...THE BEGINNING… Pakistan is home of some of the earliest human reaching back tens of thousands of years ago. It’s only six decades ago that modern date Pakistan was established. Muslim religion was introduced to Pakistan area before it was established by Muslim traders in the 8th century. In the 19th century British took over the area that caused an all-India Muslim league to rise and try to fight the control of the British. After the Muslims were able to gain power in the 1930s formation was requested by the Muslims for independence. India and Pakistan were granted this formation by the United Kingdom in 1947. Pakistan was originally divided into two wings, east and west. It wasn’t till 1971 that the east wing was considered another nation called Bangladesh. Due to regional confrontations and domestic political upheavals never being resolved two wars were fought between India and Pakistan in 1947 and 1965 over territory. Since relations between India and Pakistan have been rough, but both countries are trying to make amends. Other struggles Pakistan has faced is very early in its development they had lost several prime ministers that set a course of political instability in the country. They have since had a number of political elections that were no successful till General Pervez Mushrraf became Chief Executive of Pakistan in 1999. The government is working with the United States to control terrorist activities that are going on in the boarders of the country. WHAT’S IN...
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...intellectual and emotional features that characterize a society or social group. It includes not only arts and letters, but also modes of life, the fundamental rights of the human being, value systems, traditions and beliefs." PAKISTANI CULTURE Pakistan is the country full of natural and cultural wealth. Pakistan has its own unique and specific cultural identification. Culture and heritage of Pakistan reflects the extra ordinary skill and devotion of Pakistani people. Pakistani people are playing a vital role in the presentation, development and promotion of Pakistani culture. The Pakistani culture is dominated by Islamic tradition and heritage. Islamic heritage has great impact on Pakistani culture. In ancient times, Pakistan was a major cultural hub. Many cultural practices and great monuments have been inherited from the time of the ancient rulers of the region. One of the greatest cultural influences was that of the Persian Empire, of which Pakistan was a part. In fact, the Pakistani satraps were at one time the richest and most productive of the massive Persian Empire. Other key influences include the Afghan Empire, Mughal Empire and later, the short-lived but influential, the British Empire. Punjabi Objectives Pakistan is a country of diverse communities with cultural traditions, belief systems, value systems, life styles, dialects and aspirations which determine the objectives of the policy, which are listed below. They aim at providing an environment conducive...
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...Pakistan is a beautiful country. It is the land of the pure and the land of dreams, where each day the sun rises to mark a new beginning. Founded back on the 14th of August 1947, it is 65 years old. When Pakistan first came into being, many people said it would not survive. However, it is true that our forefathers faced several problems and had to make many sacrifices, but today, as the 21st century progresses, Pakistan has surely come over hurdles and made developments in many fields of life. Pakistan is a country that possesses a store of talent; however the problem arises when it comes to using that talent, as for many years now, Pakistan has been facing serious issues that include terrorism. Terrorism has led to a rising death toll and destruction of homes, markets, businesses, etc. the constant blast of guns and bombs has instilled a fear in the hearts of the people. One of the major problems that Pakistan is currently facing is the load shedding issue of electricity and gas. It has resulted in absolute chaos. Industries are collapsing, people are facing the evils of unemployment and there is general disorder in the country. Businesses are also facing closing issues. It has resulted in inflation as production of products is low and therefore it has increased demand rates where sufficient materials are not being provided. Load shedding is also causing a menace to the domestic sector as now we have to work by candlelight, generators, U.P.S etc. the studies of...
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...BIASED EDUCATION SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN AND ITS CONSEQUENCES “I go to school, I am in sixth grade, can I speak as fluently and write as efficiently as you can Madame when I will reach you age?” asked my maid’s daughter one day with a bright sparkle in her eyes. Her question caught my heart and I stared her for a moment and realized that would saying “YES” is true enough or saying “NO” is justified? Alas, I couldn’t answer her question, for even I am amazed what the answer could be. The high low standards are not only the matter of brands, luxuries and fame, this dune of difference has captured a huge market in all domains, especially the education sector. The concept of slum schools (generally known as PEELA SCHOOL culture in our society), that are being opened in most of the poor streets and eating up lot of funds in the name of providing education. A number of small private schools, charging a huge amount of fees and a lot of government school, which are only used for election purpose in our country. The gap among the classes have crushed the mentality of every person, even two persons holding same degree are not qualified at the same level. Is that they are not competent enough to learn? Or they are not wealthy enough to afford big schools, or they don’t have shaky tongues to speak so called shaky English that they can become a burger child? It is all because of ununiformed standard of education system. If we particularly have a glimpse of Pakistan, there are several boards...
