...Research Health Benefits from Large-Scale Ozone Reduction in the United States Jesse D. Berman,1 Neal Fann,2 John W. Hollingsworth,3 Kent E. Pinkerton,3 William N. Rom,3 Anthony M. Szema,3 Patrick N. Breysse,1 Ronald H. White,4 and Frank C. Curriero1,5 1Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Health Policy Committee of the American Thoracic Society, Washington, DC, USA; 4RH White Consultants LLC, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; 5Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 2Office 3Environmental B ackground : Exposure to ozone has been associated with adverse health effects, including premature mortality and cardiopulmonary and respiratory morbidity. In 2008, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lowered the primary (health-based) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone to 75 ppb, expressed as the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hr average over a 24-hr period. Based on recent monitoring data, U.S. ozone levels still exceed this standard in numerous locations, resulting in avoidable adverse health consequences. Objectives: We sought to quantify the potential human health benefits from achieving the current primary NAAQS standard of 75 ppb and two alternative standard levels, 70...
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...Benefits of the Ozone Gas Name Institution Benefits of the Ozone Gas Ozone (O3) is a natural gas comprising of three oxygen atoms and is a particularly an unstable fume. Ozone gas is visibly blue in color and has a sturdy odour regularly described as the whiff of air after a springtime electrical thunderstorm. Some people also refer to the odour as like the smell of watermelons. Normal oxygen (O2), which living beings except plants breathe, has dual oxygen atoms and is invisible and odourless. Despite its being a natural gas ozone can be manufactured, however, it should be used onsite.O3 is the strongest oxidant of the known oxidizing agents. The gas is manufactured by passing air or oxygen through two electrodes with high, alternating potential difference. Environmental scientists have categorized O3 into two, Good Ozone, and Bad Ozone. However, the bad components are so limited that the gas to many of this scientists is more useful to human life than not. This document discusses how ozone gas has several benefits to human life through areas where it could be used to protect the earth, be used in medical and health fields, and finally be used in demineralization fields. Figure 1: Image Showing Oxygen Atoms Forming Ozone . Protecting the earth Earth's atmosphere is a vital system for life on earth. Together with the seas and oceans, the atmosphere profiles Earth's climate and weather outlines making some areas more liveable than others. Nevertheless, Earth's climate is...
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...Benefits of the Ozone Gas Name Institution Benefits of the Ozone Gas Ozone (O3) is a natural gas comprising of three oxygen atoms and is a particularly an unstable fume. Ozone gas is visibly blue in color and has a sturdy odour regularly described as the whiff of air after a springtime electrical thunderstorm. Some people also refer to the odour as like the smell of watermelons. Normal oxygen (O2), which living beings except plants breathe, has dual oxygen atoms and is invisible and odourless. Despite its being a natural gas ozone can be manufactured, however, it should be used onsite.O3 is the strongest oxidant of the known oxidizing agents. The gas is manufactured by passing air or oxygen through two electrodes with high, alternating potential difference. Environmental scientists have categorized O3 into two, Good Ozone, and Bad Ozone. However, the bad components are so limited that the gas to many of this scientists is more useful to human life than not. This document discusses how ozone gas has several benefits to human life through areas where it could be used to protect the earth, be used in medical and health fields, and finally be used in demineralization fields. Figure 1: Image Showing Oxygen Atoms Forming Ozone . Protecting the earth Earth's atmosphere is a vital system for life on earth. Together with the seas and oceans, the atmosphere profiles Earth's climate and weather outlines making some areas more liveable than others. Nevertheless, Earth's climate is...
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...Unit 9 Final Project: Ground Level Ozone is Dangerous Kaplan University Online College Composition II October 24, 2014 Outline I. Introduction II. Human impact is hurting the environment a) Coal-fired power plants b) Nuclear power plants c) Vehicle exhaust emission III. Impact of ground level ozone a) Consequences on children health b) Effect on the health of the elderly c) Public health concern of smog IV. Strategy for ground level ozone reduction a) Less outdoors recreational time b) Minimize emission through carpool c) Limit refueling during peak ozone hours V. Policy formulation and regulation a) Legislative enactment VI. Unintended consequences, if left unchecked a) Ozone layer depletion b) Global warning/ climate change VII. How alternative sources of energy is indeed necessary a) Wind energy/ solar power b) Harness natural gas VIII. Conclusion Introduction Opponent argued that since it is uncomplicated to calculate ozone, this will create more non-attainment designation areas(Unhealthy air pollution areas) in the projected 60 parts per billion for 8 hours air pollution monitoring; causing $90 billion loss per year to the economy, 2.9 million fewer jobs created nationally, and reduce GDP by 270 billion and will possibly shut down one-third of all coal-fired power plant which produces 39 percent of electricity in the United States; $150 billion gross product loss and 127...
