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Pediatric Prep

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Submitted By ashfeen87
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Ashley Feeney

Level III Pediatric Clinical Prep

Room # 66, Unit: 8S Initials: ME Age: 4y/o Female Allergies: NKA

Immunization Status: Up to date Date of Admission: 4/7/10

Admitted from: E.R @ACH Past Medical History: small apical VSD, hx of murmur

Admitting Diagnosis(es)/Present Illness(es): diagnoses:
Positive for Rotavirus Enteritis with dehydration and fever.

Pathophysiology of Primary Medical Diagnosis: Briefly explain what is happening and relate briefly to any secondary diagnoses.

Rotavirus, like other viruses that cause enteritis, primarily infects the cells of the small intestinal villi, especially those cells near the tips of the villi. Because these particular cells have a role in the digestion of carbohydrates and in the intestinal absorption of fluid and electrolytes, rotavirus infections lead to malabsorption by impaired hydrolysis of carbohydrates and excessive fluid loss from the intestine. A secretory component of the diarrhea with increased motility can further exacerbate the illness. This increased motility appears to be secondary to virus-induced functional changes at the villus epithelium.The pathologic changes to the intestinal lining may not correlate well with the clinical manifestations of the illness. In normal hosts, infections rarely occur in another organ system, although extraintestinal infections have been seen in immunocompromised hosts.The virus is shed in high titers in the stool starting before the onset of symptoms and persists for up to 10 days after symptom appearance.

Signs and symptoms you will look for? Your findings?

severe or bloody diarrhea > Vomiting, Diarrhea, and abdominal cramping x 2 days frequent episodes of vomiting for more than three hours temperature of 102 F (38.9 C) or higher > Decreased P.O intake, decreased energy level abdominal pain dehydration > Mild abdominal pain, initially mom didn’t note blood, seems lethargic, irritable or in pain but today (4/7) trace amount of blood was noted.

IV. Diagnostic tests ordered for days of care. Get results. Note Previous Lab results.

Stool sample > positive for Rotavirus - Cdif > negative -

|Medications taken at home: |Home sleeping patterns: |
| |They were normal until the symptoms of Rotavirus appeared 2 days ago and had to |
|None |get up in the middle of the night and have a bowel movement. |
| | |
| | |

Client/Family Assessment (refer to page 123 Wong’s Essentials):

Social Economic Data & Family Occupations: Parents are divorced. Mom is a sign language student at SPC, and dad owns his own business.
Significant Others & Support Systems: Mom and Dad who are divorced. Grandmother helps mom out with childcare.