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..."WHO IS A PAKISTANI IN TODAY'S PAKISTAN?" The topic of the essay poses a question which allows for a number of different perspectives to exist. My approach shall be to portray a Pakistani who would be on the favourable side of every controversial issue (face least opposition) under the existing conditions in Pakistan. Such a citizen would be an "ideal Pakistani" in today's Pakistan. The "ideal Pakistani" shows the following characteristics: 1. Is a Muslim 2. Considers Urdu to be the sole National Language of Pakistan. 3. Accepts the history Pakistan Studies Textbooks present as fact. 4. Says "Thank You Raheel Sharif" and looks towards India as a grave external threat. 5. Is affluent and influential. 1. IS A MUSLIM: Being a Muslim...
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...Topic: Birth of Pakistan (1947) The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act on July 18, 1947. The Act created two dominions, Indian Union and Pakistan. It also provided for the complete end of British control over Indian affairs from August 15, 1947. The Muslims of the Sub-continent had finally achieved their goal to have an independent state for themselves, but only after a long and relentless struggle under the single-minded guidance of the Quaid. The Muslims faced a gamut of problems immediately after independence. However, keeping true to their traditions, they overcame them after a while. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was appointed the first Governor General of Pakistan and Liaqat Ali Khan became its first Prime Minister. Pakistan became a dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations. The boundaries of Pakistan emerged on the map of the world in 1947. This was accomplished on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory. This theory held that there were two nations, Hindus and Muslims living in the territory of the Sub-continent. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the first exponent of the Two-Nation Theory in the modern era. He believed that India was a continent and not a country, and that among the vast population of different races and different creeds, Hindus and Muslims were the two major nations on the basis of nationality, religion, way-of-life, customs, traditions, culture and historical conditions. The politicization of the Muslim community came about as...
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...ELEMENT OF PAKISTANI CULTURE The society and culture of Pakistan comprises numerous diverse cultures and ethnic groups: the Punjabis, Kashmiris, Sindhis in east, Muhajirs, Makrani in the south; Baloch and Pashtun in the west; and the ancient Dardic, Wakhi, and Burushocommunities in the north. These Pakistani cultures have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries' cultures.The past few decades have seen emergence of a middle class in cities such asKarachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sukkur, Peshawar,Sialkot, Abbottabad, and Multan. Rural areas of Pakistan are regarded as more conservative, and are dominated by regional tribal customs dating back hundreds if not thousands of years. Literature Pakistani literature originates from when Pakistan gained its nationhood as a sovereign state in 1947. The common and shared tradition of Urdu literature and English literature of South Asia was inherited by the new state. Over a period of time, a body of literature unique to Pakistan has emerged in nearly all major Pakistani languages, including Urdu, English, Punjabi, Pashto,Seraiki, Balochi, and Sindhi. Poetry Poetry is a highly respected art and profession in Pakistan. The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistan's provincial languages continuing the legacy. The independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of Urdu as the national language, poetry is written in that language as well...
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...and Pakistan FROM: Senior Advisor SUBJECT: Strategy and Tactics for Negotiation on Resetting the Bilateral Relationship Between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the United States INTRODUCTION: In your upcoming meetings this week with top Pakistani government officials, your priority must be to negotiate the re-opening of the ground lines of communication (GLOC) from Pakistan to Afghanistan. It is critical that a favorable agreement be made prior to the NATO summit in Chicago in May, in which the 2014 withdrawal from Afghanistan will be a major point of discussion. Your negotiations will focus on (1) securing the GLOC, (2) continuing our kinetic strike program, (3) Coalition Support Fund (CSF) reimbursements, (4) the Salala incident apology, and (5) President Zardari’s participation at the NATO summit. BACKGROUND: Yours will be the third high-level visit to Pakistan after the pausing of relations in the wake of the November 26 Salala cross-border incident and subsequent closing of NATO supply lines, following Deputy Secretary of State Thomas Nides’ and Administrator Raj Shah’s trips in early April. More pressingly, your visit comes immediately after the April 12 announcement of the Parliamentary Committee on National Security (PCNS)’s recommendations for the U.S.-Pakistan bilateral relationship, with which your interlocutors will base future foreign policy. POSITIONS OF PARTIES/ISSUES: a. GLOC: The currently closed NATO supply routes through Pakistan constitute...