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...STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS. S.I. No. 465 of 2011 ———————— CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER REGULATIONS 2011 (Prn. A11/1657) 2 [465] S.I. No. 465 of 2011 CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER REGULATIONS 2011 I, PHIL HOGAN, Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government, in exercise of the powers conferred on me by sections 6 and 53 of the Environmental Protection Agency Act 1992 (No. 7 of 1992) for the purpose of giving effect to Regulation (EC) No. 1005/2009 (1) of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 on substances that deplete the ozone layer, hereby make the following Regulations:— Citation 1. These Regulations may be cited as the Control of Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Regulations 2011. Interpretation 2. (1) In these Regulations:“Act of 1992” means the Environmental Protection Agency Act 1992 (No.7 of 1992); “Agency” means the Environmental Protection Agency established under Section 19 of the Act of 1992; “authorised person” means a person who is (a) appointed in writing by a Minister, a local authority or the Agency or by such other person or body as may be prescribed, as the case may be, to be an authorised person for the purposes of this Act or any Part or section thereof, or (b) appointed in writing to be an authorised person pursuant to regulations under this Act by a person specified in those regulations; “Commission” means the Commission of the European Communities; “controlled...
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...Park area east of Kirtland Air Force Base on Eubank Blvd. SIGMA, owned by Dr. Remy and Mr. Bob Sachs (of TEAM Technologies), serves as the patent holder and developer of “Ozone”. UNM Anderson has been contracted to provide an expeditionary marketing study. Ozone offers an invasive, defined space; gas based delivery system (generated by the product) to kill all living organisms in a room. It provides an affordable elimination and sterilization system for use by the Medical industry. It provides an additional layer of security against concealed germs, bacteria, and viral threats (pathogens). It may even be the cost effective solution to deliver solution based field units to disease hot spots that are engineered for quick and easy “Ozone” sterilization. The technology offers a “whole room” elimination solution (fills available defined space and kills pathogens) as opposed to standard “surface” based elimination systems (based on chemical wipe down style cleaning). Dr. Remy and his supportive team have a strong solution for a problem that has varying targets. As countermeasures are developed, potential pathogen threats evolve. The Ozone technology may offer a solution set that the pathogens cannot evolve to defeat. The primary focus of SIGMA, involves patent work, research and development of the Ozone generation technology, sales, and market development. SIGMA is the first and potentially...
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...Ozone is a gas found in the upper atmosphere and at ground level of the Earth’s surface. Ozone will mainly be found in two regions of the Earth’s atmosphere closer to our Earth. About 10% of Ozone is found in the region that starts from ground level of the earth known as the troposphere. According to scientific research findings this region of the earth’s atmosphere (troposphere) contains ozone that could be either good or bad depending on how closer it is to the surface of the Earth. The principle of ozone to nearer earth is that ozone is ‘’good up high’’ and ‘’bad nearby’’. Most of the ozone, that is, about 90% is found in the next atmosphere called stratosphere which starts about 10 and 17 kilometres above the Earth’s surface and extending up to about 50 kilometres. Generally Ozone gas is beneficial to human and other life on earth. It is ‘’chemically reactive oxidizing agent that is used as an air purifier, a water steriliser, and a bleaching agent’’. The Ozone in the stratosphere region forms what is known as the Ozone layer. Chemically ozone gas with a formula (O3) is formed from molecular oxygen (O2) in the stratosphere at an attitude of about 25km by the action of ultraviolet frequency photons .The formula O3 for ozone gas means the ‘’ozone molecules consists of three actions of oxygen arranged in the shape of wide V’’ .Scientific research also indicate that the ‘’name ozone is derived from the Greek word ozein, which means to smell or reek’’. THE IMPORTANCE OF OZONE...
