochemical cycles" as well as the effects of supersonic transport aircraft that release nitrogen oxide into the stratosphere.2 In 1974, Molina and Rowland found that human-made chlorofluorocarbons used for making foam, cleaning fluids, refrigerants, and repellents transform into ozone-depleting agents.3 Chlorofluorocarbons stay in the atmosphere for several decades due to their long tropospheric lifetimes. These compounds are carried into the stratosphere where they undergo hundreds of catalytic cycles with ozone.4 They are broken down into chlorine atoms by ultraviolet radiation.5 Chlorine acts as the catalyst for breaking down atomic oxygen and molecular ozone into two molecules of molecular oxygen. The basic set of reactions that involve this process are: Cl + O3 -->ClO + O2 and ClO + O -->Cl + O2 The net result: O3 + O -->2O2 Chlorine...
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...USING STUDENT DIARIES IN ASSESSMENT • Diaries are an outlet for turbulent emotions, doubts, private prejudices and other meditations. It is also a place (outside one’s own head) to vent feelings about / interpersonal situations in the field, where a tight lid usually has to be kept on strong personal reactions. Diaries and journals are the hidden subtexts of qualitative research, and their occasional publication can be celebrated events. (De Mea, 2004) • Student diaries or learning diaries are students’ written observations and interpretations of the teaching-learning process. It can powerfully capture important attributes of teaching and learning situations and other realistic social processes in the classroom, which may provide insights for teachers, course developers, in redefining and improving their instructional practices. • Writing diary is a reflective thinking process. The opportunity to reflect encourages learner involvement, as it allows learners to make connections between themselves and the course of study. • “Journal or diary writing helps me to see that I really have some things to say and that I need to get down on paper.” (Anonymous) Diaries as Instructional Lenses: Its Importance 1. For reflection on what has been learned. 2. For enlightenment about the happenings in the surroundings 3. For the development of retentive memory 4. For free expression of student’s views about the topics, learning and...
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...In the short story “Job History” written by Annie Proulx, we follow Leeland Lee from the time of his birth, until he is about fifty years old. In the short story we follow Leeland through his harsh life, with ups and downs, in the form of thoughts, feelings, incidents, etc. Leeland is born in a ranch in Wyoming, and lives there with his wife Lori. Leeland does not look particularly good, in fact he is a very unattractive man; (page 91, line 12)“Leeland’s face shows heavy bones from his mother’s side. His neck is thick and his red-gold hair plastered down in bangs. Even as a child his eyes are as pouchy as those of a middle-age alcoholic, the brows rod-straight above wandering out-of-line eyes. His nose lies broad and close to his face, his mouth seems to have been cut with a single chisel blow into easy flesh” I liked that it was short and to the point but at the same time I wish that some of the details would have gone a little bit deeper than just brushing the surface.Leeland's story was less of a recollection and more of a list of facts. In those few pages, we are told where he came from and what he has become. We are shown the type...
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...presentation on ozone layer depletion. You are with..( j jar jar nam and ID bolbe). Dn Tanvir bolbe, we all belong to 21st batch of finance dept, university of Dhaka. Let the show start… Snigdha : assalamualaikum, welcome all to worlds’ environmental news, I am snigdha jannat ,ur news reader. Today we have got some bad news for the world. Many disastrous things are happening with people and other lively elements because of environment change. These are some documentary pictures collected by our reporters. Lets come to know about all these through our reporter Saifuddin bhuiyan.. Shobuj : hello snigdha. Snigdha : hello shobuj..what is the reaction of people? Shobuj : the reactions of people are very high. People are trembling with fear. Mr. Tanvir Rahman, a common citizen of Ghana is with us, lets see his reaction. Tanvir : I don’t know what has happened to my friends and acquainted people. They have got problem in their eyes, skin and taking breathe. Doctors have said that its because of ultra violate sunrays. But I don’t understand how can sunrays cause harm where it gives life to the trees and energy to us.!!! I don’t know why bad things happen to good people!! Shobuj : u can see snigdha he is quite afraid and upset with the existing situation. Lets get to the conference of the scientist held in Ghana to know the actual reason behind all these. Shaon : welcome at today’s conference. This is our world revolving around the sun 24/7. This is the shield of the world. The ozone layer...