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...Where is Pakistan in Pakistan? In 1947 Boundary of this country was defined by the British. Millions of people Migrated to new born Pakistan after partition. They lost hundreds and thousands of precious lives while they were traveling to their new country towards west. In eastern Pakistan stories were not very different from those of the migrants of the west. The death toll on both sides was huge. From the very first day the people started building their country. A nation that was born in its embryonic stage had to fight all kind of threats, economical as well as the geographical. Since the day we are in a process to build this country and trying to strengthen our nation. A number of cultures and traditions, customs and values, colors and races are still in a process of bonding together. Nation is still to be built and threats are still there since we were born. It is still in discussion if it had to be an Islamic country or a secular. No matter what foundation its founders wanted it to lie on; we lack a lot in every field. Religious institution is weaker than ever and financial crisis is following us since we were born, haunting our future. Political institution and defense are not able to define their boundaries resulting 3 marshal laws in last 60 years. 30 years were governed by the Army dictators and 30 years by the politicians. All of them tried to make amendments in the constitution for their personal benefits totally forgetting the masses of this country. The people...
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...March 23 commemorates the passage of what was originally the ‘Lahore Resolution’ (Qarardad i Lahore) and later became better known as the ‘Pakistan Resolution’.In 1941, this Lahore (Pakistan) Resolution became part of the Muslim League constitution and in 1946 it became the basis of the demand for Pakistan. While approving and endorsing the action taken by the Council and the Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League, as indicated in their resolutions dated the 27th of August, 17th & 18th September and 22nd of October, 1939, and 3rd of February, 1940 on the constitutional issue, this Session of the All-India Muslim League emphatically reiterates that the scheme of federation embodied in the Government of India Act 1935, is totally unsuited to, and unworkable in the peculiar conditions of this country and is altogether unacceptable to Muslim India. It further records its emphatic view that while the declaration dated the 18th of October, 1939 made by the Viceroy on behalf of His Majesty’s Government is reassuring in so far as it declares that the policy and plan on which the Government of India Act, 1935, is based will be reconsidered in consultation with various parties, interests and communities in India, Muslims in India will not be satisfied unless the whole constitutional plan is reconsidered de novo and that no revised plan would be acceptable to Muslims unless it is framed with their approval and consent. Resolved that it is the considered view of this Session...
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...THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF INDIA: History reports three early civilizations: 1. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION- (Time period: 2500-1500 BC) It is one of the earliest civilizations. We know about it through excavations. The British told us about this civilization. It was located along the Indus River, as the name suggests, along with its east and west tributaries. It was dotted around 70 centers. Mohenjo-Daro was found near the Indus Delta, and Harappa near Ravi. The Economic characteristics consisted of agriculture (surplus agriculture) in a semi irrigation environment. The surplus came through challenge and technology (flood canals). Crops were grown throughout the year. Other distinguishing characteristics: They lived in urban centers. They had a high standard of living. They were well planned, even in those times. It had a zonal structure. The city was divided into zones. They were layered into functional zones. 1. Religion: they were into worshipping nature. 2. Commercial: Big Square. There were rooms probably shops. 3. Residential: Urban centers were layered in a grid pattern with houses on the grids. (New York today is made on that pattern). They had a high standard of living. Houses were permanent (you can still find the leftover structure). The architecture was permanent. The houses were well ventilated. Air and light used to enter the house. The houses were multi storied with strong foundation. The bricks were made of mud of land but were baked. The drainage...