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...Several attempts have been made to investigate the economic impacts of the problem of a depleted ozone layer. Such attempts meet with many problems. There are good reasons for concern for effects on humans, animals, plants and materials, but most of these cannot be estimated in quantitative terms. Calculating the economic impact of such effects is uncertain. Moreover, economic terms are applicable only to some of the effects, such as the cost of medical treatments, and the loss of production in fisheries and agriculture, and damage to materials Ozone Depletion changes the environment for humans, animals, and plants. Ozone is a gas that occurs both in the Earth's upper atmosphere and at ground level. Ozone can be "good" or "bad" for people's health and for the environment, depending on its location in the atmosphere. Ozone is simply a molecule consisting of 3 oxygen atoms, which reacts strongly with other molecules. Ozone is created in the stratosphere when high energy uv radiation causes on O2 molecule to split. The free oxygen atoms collide and react with other O2 molecules to form O3. Production is highest where the solar UV is the greatest, but once created, the ozone is then circulated towards the poles by the atmosphere. The amount of ozone in the stratosphere can vary with location, season and even day to day climatic conditions. The process of ozone creation is what makes the O3 in the atmosphere very effective at shielding the Earth from harmful UV radiation, which...
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...The ozone layer diminishes more each year. As the area of polar ozone depletion (commonly called the ozone hole) gets larger, additional ultraviolet rays are allowed to pass through. These rays cause cancer, cataracts, and lowered immunity to diseases.1 What causes the depletion of the ozone layer? In 1970, Crutzen first showed that nitrogen oxides produced by decaying nitrous oxide from soil-borne microbes react catalytically with ozone hastening its depletion. His findings started research on "global biogeochemical cycles" as well as the effects of supersonic transport aircraft that release nitrogen oxide into the stratosphere.2 In 1974, Molina and Rowland found that human-made chlorofluorocarbons used for making foam, cleaning fluids, refrigerants, and repellents transform into ozone-depleting agents.3 Chlorofluorocarbons stay in the atmosphere for several decades due to their long tropospheric lifetimes. These compounds are carried into the stratosphere where they undergo hundreds of catalytic cycles with ozone.4 They are broken down into chlorine atoms by ultraviolet radiation.5 Chlorine acts as the catalyst for breaking down atomic oxygen and molecular ozone into two molecules of molecular oxygen. The basic set of reactions that involve this process are: Cl + O3 -->ClO + O2 and ClO + O -->Cl + O2 The net result: O3 + O -->2O2 Chlorine...
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...What is the ozone layer and why is it important? The ozone layer is a concentration of ozone molecules in the stratosphere. About 90% of the planet's ozone is in the ozone layer. The layer of the Earth's atmosphere that surrounds us is called the troposphere. The stratosphere, the next higher layer, extends about 10-50 kilometers above the Earth's surface. Stratospheric ozone is a naturally-occurring gas that filters the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A diminished ozone layer allows more radiation to reach the Earth's surface. For people, overexposure to UV rays can lead to skin cancer, cataracts, and weakened immune systems. Increased UV can also lead to reduced crop yield and disruptions in the marine food chain. How does ozone depletion occur? It is caused by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS), which were used widely as refrigerants, insulating foams, and solvents. The discussion below focuses on CFCs, but is relevant to all ODS. Although CFCs are heavier than air, they are eventually carried into the stratosphere in a process that can take as long as 2 to 5 years. Measurements of CFCs in the stratosphere are made from balloons, aircraft, and satellites. When CFCs and HCFCs reach the stratosphere, the ultraviolet radiation from the sun causes them to break apart and release chlorine atoms which react with ozone, starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction that deplete the ozone layer. One...
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...Running Head: OZONE DEPLETION Taylor Graham Ozone Depletion The Ozone Layer The ozone layer prevents most harmful solar ultraviolet light, (UV) from passing through the earth’s atmosphere by absorbing 93-99% of these UV rays. UV rays are potentially damaging to life on earth. The ozone layer is comprised of high concentrations of ozone, (03) and mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere (rabbitair.com). The atmosphere of the Earth is divided into 5 layers. From closest and thickest to farthest and thinnest the layers are: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. The majority of the atmosphere’s ozone resides in the stratosphere, which extends from 6 miles above the Earth’s surface to 31 miles (Sivasakthivel, 2011). The density of the ozone varies according to the season and also the location. The ozone layer has historically protected the Earth from the harmful UV rays, however in recent decades this protection has diminished due to stratospheric ozone depletion. History of Ozone Depletion Ozone depletion is largely a result of man-made substances. Humans have introduced gases and chemicals into the atmosphere that have rapidly depleted the ozone layer in the last century. The possibility of ozone depletion was first introduced by scientists in the late 1960's as dreams of supersonic transport began to become a reality. Scientists had long been aware that nitric oxide (NO) can catalytically react with ozone (O3) to produce...
