...Figurative language Figurative language can take multiple forms such as simile or metaphor. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia Of Literature says that figurative language can be classified in five categories: resemblance or relationship, emphasis or understatement, figures of sound, verbal games, and errors. A simile is a comparison of two things, indicated by some connective, usually "like", "as", "than", or a verb such as "resembles" to show how they are similar. Example: "His cheeks were like roses, his nose like a cherry.../And the beard on his chin was as white as the snow." A metaphor is figure of speech in which two "essentially unlike things" are shown to have a type of resemblance or create a new image. The similarities between the objects being compared may be implied rather than directly stated. Example: "Fog comes on little cat feet" An extended metaphor is metaphor that is continued over multiple sentences. Example: "The sky steps out of her daywear/Slips into her shot-silk evening dress./An entourage of bats whirr and swing at her hem, ...She's tried on every item in her wardrobe." Onomatopoeia is a word designed to be an imitation of a sound. Example: “Bark! Bark!” went the dog as he chased the car that vroomed past. Personification is the attribution of a personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions, especially as a rhetorical figure. Example: "Because I could not stop for Death,/He kindly stopped for me;/The carriage held but just...
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...Quick List of Common Literary Terms Abstract Language—Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places. The observable or "physical" is usually described in concrete language. Allegory—A narrative or description having a second meaning beneath the surface one. A story, fictional or nonfictional, in which characters, things, and events represent qualities or concepts. The interaction of these characters, things, events is meant to reveal an abstraction or a truth. These characters, etc. may be symbolic of the ideas referred to. Alliteration—The repetition at close intervals of initial identical consonant sounds. Allusion—An indirect reference to something (usually a literary text) with which the reader is expected to be familiar. Allusions are usually literary, historical, Biblical, or mythological. Ambiguity—An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. Also, the manner of expression of such an event or situation may be ambiguous. Artful language may be ambiguous. Unintentional ambiguity is usually vagueness. Anachronism—Assignment of something to a time when it was not in existence, e.g., the watch Merlyn wore in The Once and Future King. Analogy—An analogy is a comparison to a directly parallel case. When a writer uses an analogy, he or she argues that a claim reasonable for one case is reasonable for the analogous case. Anecdote—A brief recounting of a relevant episode. Anecdotes are...
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...Figurative Language versus Literal Language By: Angelle Dent PHI210 Professor Carrie Prettiman January 20, 2012 The purpose of this paper is to explore the meaning and functionalities associated with figurative language versus literal language. Traditionally, figurative language, such as metaphors and idioms, have been considered derivatives from and more complex than ostensibly straightforward language. “A contemporary view is that figurative language involves the same kinds of linguistic and pragmatic operations that are used for ordinary, literal language” (Glucksberg, 1975). Figurative language is language that uses words and or expressions with a meaning that is different or a variation from the literal interpretation. Literal language, in comparison, is very direct and straightforward in approach by simply conveying facts. When a writer or author uses literal language, he or she is stating the facts as they are. Figurative language, on the other hand, is very common in poetry and verses and is used in prose and nonfiction writing using creativity and imaginative expression conveyed through personal ideas or opinions. Figurative language is often used as a literary device that many authors use to bring the reader into the actual writing. The language is written in such a way that what is being said or stated is different from the actual literal meaning of the words. Some common types of figurative languages are defined and explained below. Idiom:...
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...the audience to worry. While using facts, historical events, and experiments, Carr is able to appeal to logos. Carr uses a great quote from a writer named, Maryanne Wolf that states, “We are not only what read. We are how we read” (317). Carr can relate to this because he feels as if he is not as smart as he once was before he started to read online. When Carr would find information in books, rather than online, he found himself, not writing as well. Carr also provides information from Wolf that explains how text messages and cell phones are causing this generation to experience a different type of reading, rather than how people read in the seventies. In order to answer what is actually going on with the human minds, Carr provides a statement from an experiment at University College London saying, “we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think” (316). Carr explains this as we are in a transition phase, going from books to online research. It is a huge difference, which many people with either dislike or like. Lastly, to make connections with the audience, Carr uses ethos while proving that the Internet causes people to no longer read text, instead wanting the information to just show up and not need to read. Carr uses his own experience so that the reader can know that Carr himself actually experiences the same thing. To prove that he is just like any other, Carr states that the Internet is taking over his life, which causes the audience to trust in...