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...nations were born: Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. India was populated by many Hindus, while Pakistan was home to large number of Muslims. At first, the two countries attempted to have diplomatic relations but that changed after the immigration process. After the countries announced their independence and created borders, Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan made their way into India while Muslims in India made their way to Pakistan. Altogether 14 million people ventured to migrate from one country to the other just to be surround by those of a similar religion. The migration quickly turned violent when major riots and mass murders took place along the edges of the border. All of this brutality occurred because people of both countries accused the other of not having proper system to accept new citizens and claimed anybody could walk in to either country, but also because neither Hindus nor Muslims have ever been accepting of either religion. Since this first dispute directly after independence, India and Pakistan have been in 3 major wars (The Indo-Paki wars of 1947,1965 & 1999), one undeclared war and countless military stand-offs many of which regard the Kashmir. The Kashmir is a small piece of land located north of India and North West of Pakistan (see map). Before 1947 many Bollywood movies were filmed in the Kashmir because of the perfect weather and flawless terrain. After 1947 neither India nor Pakistan had rights to the Kashmir but both countries wanted it...
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...The history of Pakistan encompasses the history of the region constituting modern Pakistan. Prior to independence in 1947, the territory of modern Pakistan was a part of the British Indian Empire. Prior to that it was ruled in different periods by local kings and numerous imperial powers. The ancient history of the region comprising present-day Pakistan also includes some of the oldest empires of Indian Subcontinent[1] and some of its major civilizations.[2][3][4][5] By the 18th century the land was incorporated into British India. Pakistan's political history began with the birth of the All India Muslim League in 1906 to protect "Muslim interests, amid neglect and under-representation" and to oppose Congress and growing Indian nationalism in return the British Raj would decide to grant local self-rule. On 29 December 1930, philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal called for an autonomous new state in "northwestern India for Indian Muslims".[6] The League rose to popularity in the late 1930s. Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theory and led the League to adopt the Lahore Resolution[7] of 1940, demanding the formation of independent states in the East and the West of British India. Eventually, a successful movement led by Jinnah resulted in the partition of India and independence from Britain, on 14 August 1947. On 12 March 1949, the second constituent assembly of Pakistan passed the Objectives Resolution which was proposed by the first Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, proclaimed...
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...emotional features that characterize a society or social group. It includes not only arts and letters, but also modes of life, the fundamental rights of the human being, value systems, traditions and beliefs." PAKISTANI CULTURE Pakistan is the country full of natural and cultural wealth. Pakistan has its own unique and specific cultural identification. Culture and heritage of Pakistan reflects the extra ordinary skill and devotion of Pakistani people. Pakistani people are playing a vital role in the presentation, development and promotion of Pakistani culture. The Pakistani culture is dominated by Islamic tradition and heritage. Islamic heritage has great impact on Pakistani culture. In ancient times, Pakistan was a major cultural hub. Many cultural practices and great monuments have been inherited from the time of the ancient rulers of the region. One of the greatest cultural influences was that of the Persian Empire, of which Pakistan was a part. In fact, the Pakistani satraps were at one time the richest and most productive of the massive Persian Empire. Other key influences include the Afghan Empire, Mughal Empire and later, the short-lived but influential, the British Empire. Punjabi Objectives Pakistan is a country of diverse communities with cultural traditions, belief systems, value systems, life styles, dialects and aspirations which determine the objectives of the policy, which are listed below. They aim at providing an environment conducive...
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...In this paper I have compared the modernistic and the conservative point of views, signifying the importance of both and highlighting the events that lead to the creation of Pakistan. My aim is to critically analyze the different interpretations of important events that lead to the creation of Pakistan provided by authors of both schools of thought. The premise that Muslims and Hindus are two different nations, the point that lead to The Two Nation Theory, and that there has always been a general discontent between them can neither be dated back to Emperor Aurangzeb era, (Sayeed, 1969) nor to the British regime for their policy of divide and rule (Alvi, 2002), rather seeing it logically, throughout the course of history Hindus have seen Muslims as outsiders and invaders, as history has seen that first the Lodhi dynasty and then the Mughal dynasty invaded and then ruled India. Similarly, Muslims based on their faith, had always treated Hindus as infidels, but having said so, it seems that over a period of time both communities had somehow carved out a way to live together in the social setting of India and created an amalgam of Muslims and Hindu culture. This is evident from many rituals common in both even today, for example the marriage ceremony practiced by Indian Muslims. So conflict and concord were running in parallel between the two communities and even to this day, there are many events of communal riots in India between Muslim and Hindus simultaneous with frequent events...
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