...OBJECTIVES * To point out the good sides of the Parliamentary system. * To discuss the process of legislation of the Parliamentary Government. * To tackle the important topic about Parliamentary system. * To form a good information to the readers about the essence of Parliamentary system. SIGNIFICANCE * This term paper gives information to the reader about the system of Parliamentary Government. * This paper will benefit the ones who search information about the essence of Parliamentary system. III. Introduction Parliament, (from Old French: parlement; Latin: parliamentum) the original legislative assembly of England, Scotland, or Ireland and successively of Great Britain and the United Kingdom; legislatures in some countries that were once British colonies are also known as parliaments. The British Parliament, often referred to as the “Mother of Parliaments,” consists of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. Originally meaning a talk, the word was used in the 13th century to describe after-dinner discussions between monks in their cloisters. In 1239 the English Benedictine monk Matthew Paris of the Abbey of St. Albans applied the term to a council meeting between prelates, earls, and...
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...whereas the latter is decentralized by constitution. In a federation, certain matters are thus constitutionally devolved to local units, and the central government cannot unilaterally revoke this decentralization, as it can in a unitary state. In a unitary system, the central government has all the power. In a federal system, some powers are given to the central government and other powers are given to the lower levels of government. The states in a unitary system hold a considerable jurisdiction and power in accordance with the doctrines set by the parliament. 2. What are the major differences between parliamentary and presidential systems? The main difference between a parliamentary and presidential system of government is that in a presidential system, the president is separate from the legislative body, but in a parliamentary system, the chief executive, such as a prime minister, is part of the legislative body, or parliament. A presidential system separates the executive and legislative functions of the government and provides what are commonly called checks and balances to limit the power of both the chief executive and the legislature. In a parliamentary system, the legislature holds the power, and the chief executive must answer to the legislature. Another main difference is that in a presidential system, the people elect the chief executive and members of the legislature separately, but in a parliamentary system, the legislature is elected by the people and then must...
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...because the Fourth Republic was failed to solve these problems which arise in the France politics and society. According to Dorothy, “The constitution of the Fifth Republic has been described as ‘tailor-made for General de Gaulle, ’Quasi - monarchial, Quasi presidential; a parliamentary empire, unworkable the worst drafted in French constitutional history.’’ A.C. Kapour, “identified two major themes constitute the hub of the entire framework of the constitution; the reconstitution of the authority of the state under the leadership of the strong executive, and the establishment of a rationalized parliament that is parliament with limited political and legislative powers. The constitution of the 5th republic contains a preamble, 92 Articles and 15 Chapters. The 1 st chapter deals with sovereignty, the 2nd chapter deals with the president the 4th chapter deals with the parliament and the 7th chapter deals with the...
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...parliament.[157] The executive branch of the Indian government consists of the president, the vice-president, and the Council of Ministers—the cabinet being its executive committee—headed by the prime minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the houses of parliament.[154] In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature; the prime minister and his council directly responsible to the lower house of the parliament.[159] Legislative: The legislature of India is the bicameral parliament. It operates under a Westminster-style parliamentary system and comprises the upper house called the Rajya Sabha ("Council of States") and the lower called the Lok Sabha ("House of the People").[160] The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body that has 245 members who serve in staggered six-year terms.[161] Most are elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in numbers proportional to their state's share of the national population.[158] All but two of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are directly elected by popular vote; they represent individual constituencies via five-year terms.[162] The remaining two members are nominated by the president from among the Anglo-Indian community, in case the president decides that they are not adequately represented.[163] Judicial: India has a unitary three-tier independent judiciary[164] that comprises the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 21 High Courts, and a large number...
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...the extent to which the doctrine of the separation of powers is followed in practice in Australia. • 3 arms of govt: legislature (parliament), executive (“government”) and the judiciary • Parliament/legislature – makes laws (legislation / statutes / Acts of Parliament) • Executive/ government – formulates policy, “manages the country”; they do administer the law through government departments (e.g. Dept of Immigration applies The Migration Act to specific cases); collect taxes (revenue), and provide essential services (e.g. hospitals, roads, education) • Judiciary = courts/judges; apply and interpret the law (judges do make law but most of the time this is a slow, evolutionary process) • Rationale / justification for the separation of powers doctrine is that a concentration of power in one person (or one group of people) is likely to lead to corruption (an abuse of power). • Is the separation of powers doctrine observed in practice in Australia? • There is no true separation between the executive and legislative branches – as the party holding a majority of seats in the House of Reps is entitled to form government (and in practice, government is “in control” of Parliament, at least the House of Reps). • There is a true separation between the judiciary and the other two branches, i.e. judges in Australia are truly independent of Parliament, and government/Executive. Native title • The High Court’s 1992 decision in Mabo is a very significant event in the history...