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...Science Inquiry—You will explore the ozone layer by doing online research and collecting information. You will then communicate your results in written form. • STEM—You will use your knowledge of kinetics to analyze scientific investigations. • 21st Century Skills—You will employ online tools for research and analysis. Introduction You have probably heard about the ozone layer and/or the hole in the ozone layer. Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen (O3) which is a very important part of our lives. In this activity, you will learn more about ozone and how it is formed. You will also investigate what causes the ozone layer to be depleted over time in the upper atmosphere. ________________________________________________________________________________ Directions and Analysis Task 1: The Ozone Layer Read about the ozone layer and answer the following questions. You can use the key word “ozone” or “ozone layer” in a search engine to learn more about it. Key search terms: ozone, ozone layer, benefits of ozone 1. Describe a few of the properties of ozone and compare these to the properties of diatomic oxygen. Type your response here: 2. Describe the process by which ozone can be formed in large cities. Type your response here: 3. Even though ozone may be dangerous to our health here on Earth, how can it be beneficial in the upper atmosphere? Type your response here: 4. How is ozone formed in the upper atmosphere? ...
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...Several attempts have been made to investigate the economic impacts of the problem of a depleted ozone layer. Such attempts meet with many problems. There are good reasons for concern for effects on humans, animals, plants and materials, but most of these cannot be estimated in quantitative terms. Calculating the economic impact of such effects is uncertain. Moreover, economic terms are applicable only to some of the effects, such as the cost of medical treatments, and the loss of production in fisheries and agriculture, and damage to materials Ozone Depletion changes the environment for humans, animals, and plants. Ozone is a gas that occurs both in the Earth's upper atmosphere and at ground level. Ozone can be "good" or "bad" for people's health and for the environment, depending on its location in the atmosphere. Ozone is simply a molecule consisting of 3 oxygen atoms, which reacts strongly with other molecules. Ozone is created in the stratosphere when high energy uv radiation causes on O2 molecule to split. The free oxygen atoms collide and react with other O2 molecules to form O3. Production is highest where the solar UV is the greatest, but once created, the ozone is then circulated towards the poles by the atmosphere. The amount of ozone in the stratosphere can vary with location, season and even day to day climatic conditions. The process of ozone creation is what makes the O3 in the atmosphere very effective at shielding the Earth from harmful UV radiation, which...
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...1.0 REPORT 1 NEWS REPORT Published: Wednesday January 27, 2010 MYT 9:21:00 AM Ozone hole healing could cause climate warming WASHINGTON: Scientists at the University of Leeds found that although the hole in the ozone layer is steadily closing, the repair could actually increase warming in the southern hemisphere, reported Xinhua news agency. The findings which appeared in Wednesday’s US journal Geophysical Research Letters, added that the discovery of a previously undiscovered feedback shows that the Antarctic ozone hold has helped to shield this region from carbon-induced warming over the past two decades. The Antarctic ozone hole was once regarded as one of the biggest environmental threats. Citing Professor Ken Carslaw of the University of Leeds who co-authored the research, Xinhua reported that high-speed winds in the area beneath the hole have led to the formation of brighter summertime clouds, which reflect more of the sun’s powerful rays. “These clouds have acted like a mirror to the sun’s rays, reflecting the sun’s heat away from the surface to the extent that warming from rising carbon emissions has effectively been cancelled out in this region during the summertime,” said Carslaw. He added that: “If, as seems likely, these winds die down, rising CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions could then cause the warming of the southern hemisphere to accelerate, which would have an impact on future climate predictions.” The Leeds team made their prediction using a state-of-the-art...
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...GS1140 Global Warming & the Ozone Layer Scientific studies have shown that tons of greenhouse gases being produced are destroying our planet. Greenhouse gases are constantly rising into earth’s atmosphere and destroying the ozone layer causing global warming. The rise of the temperature on earth puts vegetation, marine life, and human life in serious danger. Generally, holes in the ozone layer are the cause of global warming which has catastrophic effects on our planet. The ozone is in two areas of earth’s atmosphere, the troposphere and the stratosphere. The role of the ozone layer is to absorb most of the UV radiation from reaching the earth’s surface that comes from the sun. There are tons of greenhouse gases produced every year making holes in earth’s ozone layer, which cause harm to all life forms on earth. There are 2.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide pollution produced by power plants in the United States alone that are being released into the atmosphere destroying our ozone layer which blocks UV radiation from the sun. These UV radiation are harmful to human life, causing increased health issues such as, more skin problems, severe eye conditions and weakening of the immune system. Similar health effects are found in domestic and wild animals also. These effects are also dangerous for marine life because the increase in UV radiation causes damage to marine plant life and fish. The UV radiation affects many materials we use on a daily basis, such as fabrics...