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...Race in Obama’s America 1. Give an outline of the different attitudes to the situation of African Americans presented in text 1, 2 and 3. Outline of text 1: Text 1 is a commentary publicist on USA Today website on August 14, 2009, and it is written by lawyer and columnist Yolanda Young. Yolanda Young’s main statement is that there has been a paradigm shift in the culture and that Africa American women now are being noticed. In her commentary she comperes her own experiences of being a black woman before and after the election of Barak Obama. To support her main statement she uses facts from different researches. In the end of the text she concludes that it has become easier to maintain a positive self-image now that such a beautiful women live in the White House. Outline of text 2: Text 2 is an excerpt form a Speech given by Attorney General Eric Holder on February 18, 2009 at the U.S Justice Department. The speech is to be found on the website of the Justice Department. Eric Holder’s main statement is that “One cannot truly understand America without understanding the historical experience of black people in this nation”. He thinks that to many Americans see race as a taboo, and that you cannot solve the problem if you do not feel at ease with it. In the speech Eric Holder refers to two historical events, one of them being the Gettysburg Address. He says that the people in this room have a moral obligation to the nation and most live up to the Gettysburg...
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...constructs, and especially in the way we map one mental representation onto another when we read texts. Cognitive linguists have consistently drawn attention to this system of conceptual transfer in both literary and in everyday discourse, and have identified important figures of speech, through which this conceptual transfer is carried out. Conceptual Metaphor, also called Cognitive Metaphor, was developed by researchers within the field of cognitive linguists. It became widely known with the publication of Metaphors We Live By, by Lakoff and Johnson, in 1980. Conceptual metaphor theory has since been developed and elaborated. Definition and Construction of Metaphor As we know, metaphor is a type of figurative language in which one thing is described in terms of some other thing. The word metaphor comes from Greek ‘metapherein’ which means carry over. Another translation is transference, a term more familiar to us from psychoanalytic theory. In a metaphor, one of the basic senses of a form, the source domain, is used to grasp or explain a sense in a different domain, called target domain. (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980: 12). The idea that we take attitudes from one area of experience and use them to approach and understand another is fundamental to human interactions with the world. In cognitive...
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...Sedaris. The essay was written in 2005 and it is about Sedaris’ personal experiences when learning to speak French. The main theme of the essay is the attitude to learning a new language. My analysis of “Me Talk Pretty One Day” will include an interpretation of the language, tone and the attitude to learning a foreign language. In “Me Talk Pretty One Day”, David Sedaris writes about his struggles when learning French. As a 41-year old writer, Sedaris moves to Paris to learn the language. The essay is about his experiences at the school and with his awfully strict French teacher. At the very first day the teacher tears Sedaris down and takes all self-esteem out of him. She humiliates and demeans him and all his new classmates, because they cannot speak fluent French. This results in him being so afraid of saying anything wrong, and he therefore avoids doing things that requires him to speak, such as asking for directions, answering the phone and ordering coffee or food. The text is well written and the language is informal and simple, yet still very clever. It is written in an everyday language with dialog and a vocabulary that is also informal and simple; to give an example he uses phrases as “nerve-raking” and “rattle off” (page 1 line 15 and page 1 line 17). The tone in the essay is casual and informal, as Sedaris uses a lot of humour and sarcasm. This makes the text funny and easy to read. He uses figurative language, simile and metaphors, when describing his experiences. In...
