...Volunteer motivation People use their time and efforts to volunteer for various reasons (Bang & Ross, 2009). It means that different volunteers may have different reasons for the same activity or may have same reason in various activities. (Cuskelly et al., 2006) Also, volunteer motivations are that people want to help others and for a personal or social benefit. (Hoye et al., 2008) In this regard, there are numerous studies about the motivations of sports volunteers that using different models or scales as follows: Olympic Volunteer Motivation Scale (OVMS) (Giannoulakis et al., 2007), five factors (altruistic value, personal development, community concern, ego enhancement, and social approval) (Wang, 2006), five factors (solidary, purposive, external traditions, commitment/status, and skills) (Smith and Dickson, 2013), systemic quality of life model (SQOL) (Shye, 2010) In order to understand the motivations of volunteers in Mega-sporting events, a study by Giannoulakis et al. (2007) investigated motivations of volunteers...
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...Boundaries of Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility Geoffrey P. Lantos Professor of Business Administration Box D-55 Stonehill College North Easton, MA 02357 June 2001 Phone: 508.565.1205 Fax: 508.565.1444 E-mail: glantos@stonehill.edu 1 The Boundaries of Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility Keywords Corporate social responsibility (CSR), Roles of business, Stakeholder theory, Ethical CSR, Responsibilities and duties, Altruistic CSR, Strategic CSR, Abstract Reviews the development of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) concept and its four components: economic, legal, ethical, and altruistic duties. Discusses different perspectives on the proper role of business in society, from profit making to community service provider. Suggests that much of the confusion and controversy over CSR stem from a failure to distinguish its ethical, altruistic, and strategic forms of CSR. On the basis of a thorough examination of the arguments for and against altruistic CSR, concurs with Milton Friedman that altruistic CSR is not a legitimate role of business. Proposes that ethical CSR, grounded in the concept of ethical duties and responsibilities, is mandatory. Concludes that strategic CSR is good for business and society. Advises that marketing take a lead role in strategic CSR activities. Notes difficulties in CSR practice and offers suggestions for marketers in planning for strategic CSR and academic researchers in further clarifying the boundaries of strategic...
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...leadership in a manager? What values are important in servant leadership? How effective is servant leadership in an organization? Servant Leadership at Work Spears (1996) explains servant leadership as one which is based on teamwork and community; one which seeks to involve others in decision making; one which is strongly based in ethical and caring behavior; and one which is enhancing the growth of people, while at the same time improving the caring and quality of our many institutions. The term “servant-leadership” was first coined in the 1970 essay by Robert K. Greenleaf entitled, The Servant as Leader (Stone). According to Dennis and Bocarnea (2005), “servant leaders are those who serve with a focus on the followers, whereby the followers are the primary concern and the organizational concerns are peripheral. The servant leader constructs are virtues, which are defined as the good moral quality in a person, or the general quality of goodness, or moral excellence”. This, I believe, is a very good description of servant leadership. What this says is that we must apply good moral qualities and think about the persons that we manage and the effects of our leadership on their well-being and productivity. This statement alludes to the fact that the organization will be stronger if our followers are treated with respect. Servant leadership should be an integral part of every business and should be used to mold our leaders. Spears (1996) states that “the servant-leader...
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...with the things that give my life meaning. Experience has taught me to make decisions based upon my values. Challenges Life presents challenges that require either creating a way to change the circumstances that present themselves or adapting to those circumstances. In the process of changing and adapting, I learned that I can use the strengths, skills, and creative thought processes I’ve developed and to apply these skills to other areas in my life. Direction I have moved towards different careers based upon my natural talents and inclinations, but found that they left me unsatisfied. I realized the dissatisfaction was due to the lack of altruistic components in the fields I was pursuing. I researched different career options and decided that nursing encompassed all the things that have meaning for me. Mission Statements My personal mission in life is in line with my view of life as a continuous growth process. At the core of my value system is my spirituality. I endeavor to perform all actions LIFE MISSION 3 for God, this includes, performing tasks to the best of my ability, non-injury to others, bringing comfort to those in need, treating others with the kindness and respect they deserve as human beings, whatever their socioeconomic status, whatever their race, whatever their religious views, and doing all of this...
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...presentation of this project work was supervised in accordance with the guidelines on supervision of Capstone Project as laid down by Ghana Christian University College Signature: ………………………… Date: …………………… Acknowledgements Table of Contents Declaration I Acknowledgements II Table of Contents III Abstract.....................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1-Overviewof Study 1.1 Introduction................................................................................... 1.2 Background................................................................................... 1.3 Problem Statement ............... 1.4 Purpose of the Study 1.5 Research Questions...