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...that parliamentary government involves the fusion of the powers of the parliament and the government, whilst presidential government involves the separation of the executive judicial and legislative. One example of the fusion of powers in the UK is that until 2005 the Lord Chancellor was both the head of the judiciary, a speaker in the House of Lords, and he also ran the Lord Chancellors department. An example of the separation of powers in the US government is that they are all separately elected whilst in the UK all bodies are elected simultaneously. Another difference is that most parliamentary systems use a cabinet government whilst most presidential have a president separate to the legislative portion of the government. One major difference this causes is that the president can be from a different party to the majority of Congress whilst in the UK the Prime minister is the leader of the party that got the majority in the previous election. A Final difference is that in a Parliamentary system the government can be removed by legislature whilst in a Presidential system. This means that in a Parliamentary system the Government can dissolve parliament at any time making a more flexible electoral period although this has been restricted with the introduction of 5 year terms. An example of this is the February 1974 election which leads to a hung parliament and when a coalition wasn’t formed Parliament was dissolved and in October of that year another election took place....
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...seats!in!the!House!of!Representatives! Parliament)–!Consists!of!a!group!of!elected!representatives!and!a!person!who!represents!the!Queens.!In!the!federal!parliament!that!person!is!the! Governor>General.!Parliaments!make!the!laws!for!a!country/state! Crown)–!The!monarch!is!represented!by!a!governor/governor>general.!Refers!to!the!position,!power,!or!dominion!of!a!monarch.!The!monarch!as! Head!of!State! Separation)of)Powers)–!The!three!branches!of!power!(executive,!legislative!and!judicial)! Federal)System)–!The!power!to!govern!is!divided!by!the!Commonwealth!and!states.! Bicameral)–!A!bicameral!parliament!consists!of!two!chambers!or!houses! Minister)–!A!minister!is!both!a!member!of!parliament!and!a!member!of!the!executive.!This!means!a!minister!is!usually!in!charge!of!a!government! department!that!is!responsible!for!enacting!the!law! ! Australian Parliamentary System Under!the!Australian!federal!system!of!government,!the!country!is!divided!into!states!and!territories!each!with!its!own!parliament!–!making!a!total!of!9! parliaments.! • Commonwealth,)6)States,)2)Territories! They! are! elected! by! the! people! and! represent! the! needs! of! the! people.! Members! are! also! responsible! to! the! parliament! and! the! people! for! their! actions.!The)APS)is)based)on)the)Westminster)system)that)was)adopted)by)the)Commonwealth)constitution)in)1900,)as)originally)Australia)and)its) states) were) British) Colonies.! The! Commonwealth! and! State! Parliaments! operate...
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...1. Describe the legislative framework for safety? The model Work Health and Safety Regulations set out more detailed requirements to support the duties in the Model Work Health and Safety (WHS) Act. They are model provisions only. To be legally binding they need to be enacted or passed by Parliament in each jurisdiction. Work health and safety laws are state, territory and Commonwealth-based laws. The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 provide a framework to protect the health, safety and welfare of all workers at work. It also protects the health and safety of all other people who might be affected by the work. All workers are protected by the WHS Act. This includes employees, contractors, subcontractors, outworkers, apprentices and trainees, work experience students, volunteers and employers who perform work. The WHS Act also provides protection for the general public so that their health and safety is not placed at risk by work activities. The WHS Act places the primary health and safety duty on a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU), who must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety of workers at the workplace. Duties are also placed on officers of a PCBU, workers and other persons at a workplace. 2. Describe the regulations and code of practice? Some workplace hazards can cause so much injury or disease that specific regulations or codes of practice are needed to control them. These regulations and codes explain the duties...
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...of Lokpal b. Should Judiciary be under the purview of Lokpal c. Should CBI be under the purview of Lokpal d. Should Bureaucrats be under the purview of Lokpal Introduction: A Lokpal is a proposed ombudsman (Legal Representative) in India. The word is derived from the Sanskrit word "lok" (people) and "pala" (protector/caretaker), or "caretaker of people." Origin of Lokpal: The basic idea of the Lok Pal is borrowed from the office of ombudsman in Scandinavian (Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway) countries. The office of the ombudsman originated in Sweden in 1809 A.D. Ombudsman is a Swedish word and refers to an official whose job is to investigate complaints from the public against government officers, who is appointed by the parliament to dispose of cases relating to the executive and the judiciary. Similar institutions were established after that in many democratic republican countries as safeguards against the attitude of officials and higher government's functionaries. Why the need of a Lokpal? In the beginning of the decade sixties, the necessity of establishment of the institution of the Ombudsman was felt here in India on lines of Scandinavian countries because of the all round pervasive corruption planting is roots in the administration of the government's departments. Under the chairmanship of Morarji Desai, Administrative...