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...RELIGION STUDY • Truth can be explained in different ways Truth can be conveyed in many different ways, it can usually be aimed at a particular audience, like age or time period. For example: • Moral truth; stealing is wrong • Proverbial truth; a stitch in time saves nine. • Historical truth; ww1 lasted from 1914- 1918. Truth can be communicated in various ways such as verbally, with actions, with facial expression, images, writing, formal, explanation, and discussion. • Recognise truth in sacred scripture. Scientific: People who wrote the bible had little knowledge about science, like they thought the world was flat. Biblical account of how the world was created differs from the scientific version. Writers were concerned with religious truth not science. When looking behind the inaccurate scientific theories you find it expresses a truth about God, people and their relationship. Historical: The bible contains some historical truth, but the information is not like the recounts in textbooks. The stories from the bible were passed on by generations, they were told so the listener heard the religious truth, not necessarily the facts. The gospels are reliable historical records, but they are presented in different ways. It is religious history, not accurate recounts of dates and events. The Bible is not to be read as a history book. Symbolic: The religious truth in the bible is told in symbols. We have to read behind the symbols to find the meaning....
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...Terms – AP English Language and Composition These terms should be of use to you in answering the multiple-choice questions, analyzing prose passages, and composing your essays. allegory – The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. alliteration – The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in “she sells sea shells”). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage. allusion – A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion. ambiguity – The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. analogy – A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating...
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...exact same psychological struggle, they all have a negative psychological struggle. There are a few instances of figurative language throughout the essay. One being: “These two, I imagine, could tell a long tale if they would (perhaps they would be glad to if they could), having watched so many, for so long, struggling in the fishhooks, the barbed wire, of this avenue.” Meaning, the two people mentioned have witnessed so much over the years and would probably share their stories if they could remember them. A second is: “They patiently browbeat the landlord into fixing the heat, the plaster, the plumbing; this demands prodigious patience; nor is patience usually enough.” Meaning, the residents have to be patient, aggressive and stern with their landlord in order to have them fix needed repairs. However, being patient isn’t usually enough to make them get it done. Lastly, “Such frustration, so long endured, is driving many strong, admirable men and women whose only crime is color to the very gates of paranoia.” Meaning, many strong African American men and women have endured frustration for so long that they have been driven into a state of paranoia. Paranoid because they have not committed a crime, but are mistreated due to the color of their skin. These are just a few examples of how Baldwin used figurative language to make statements throughout this essay. My personal opinion of this essay is that it is very profound and speaks volumes. I particularly like how he painted a picture...
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...of Moldova State Pedagogical University “Ion Creangă” Foreign Languages and Literature Faculty English Philology Department DIPLOMA PAPER Figurative Language, Language Shaped by Imagination in Katherine Mansfield’s Short Stories Submitted by: the 4th year student Paşcaneanu Mariana Group 404 Scientific adviser: Tataru Nina Senior Lecturer Chişinău 2012 Contents INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER I: SHORT STORY AS A FORM OF FICTION 5 I.1.Common Characteristics of a Short Story as a Form of Fiction. Its Plot and Structure. 5 I.2. Figurative Language. Definition. Function. 9 I.3. Imagery – Language that Appeals to the Senses 11 I.3.1. Simile, Metaphor and Personification. 13 1.3.2. Symbol and Symbolism. 26 I.3.3 Allegory. 30 CHAPTER II: LANGUAGE SHAPED BY IMAGINATION IN K. MANSFIELD’S SHORT STORIES 36 II.1. Figurative Language, Symbolism and Theme in "Her First Ball": 37 II.2. Katherine Mansfield – Techniques and Effects in A Cup of Tea. 41 II.3. Literary Colloquial Style in “Miss Brill” by K. Mansfield. 49 II.3.1. Lexical features—Vague Words and Expressions 49 II.3.2 Syntactical and Morphological Features 52 II.3.3 Phonological Schemes of the Figures of Speech 55 II.4. Simplifying Figurative Language in K.Mansfield’s Short Stories 60 CONCLUSION 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 66 APPENDIX 70 INTRODUCTION Figurative Language is the use of words that go beyond their ordinary meaning. It requires...