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...driving force in rural development Benzies Isaac Adu-Okoree* and Adwoa Ofosua Onoma Faculty of Development Studies, Presbyterian University College, Akuapem/Tema Campus, Ghana. Accepted 10 April, 2012 The main push factor for migration from rural communities is lack of employment opportunities for inhabitants who had high level of educational. When they migrate, they remit back to their families at communities they migrated from. Remittances play important role in rural development, and the study using Tutu in Ghana as a case study found out that as a result of money remitted to residents in the community, the study participants acquired farm lands, bought vehicles and built houses which they would not have had without remittances. More wives and mothers than other persons received large portions of the remittances. Those who remitted home maintained that in addition to remitting money to their families, they were also willing to contribute to community development including construction of schools, churches and community centre, and also pay school fees to the brilliant but needy students. Thus, they were willing to help develop the entire community. Key words: Remittances, Tutu, rural development, wives mothers, community development. INTRODUCTION In a study of return migrants, Ammassari (2004) found a number of Ghanaian returnees who had invested in small businesses on their return whilst many, especially in the elite (highly educated) had sought to introduce...
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...| The Role Of Ethics in Business | | | | 1/16/2014 | | In this paper I will discuss the role of business ethics as it relates to business operations and the challenges of starting and maintaining an effective business ethics program. I will begin with Jennings' (2012) definition of ethics in business and its role from his perspective. I will then make comparisons with other authors' opinions for discussion, including Peter Drucker’s (1981) take on business ethics and Carr’s (Jennings, 2012) viewpoint as well. How business ethics' role relates to the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and ongoing challenges will also be discussed. I will conclude with my own comments on the relationship between personal and business ethics and my thoughts on how to start and maintain company ethical standards. Business Ethics And Its Role: Definitions and Discussion The concept of being ethical in business is a mercurial topic these days; given the expansive and rapid global reach of today's multimedia, it can take mere hours for a reputable business image to get tarnished because of one ethics-related incident. In his text, Jennings' definition of business ethics is "...not the study of what is legal but of the application of ethics to business decisions. (Jennings, 2012, p.45)" Many business leaders today focus on what is legally allowed--they are aware of the legal parameters within where they can operate, and simply execute their profit-driven...
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...7 Sep 2004 AR AR231-PS56-14.tex P1: IKH AR231-PS56-14.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) AR REVIEWS IN ADVANCE10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141 V I E W A N I N C E S R E 22:24 D V A Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2005. 56:14.1–14.28 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141 Copyright c 2005 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on September 10, 2004 PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR: Multilevel Perspectives Louis A. Penner Karmanos Cancer Institute/Family Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 40202, and Research Center for Group Dynamics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; email: pennerl@karmanos.org John F. Dovidio Psychology Department, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York 13346; email: John.Dovidio@UConn.edu Jane A. Piliavin Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; email: jpiliavi@ssc.wisc.edu David A. Schroeder University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701; email: dave@uark.edu Key Words altruism, cooperation, helping ■ Abstract Current research on prosocial behavior covers a broad and diverse range of phenomena. We argue that this large research literature can be best organized and understood from a multilevel perspective. We identify three levels of analysis of prosocial behavior: (a) the “meso” level—the study of helper-recipient dyads in the context of a specific situation; (b) the micro level—the...
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...Smith (2016) argues that giving is good, giving is fraught with moral perils and giving takes work. This statement is acceptable for the fact that giving has a long-standing tradition that has continued to grow in our contemporary era. There are selfless individuals who have given up everything for a noble reason and for the benefit of others. For example, St. Mother Teresa, Bill and Melinda Gates, Mark Zuckerburg, George Soros, Michael Bloomberg, Robert Mercer, and David Koch are probably the recognized examples of selfless givers in recent times. The question is what motivates people to give and what is the value of giving? Why do people sacrifice their time and energy to philanthropic activities? The researchers have found answers to these...
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...CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The issue of teachers’ motivation and the standard of education has become a matter of debate and concern in educational systems and standards. In most developing countries of the world including Ghana, there has been a growing awareness about teacher motivation which is a key to quality assurance, quality outcomes/delivery and high standards in the educational system. It is acknowledged that any nation that is aspiring to maintain high and quality standards or achieve quality assurance in its educational system must take teachers and their motivational needs with utmost high level of seriousness. Teachers are important instrument in education. They are also the pivot on which the educational process hang. Teachers play a major role in the whims and caprices of the educational system. They can influence the teaching – learning outcomes either positively or negatively because they determine the quality of instructional delivery and also influence quality education when it comes to implementation of the curriculum and educational policies. They are to be considered when addressing issues such as: quality assurance; quality delivery (teaching), quality context and quality learning outcomes (Onucha, 2002). However, they are the custodians of the educational and school systems. Since teaching can be regarded as a systematic, rational and organized process of transmitting knowledge, skills, attitudes, values and what is worthwhile...