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...Global Warming and the Ozone It is my opinion that the phenomena occurring with Global Warming and the Ozone layer are actually two separate events and issues with minute indirect results. Much like if an increase in drivers and an increase in drinkers occurs does that coincidentally mean that an increase in drunk drivers is inevitable? The answer is no, though the two separate events are a part of the same issue they are not entirely related and one cannot be fixed by the other. In 1985 scientists discovered that our ozone layer or “protective barrier” in the atmosphere was depleting in a particular spot. After much research it was determined that this “hole” was being caused by a chemical reaction with the ozone and chlorine-containing gasses. This prompted a near international ban on all man made products that produced such gasses and we have spent years, and millions of dollars developing alternatives to replace these. In 1998 a graph of our current global temperature was published a scientist known as Mr. Mann. This graph was used as a model for temperature changes and when utilized to predict the future it shows a rapid increase in temperature to an exponential and uncontrollable degree, otherwise known as the “hockey stick”. Our governments and scientists leapt to the issue with the ozone layer and have constructed a unsubstantiated scientific theory that suggests humans utilization or and creation of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide is directly linked...
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...The ozone layer is a specific area in the stratosphere of maximum ozone concentration. Ozone in the stratosphere forms naturally and protects us from damage that can be caused by solar radiation such as skin cancer. In the 1970s chemists discovered that certain chemicals could travel into the upper atmosphere and damage the protective ozone. Ever since this was discovered scientists, government, and citizens have been making efforts to control and reverse the damage done to the ozone. In 1987 a treaty called the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed by world leaders who were participating in the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer. Without this protocol the abundances of chlorine would have tripled by 2000. The initial strategy for remedying the damage done to the ozone was to reduce chlorine in the stratosphere by stopping the productions of CFCs. CFC stands for chlorofluorocarbon, which is one of the main causes of ozone depletion. The regions of Antarctica and the Arctic are opposites. The Arctic is a large floating ice mass and Antarctica is two mile thick ice island surrounded by ocean. Because of this the vortex is no where near as strong in the Artic as it is and Antarctica and therefore breaks down much easier and is warmer in the Arctic. So instead of ozone holes there are ozone “donuts” in the Arctic. These holes and “donuts” are the actual depletion of the ozone layer. If there is more climate change in this region...
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...into several layer called ozone. Ozone is a molecule of three oxygen atom bound together and it is unstable and highly reactive molecule. Ozone is naturally in stratosphere when highly energetic solar radiation strikes oxygen molecule (O2) and cause the two oxygen atom to split apart in a process called Photolysis. A freed atom collide with another oxygen then it join up forming ozone, O3 . The formation of ozone is explained with certain mechanism where both ozone molecule,O3 and oxygen molecules, O2 is absorb ultraviolet in difference wavelength, the ozone molecule is absorbs in a region between 240 nm-280 nm . While, oxygen molecules is absorbed shorter than 175 nm of wavelength....
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...GS1140 Global Warming & the Ozone Layer Scientific studies have shown that tons of greenhouse gases being produced are destroying our planet. Greenhouse gases are constantly rising into earth’s atmosphere and destroying the ozone layer causing global warming. The rise of the temperature on earth puts vegetation, marine life, and human life in serious danger. Generally, holes in the ozone layer are the cause of global warming which has catastrophic effects on our planet. The ozone is in two areas of earth’s atmosphere, the troposphere and the stratosphere. The role of the ozone layer is to absorb most of the UV radiation from reaching the earth’s surface that comes from the sun. There are tons of greenhouse gases produced every year making holes in earth’s ozone layer, which cause harm to all life forms on earth. There are 2.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide pollution produced by power plants in the United States alone that are being released into the atmosphere destroying our ozone layer which blocks UV radiation from the sun. These UV radiation are harmful to human life, causing increased health issues such as, more skin problems, severe eye conditions and weakening of the immune system. Similar health effects are found in domestic and wild animals also. These effects are also dangerous for marine life because the increase in UV radiation causes damage to marine plant life and fish. The UV radiation affects many materials we use on a daily basis, such as fabrics...
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