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...ENGLISH 12 TERMS AND DEVICES A active voice allegory alliteration allusion analogy antagonist anti-climax antithesis apostrophe argumentative essay anecdotal evidence archaic language aside assonance atmosphere audience autobiography B ballad ballad stanza bias biography blank verse C cacophony caricature case study catastrophe cause and effect character characterization character foil chorus chronological order cliché climactic order climax colloquialism colloquial language comedy comic relief compare and contrast comparison conflict connotation consonance* contrast couplet D denotation dénouement descriptive essay dialect dialogue diary diction didactic dilemma direct presentation dissonance drama dramatic irony dramatic monologue dramatic form dynamic character E editorial elegy emotional appeal epic epilogue epiphany epigram epitaph euphemism euphony expert testimony exposition expository essay extended metaphor external conflict F fable falling action fantasy farce figurative language first person point of view flashback flat character foil foreshadowing form formal essay formal language frame story free verse G genre graphic text H hero historical reference hyperbole I iambic pentameter idiom image imagery indeterminate ending indirect presentation informal essay informal language interior monologue internal conflict internal rhyme irony * consonance is defined in two ways: 1) the repetition of consonant sounds before and after differing vowels, such as “flip-flop,”...
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...essay anecdotal evidence archaic language aside assonance atmosphere audience autobiography B ballad ballad stanza bias biography blank verse C cacophony caricature case study catastrophe cause and effect character characterization character foil 襯托 chorus 合唱 chronological order cliché climactic order climax colloquialism colloquial language comedy comic relief 喜劇性穿插 compare and contrast comparison conflict connotation consonance*尾韻contrast couplet D denotation dénouement 結局 descriptive essay dialect dialogue diary diction didactic dilemma direct presentation dissonance drama dramatic irony dramatic monologue dramatic form dynamic character E editorial 社論的 elegy emotional appeal epic敘事詩 epilogue 收場白 epiphany神聖的表現 epigram讽刺短诗 epitaph碑文 euphemism 委婉語 euphony悅耳之音 expert testimony exposition闡述 expository essay extended metaphor external conflict | F fable falling action fantasy farce figurative language first person point of view flashback flat character foil foreshadowing form formal essay formal language frame story free verse G genre graphic text H hero historical reference hyperbole I iambic pentameter idiom image imagery indeterminate ending indirect presentation informal essay informal language interior monologue internal conflict internal rhyme irony J jargon juxtaposition L legend limited omniscient point of view literal language lyric M melodrama metaphor metre monologue mood mystery myth N narrative narration narrator O objective (language tone etc.) objective point of view...
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...CHAP 1 1. The process of choosing language or nonverbal behaviors to convey your message is known as: A) stimulating B) motivating C) encoding D) decoding Points Earned: 1.0/1.0 2. The process of determining exactly what a speaker's language or nonverbal behavior means is known as: A) feedback B) encoding C) monitoring D) decoding Points Earned: 1.0/1.0 3. When adults attempt to determine the meaning of a statement, they rely most heavily on the: A) all three codes about equally B) vocal and visual codes C) verbal and vocal codes D) visual and verbal codes Points Earned: 1.0/1.0 4. All of the following are considered part of the speech environment except: A) the time of day B) the number of people in the audience C) the topic D) the location Points Earned: 1.0/1.0 5. A listener's verbal, visual, and vocal responses to a speaker's message are known as: A) noise B) the listener's frame of reference C) the speaker's frame of reference D) feedback Points Earned: 1.0/1.0 6. When you evaluate and modify your behavior until it meets your personal expectations, you are engaged in: A) feedback B) decoding C) self-monitoring D) encoding Points Earned: 1.0/1.0 7. According to Gallup Poll surveys cited in the text, which of the following were rated highest in ethical standards in 2006? A) insurance salespeople B) journalists C) stockbrokers D) nurses Points Earned:...
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...English 2328 Spring 2011 Unit Two: Early Twentieth Century Review Sheets |Survey Highlights |Modernism in American Literature |Imagism, Imagery, Image | |Major Authors |Some distinguishing characteristics— |From Pound's "A Retrospect": | |Historical Context |Rejection of traditional values and assumptions, in society and art. |—Three principles of Imagism: | |Intellectual Movements |Strong break with traditional literary forms and techniques of |1. Direct treatment of 'thing' whether subjective or objective. | |Genres, Elements of Literature |expression. |2. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the | |Authors |—Avant-garde, innovative |presentation. | |Robert Frost, Ezra Pound, and T. S. Eliot |—Frost's "old-fashioned way to be new" |3. As regarding...
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