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...Yeung, Creating a Sense of Mission, Long Range Planning Vol 24, No. 4, 1990, p 13 1. Purpose Some organisations find the question ‘why does the company exist?’ so difficult to answer that they actively avoid debating the issue. Where a broad concensus on organisational purpose does exist, however, Campbell and Yeung believe that organisations can be categorised into three different types, namely: · Organisations whose purpose is to benefit shareholders, with strategic decisions governed largely by their potential impact on shareholder returns. · Organisations that exist to satisfy all stakeholders. Such companies tend to do what they can to be responsible towards shareholders, customers, employees and the environment, whether for altruistic reasons, or to at least be seen to be doing the right thing. · Organisations with a ‘higher ideal’. While such organisations are aware of the need to satisfy their stakeholders, their raison d’etre will focus on a higher (often moral) purpose. The Body Shop whose mission is to ‘dedicate our business to the pursuit of social and environmental change’ is a typical case in...
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...The Psychology of Gift Exchange Mayet, C. & Pine, K. J. University of Hertfordshire Internal Report 2010 Gift giving is a social, cultural and economic experience; a material and social communication exchange that is inherent across human societies and instrumental in maintaining social relationships and expressing feelings (Camerer, 1988, Joy 2001). Research within different disciplines to gain insight of gift giving behaviour has continued for over forty years. Gifts are bestowed in celebration of key life events, a medium for nurturing personal relationships, to encourage economic exchange and to socialise children into appropriate behaviour patterns (Belk, 1979). Obligations within a community require that individuals are required to give, receive and to reciprocate (Mauss, 1954). In his essay the French anthropologist-sociologist Marcel Mauss (1954), presented a theoretical analysis of the gift-giving process, that was based on his examination of giftgiving amongst various primitive, secluded, or ancient societies. He concluded that giftgiving is a self-perpetuating system of reciprocity and summarised three types of obligations which preserve gift-giving: 1. The obligation to give. 2. The obligation to receive. 3. The obligation to repay. The requirement to give may be ingrained in religious or moral necessities, with a strong need to recognise and maintain a status hierarchy and to establish or maintain peaceful relations, or merely the expectation of reciprocal giving...
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...approach is needed to prepare today’s leaders to meet tomorrow’s challenges. The new structure should enhance preparation, allowing for innovation and futuristic thinking in a collaborative setting (Rodriguez, 1999). Americans, at all levels, have had great faith in the power of education to improve their quality of life. Education has been viewed as an escape route from poverty, an antidote to intolerance born of ignorance, a primary source of national prosperity, and the foundation of democracy (Swail, 2003). Scientific and technological advances have intensified in the past two decades and for the first time in human history created a truly global community. Modern telecommunications have linked all the corners of the planet as never before. Like the technology that helped create the emerging worldwide marketplace, the global community is in a dynamic period of change. Business communications, capital and financial services, research, and educational programs increasingly move across national borders. The pace of change will accelerate, and the urgent need for highly educated men and women who possess competence, perspective, human...
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...Leadership Theory The Chicago School of Psychology May 31, 2015 Ethical and Relational Leadership Principles Honoring the APA and TCS Codes of Conduct Licensed professionals in the legal, accounting, engineering, medical and other healing professions are held to a higher legal and ethical standard of professional behavior than people who work in other commercial, not-for-profit or government enterprises. As noted by the American Psychologists Association (APA) , “If this Ethics Code establishes a higher standard of conduct than is required by law, psychologists must meet the higher ethical standard.” (p. 2). The rationale for this higher standard is that legislation gives these professions and the people who are members of them unique and special rights to serve the public within their specific discipline. With these rights come added responsibilities to protect the public trust. As noted by the APA (2010), “Psychologists are committed to increasing scientific and professional knowledge of behavior and people’s understanding of themselves and others and to the use of such knowledge to improve the condition of individuals, organizations, and society…They strive to help the public in developing informed judgments and choices concerning human behavior.” (p. 2). In Canada, most professional bodies are governed by provincial legislation that gives authority to accredit professional training programs, confer professional licenses, monitor professional practice of individual...
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...Student Name: Heshani Haputhanthri Student ID: 10173172 Unit Code: MBA6150 Unit Title: Working with Cross Cultures Semester: Two Year: 2014 Student Name: Heshani Haputhanthri Student ID: 10173172 Unit Code: MBA6150 Unit Title: Working with Cross Cultures Semester: Two Year: 2014 Assignment 1 Assignment 1 Introduction As a MBA6150 (Working with Cross Cultures) student, I have been asked to keep a learning journal during the semester. This journal covers all the topics that I learnt from week 1 to week 5. It consists of theoretical knowledge, what I found interested during class and also it includes my own experiences in day to day life. Date | 29 – 7- 2014 | Description of Event | MBA 6150 Working Across Cultures Lecture – Week 1 | What happened | * Before we start the session, we were given pens and papers to write our names and display in front of us to make it easy for everyone to know each other’s name. * Our lecturer, Dr Stephen Grainger gave a self-introduction to the class. * We were given few minutes to walk around the class, talk to people and get to know each other. * Introduced the Text book - Chaney, H. C. & Martin, J.S. (2014). Intercultural Business Communication. 6th edition. Upper Saddle River:Pearson Prentice Hall. * Briefly talked about Hofstede | What did I learn | Cultural differences could be a challenge...
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