Siblings: 6y/o brother Ethnicity: White

Language Spoken In Home: English Spiritual Preference-Traditions: Christian

Other: ---

|Textbook Descriptions (Fine/Gross Motor expected for age) | |Compare Actual to Textbook |
|By age 4, the child skips and hops proficiently on one foot and catches a | |The child was throwing a beach ball with her dad when he arrived. She likes to |
|ball reliably. Throws ball overhead. Walks down stairs using alternate | |draw stick figures and color. She hops in and out of bed with ease. |
|footing. Uses scissors successfully to cut out picture following outline. Can| | |
|lace shoes but may not be able to tie bow. In drawing, copies a square, | | |
|traces a cross and diamond, adds three parts to stick figure. | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
|Textbook Descriptions (Use Erikson & Piaget to describe psychosocial skills | |Compare Actual to Textbook |
|expected for age) | | |
|Chief psychosocial task of this period according to Erickson is initiative | | Client is normally potty trained. Since she has been in the hospital she has |
|vs. guilt. Conflict arises when children overstep the limits of their ability| |been going in her diapers. This is stressful both on the parent and child. The |
|and inquiry and experience a sense of guilt for not having behaved | |guilt feels a sense of guilt for not going on the toilet. |
|appropriately. Feelings of guilt, anxiety, and fear may also result from | | |
|thoughts that differ from expected behavior. | |She has magical thinking because she uses her imagination when playing with |
|Piaget- The preoperational phase covers the age span from 2-7 years. Divided | |dolls. |
|into 2 stages: preconceptual phase is from 2-4. Major transition is shift | | |
|from egocentric thought to social awareness and ability to consider other | | |
|viewpoints. Language continues to develop. Time is interpreted according to | | |
|his or her own frame of reference. Thinking is often magical thinking. Feel | | |
|guilty and responsible for bad thoughts. | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
|Textbook Descriptions of Play Expectations for Age | |Compare Actual to Textbook |
|Children are in a stage of energetic learning. Associative play is common- | |The child enjoy’s playing with her toy laptop. She has several dolls and likes |
|Group play in similar or identical activities but without rigid organization | |to change their clothes. She was jumping and climbing in and out of bed and on |
|or rules. Jumping, running, and climbing. Manipulative and educational toys | |the floor. She has a toy telephone and pretends that it is her best friend on |
|are used. Electronic games and computer programs. Imitative, imaginative, and| |the other line. |
|dramatic play. Dressing up, dolls, telephones, cars, hand puppets. | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
|Textbook Expectations (Effects of Hospitalization for age) | |Compare Actual to Textbook |
|Preschool children (between the ages of 3 and 6) are especially vulnerable to| |The child gets nervous during nursing assessments. With some reassurance that |
|the effects of hospitalization since they fear bodily mutilation, abandonment| |it will not hurt, her anxiety level decreases. Her mom is always in the room so|
|and loss of autonomy. Psychological preparation for surgery that relieves | |she doesn’t feel a sense of abandonment. |
|their fears and anxieties can be beneficial. | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |