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...323 EEN 100:ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION E35/CE/KER/10801/2013 OZONE LAYER Ozone layer is a deep layer in the stratosphere, encircling the earth that has large amounts of ozone in it. Ozone is a colourless gas found in the upper atmosphere of the earth that is formed when oxygen molecules absorbs ultraviolet, and undergo a chemical reaction known as photo dissociation or photolysis. In this process, a single molecule of oxygen breaks down into two oxygen atoms.The free oxygen atom[o],then combines with an oxygen molecule[02] and forms a molecule of ozone[03].The ozone molecule in turn absorbs ultraviolet rays between 310-200nn[nanometer] wavelength and thereby prevent these harmful radiations from entering the earth’s atmosphere. Ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson,and its properties were explored by the British meteologist G.M.B Dobson,who developed a simple spectrophotometer[Dobsonmeter]that could be used to measure stratospheric ozone from the ground. Ozone layer acts as a shield for the earth from very harmful UV rays.If we damage the ozone layer anymore then we would put ourselves at an increasingly greater risks because we cannot survive without the ozone layer.Exposure to UV rays causes skin cancer,damage crops and harms ocean life,e.g polar shifting, that is,a complex event that occurs when uneven melting of ice occur_a major hole is now over Antarctica,where there are ice shitfs.If this melts,it could increase...
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...International Environmental Diplomacy: Canada’s Actions in the Stockholm Convention, the Basel Convention, and the Montreal Protocol Canada’s Role in Global Environmental Governance According to John Kirton, a University of Toronto political science professor, “Canada has long been a successful pioneer in generating multilateral environmental agreements and and institutions for the global community, and its legacy…generates exceptional domestic unity and international respect” (Abstract). Canada’s respect for the environment stems from its profound understanding of the impact other countries have had on its own lands, fisheries, and other natural resources over the years. Canada’s role in global environmental governance (GEP), then, has always been large and well-defined; as Tanner put it, “Canada has taken a leading role” (p. 1). Canada and the Basel Convention The Basel Convention of 1989 was signed on March 22 of that year, and now includes 172 countries. The Basel Convention was based on concern about the transboundary movement and the disposal of hazardous wastes which was first raise in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Government of Canada, “Basel Convention”). Canada was a part of the Convention’s development and one off its original signatories; Canada also participated in global environmental governance (GEP) by using the Export and Import of Hazardous Waste Regulations (a prior governing law known as EIHWR) to enforce hazardous waste laws already in effect (Government...
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...GLOBAL WARMING The Ozone Layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun protecting all living organisms below from the dangerous radiation. The Ozone Hole is an area of weakness or depletion in the protective cover of the Ozone Layer over the North and South Pole. Scientist discovered in the 1980’s that the ozone layer was thinning at an alarming rate. This phenomenon was caused by chemicals that came from spray cans and refrigerants or in other words, CFC’s (chemical compounds with chlorine and fluorine attached to a carbon0. These chemicals can remain in our atmosphere for decades breaking down our ozone layer. The people, animals and plants that live under the weakening of the ozone layer have an increased chance of radiation poisoning from the sun where it reaches the surface of the earth and can cause eye damage and skin damage, etc. The Ozone Hole is not the cause of Global Warming. The radiation from the sun only accounts for 1% of the energy from the sun and not enough to cause an increase in heat. The increase in temperature comes from the release of too much carbon into our atmosphere from coal, gas and oil burned to generate electricity or to fuel our cars and planes. These gases spread around the Earth like a blanket, capturing the solar heat that is supposed to radiate out into space. It is the reverse of a Volcano that erupts and sends out ash into the atmosphere. This ash can reflect the solar hear away from the surface causing temperatures to plummet. The...
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