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...minister and help our government. To be in the cabinet you must be appointed by the prime minister. This is Canada’s Prime Minister, Stephen Harper. He decides on the size of the cabinet , selects the cabinet ministers. The cabinet ministers are usually members of parliament. He also assigns their responsibilities and portfolios. To become a prime minister : you must be elected as the leader of a political party , you must be elected as a member of parliament and the party you lead must win the most seats in the house of common. The Legislative Branch: Canada’s Legislative Branch, is the law-making branch of government. It includes the Governor General, the House of Commons and the Senate. They make laws and represent the interest and rights of Canada's regions. To make a law : you must propose it to the House of Commons as a bill, the house will then debate the bill and will vote on it. To win the vote in the house, you might decide to make changes to the bill. The House of Commons is a major law - making body in Canada's federal political system. The members debate, study and vote on bills on whether they should become a law. There are 308 seats in the House of Commons and to be in the House of Commons, you must be elected by the...
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...upper and lower houses in their legislatures to ensure fairness among the regions of the country and to prevent an imbalance of power. This concept was referred to by Canada’s first Prime Minister, Sir John A. MacDonald, as the “sober second thought”. It is submitted that in today’s legal and political environment, Canada does not need a Senate to have its government function fairly, honestly and efficiently due to the procedures of the House of Commons. The Senate should be abolished for the reasons noted below. Firstly, the costs of operating the Senate have become extremely high, and there does not appear to be any political will to change this. Second, in spite of numerous half-hearted attempts to reform the Senate, senators are appointed by the Prime Minister and not...
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...fairness WOLSEY AND FINANCE Positives Wolsey invented the parliamentary subsidy, which was flexible and based on the taxpayer's wealth - this raised £300,000 for the crown There was a tax reform, which was overseen by John Hales Wolsey got a subsidy from the Southern Convocation Wolsey carried out a military survey called the General Prescription, which allowed for loans of £260,000 to be collected Negatives People didn't like the parliamentary subsidy, believe it or not... Despite the General Prescription, no military reorganisation was carried out even though it needed doing. Also, the loans were supposed to be refundable but Wolsey sort of ignored that bit Parliament was called once, and following complaints about abuses in the church was never called again Most of the people if parliament hated Wolsey, and saw him as a social climber Many argue that Wolsey never...
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... these wrongdoings are no more general in the Senate as they are in the House of Commons or in the parliamentary press gallery. It has come to attention, that the driving force of Senate abolition is not really the desire for improvement and reform so much as the frustration with the Senate as it currently functions. A vast amount of Canadians believes that the Senate as an unelected institution lacks democratic legitimacy because the public is unable to hold senators responsible for their decisions (Barnes & al., 39). It also lacks democratic legitimacy since it is believed that the prime minister appoints senators because they had a contribution in the prime minister’s party thus making the appointment bias. However, abolishing the Senate may cause certain disastrous events because it would put the business of Canada in the absolute control of the House of Commons, and not only that, but in the absolute control of the majority of that House (Joyal,...
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...Letters to the Editors Daily Dawn Karachi letters@dawn.com Outrageous is the word. For that is how the Prime Minister of Pakistan’s reported act of giving a three million rupee wrist watch to an actor of average propensity should be described. That the gift was made from public money to an actor who cannot even speak the national language properly (neither for that matter, can the prime minister himself) goes beyond doubt, for they are not there to squander their own wealth in rewarding citizens, or undertake those countless trips abroad, nor buy ostentatious livery commensurate with their station, except from the debt-infested economy where money can be borrowed at will to fuel their desires. Prime Minister of Pakistan has not only set an ungainly example of how a poor, hapless peoples’ hard earned wealth is laid waste as if it was enemy property, but he has no moral justification in doing so unless he was doing it from his own pocket. In order to atone for a bad deed the Prime Minister’s office must ask the gift back from the beneficiary. Since that is not likely to come about in the Islamic Republic, I urge upon the veritable political parties, through those public representatives peopling the assemblies and the senate, and those countless NGO’s with enough clout to apply enough moral pressure on the government to retract and deposit the gift back into the government treasury (Toushakhana), unless of course the beneficiary is prepared to buy it at the price...
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...Britannica definition of a parliamentary democracy is a form of government in which the party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the government, its leader becoming the prime minister or chancellor. Executive functions are exercised by members of the parliament appointed by the prime minister to the cabinet. The parties in minority serve in opposition to the majority and have the duty to challenge it regularly. The prime minister may be removed from power whenever he loses the confidence of a majority of the ruling party or of the parliament. This form of governance originated in Britain and spread across the globe. Parliamentary democracy is different to direct democracy in that the former is a system in which citizens vote for representatives (politicians) to make decisions on their behalf, whereas in a direct democracy policy initiatives and laws would be decided on via votes/referendums involving eligible and willing to vote. Arguably the most notable condition present in the German political system in 1914 that supports the notion of Germany being a democracy was universal male suffrage, which had been upheld since Otto Von Bismark introduced it in 1871. Through this system of voting, all males over the age of 25 could vote in elections for the Imperial Parliament (Reichstag), in secret ballots which ensured protection from persecution and intimidation. The ability of people from all classes to vote in elections is...
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