Each area should be addressed with a comparison of your actual findings vs. the normal for the child’s age.
Review of Systems
|Actual |Normals |
| | |
|Vital Signs | |
|Temp (Mode): 37.6°C |36.4-37.0 |
|Apical HR: 114 |70-110 |
|Apical Respiratory Rate: 20 |16-22 |
|B/P: 106/65 |88 to 128 over 47 to 84. |
|Site: Left arm | |
|Cuff Size: Small | |
|O2 sat: 99% | |
|Neurological Examination | |
|AxO x3 | |
|Head Circ/Head Control: Normal |Head circumfrence- No head lag. Normal shape |
|Pupils: PERRLA intact. 4mm |PERRLA Intact |
|Tracking/Eye movement: Intact |Intact |
|Reflexes: Child is 4 y.o no reflexes present. |No reflexes present at this age. |
| | |
| | |
|LOC | |
|Visual - intact. No glasses needed. |Intact |
|Sensorium- intact |Intact |
|Balance/Coordination- intact |Balance. No shuffling gait. |
|Fontanel (Anterior/Posterior)- closed |Closed |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|HEENT | |
|Head: normocephalic |normocephalic |
|Eyes: PERRLA intact |Perrla Intact |
|Nose: No secretions, patent. | |
|Ears: Otitis media in R ear. Hearing is intact in both ears.| |
|Throat/Oral Cavity: Pink. Uvula rises with no deviation. | |
|Lips are dry. | |
|Mucous Membranes: Pink, slightly dry, and intact. |Pink, Moist, and intact. |
|Teeth: 20 teeth. No cavities noted. |appropriate for age |
| | |
| | |
|Respiratory | |
|Chest Expansion- symmetrical and equal |Symmetrical and Equal Bilaterally |
|Breath Sounds- Clear and equal bilaterally. Unlabored |Clear and equal bilaterally. Unlabored |
|Signs of Distress: No | |
| Nasal Flaring- No | |
| Retractions- No | |
| Cyanosis- No | |
| Cardiovascular | |
|Apical heart sounds- S1 and S2 noted. No murmur noted. |S1 and S2 present. No arrhythmias. No murmurs. |
|Observable Pulsations- No |No bounding pulses |
|Pulses- Equal Bilaterally on Upper and Lower Extremities. |3+ Equal bilaterally U and L extremities. Not bounding. |
|Cap refill < 3 sec. |< 3 sec. |
|Current Hgb./Hct: | |
|Hbg= 12.0 |11.5-15.5 g/dl |
|Hct= 32.8 |32-44% |
| | |
|Gastrointestinal | |
|Birth wt: 7 lbs, 2 ounces |6-10 lbs |
|Birth length: 21 1/2 inches |18-22 in |
|Current wt: 16.1 kg |15-29kg |
|Current length: 35 1/2 inches (Attach chart) |37 inches |
|Diet: Normal |Need Kt, Protein, Calcium, and Vit D |
| |small portions frequently |
|Restrictions: None | |
|Bowel Sounds: Present in all 4 quadrants. Slightly |Bowel Sounds present in all 4 quadrants. Normoactive. |
|Hyperactive. | |
|Distention- None |Non-distended. |
| | |
| | |
|GI Continued | |
|Masses- No |None |
|BM history- Diarrhea for the past 2 days. Some blood in |Normal. 1-2 times a day. No diarrhea. Brown, formed stool. |
|stool. Stool is green/brown and loose. | |
|Eating habits - |Picky eaters. |
|Likes - eggs and banana’s dislikes- seafood | |
|Intake today (liquids and food): Eggs and Milk for | |
|breakfast. Banana and Half a chicken sandwich for lunch. One| |
|cup of apple juice. | |
|Deformities/Anomalies |No deformities |
|Rash- None |No rash noted. |
|Output (1gm=1ml) per day- 450ml |700-1000ml/day |
|Urine-ml per hour- 1ml/hr |3-4ml/hr |
| color : clear and yellow |clear, yellow, non cloudy |
| odor: None |No odor noted. |
| | |
|Toilet trained- Yes |Toilet trained @ 3 y/o |
|Difficulties- No |No bed wetting |
|Musculoskeletal | |
|ROM- Full ROM in U&L extremities. |4+/4+. FULL ROM |
|Scoliosis- No |NO scoliosis |
|Developmental movement: Steady Gait |Steady Gait- Non shuffling |
|Strength/weakness: 4+/4+ in U&L extremities. No weakness |4+/4+ strength in upper and lower extremities. Push-pull reflex intact. |
|noted. | |
|Deformities- None |None |
| | |
|Integumentary | |
|Color: Slightly pale, warm , and dry |Pink, dry, warm |
|Rashes- None |None |
|Turgor- Slightly tenting |Non-tenting and elastic |
|Lesions- None |None |
|Mucosa- Dry lips |Moist and pink |
| | |
|Equipment IE: IV, O2, Sx, etc. | |
|L antecubital- 22 ga | |
|Pt is on RA. | |
|Other Pertinent Information | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |

Current Medications

Medication,
Classification,
Recommended Dosage. |Child’s Ordered Dosage.
Within Acceptable Range,
Yes or No? |Drug Action: |Rationale: |Side Effects: |Nursing Considerations: | |Zofran
Class: antiemetic
Recommended Dose:
IV (Children 2-12yr and

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Autism....Brain Damage?

...For this assignment I decided to look into the question, I autism a kind of brain damage? I chose this topic because it seems like we are hearing so much about autism anymore and it still seems to be a mystery to people as to what causes autism. I often hear of so many things causing autism that I just find so unbelievable, but I have never looked into the fact of maybe some type of brain damage causing autism. I found two source that talks about autism and the causes of autism. The first reliable website that I visited is the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI) website. SFARI’s main priority is to do research that helps people who are affected by autism. “With a budget of about $60 million per year, SFARI currently supports 175 investigators. Since 2007, this initiative has provided or committed more than $260 million in external research support to more than 250 investigators in the U.S. and abroad.” (Simons Foundations, 2014) In the SFARI article that I read it covered a study they did on low-birth weight babies with white matter injury. They performed ultrasounds on over 1000 babies who weighed 1.1 pounds to 4.4 pounds in the first few days of the babies’ lives. The ultrasounds determined if the infant had any hemorrhages, ventricular enlargements, and lesions in brain tissue or any other brain damage. The ultrasounds were kept and then the subjects were then assessed for autism about 21 years later. The study found that the infants who had any...

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