...AP® Investigation #5 Cell Processes: Photosynthesis –STUDENT GUIDE Kit # 36W7405 Table of Contents Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Part 1: plant pigments and chromatography (Structured inquiry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Part 2: floating disc assay (Guided Inquiry) . . . . . . . . . 6 Part 3: design an experiment (OPEN inQUIRY) . . . . . . . . . 9 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 **AP® and the Advanced Placement Program are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board. The activity and materials in this kit were developed and prepared by Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, which bears sole responsibility for their contents. Copymaster. Permission granted to make unlimited copies for use in any one school building. For educational use only. Not for commercial use or resale. US: www.wardsci.com Canada: www.wardsci.ca ©2012, Ward’s Natural Science All Rights Reserved 250-7455 v.7/12 AP® Investigation #5: Cell Processes: Photosynthesis –STUDENT GUIDE Kit # 36W7405 Background OBJEcTIVES ‹ Design a plan for collecting data to show that all biological systems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions. ‹ Use models to predict and justify that changes in the subcomponents of a biological polymer affect...
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...concepts of solutions, mixtures, separation of mixtures, solubility Purpose: To give students an understanding of paper chromatography and to allow students to separate a mixture of pigments extracted from leaves. Key Vocabulary: absorbent—material used in chromatography that will attract and absorb the compounds being separated chlorophyll—one of many pigments used by plants to absorb energy from sunlight in the process of photosynthesis chromatography—method used to separate a mixture of compounds based on differing solubilities of the compounds in the solvent being used eluent (solvent)—material used in chromatography which carries the compounds to be separated through the absorbent photosynthesis—process by which plants convert energy from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide gas into sugar solute—substance dissolved in a solution solution—homogeneous mixture of two or more substances solvent—substance dissolving the solute in a solution Objectives: 1. Students will be able to design and carry out an investigation to separate the pigments from a leaf by paper chromatography. 2. Students will identify a mixture by separating it into different compounds. Materials: - safety goggles - chromatography paper or filter paper cut into strips - chromatography solvent (commercially available: 90% petroleum ether and 10% acetone or 50/50 mixture of acetone and water) - isopropyl alcohol, acetone, water and/or ethanol...
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...Investigation 2 Paragraph 1 Based on the results of our photosynthesis experiment, we can state that each treatment of light, varying in intensity of the light source, were not significantly different from each other. The positive control at 2 feet away from the light source when compared to the treatment of higher intensity of light at 1 foot away from the light source had a p-value of 0.1778. The positive control when compared to the treatment of lower intensity of light at 3 feet away from the light source had a p-value of .7484. Finally, when comparing the treatment exposed to a higher intensity of light a 1 foot way from the light source to the treatment exposed to a lower intensity of light at 3 feet away from the light source had...
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...AP Biology Exam Review: Lab Essays At least one essay (FRQ) on the exam will be based on an AP laboratory. To prepare for this question, review the objectives for all twelve laboratory exercises. The College Board does not necessarily expect that you have completed that lab, but rather that you have investigated the objectives of the lab. You may be asked to “design an experiment to determine….” You don’t necessarily need to create a new lab; if you have done an activity that would answer the question, simply describe it. For a good response, you should include the following. 1. State a hypothesis [as an “if…..(conditions), then….(results)” statement] Be sure your hypothesis is testable. 2. Identify the variable factor. 3. Identify the control. Be certain to explain the control for the experiment. 4. Hold all other variables constant. 5. Manipulate the variable. 6. State how you would measure the results. 7. Discuss the expected results. Relate the results to your hypothesis. 8. Include steps to replicate or verify. You may be asked to graph data. Be sure to use a graph that is appropriate for you data. Bar graphs are used when data points are discrete (not related to one another), while line graphs are used with the data are continuous. If there is a data point at zero, be certain to extend your line to 0, but do not extend the line to 0 if there is no data point at zero. Other points to keep in mind: ...
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...Lab 1 – Introduction to Science Exercise 1: The Scientific Method Dissolved oxygen is oxygen that is trapped in a fluid, such as water. Since many living organisms require oxygen to survive, it is a necessary component of water systems such as streams, lakes, and rivers in order to support aquatic life. The dissolved oxygen is measured in units of parts per million (ppm). Examine the data in Table 4 showing the amount of dissolved oxygen present and the number of fish observed in the body of water the sample was taken from and then answer the questions below. QUESTIONS 1. Make an observation – Based on the data in Table 4, describe the relationship between dissolved oxygen content and fish populations in the body of water. Discuss the pattern observed in the data set. Answer = The more parts per million of dissolved oxygen in water, the higher the fish population. 2. Do background research – Utilizing at least one scholarly source, describe how variations in dissolved oxygen content in a body of water can affect fish populations. Answer = Most dissolved oxygen in fresh water is derived from photosynthesis of aquatic plants and algae. According to Francis- Floyd (1992), optimum dissolved oxygen levels should be 5mg/L for fish production (p. 1). Depending on species, sensitivity can occur between 2-4mg/L, and sensitivity is species specific. Mortality of species usually occur at © eScience Labs, 2015 2mg/L or below. Mortality from lack of dissolved...
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...title: To show that starch is formed as a result of photosynthesis. Introduction This report writing is about conducting an experiment to show that starch is formed as a result of photosynthesis (testing for starch in a green leaf). It would talk about the aim, list of all apparatus needed and the different methods used. It would also illustrate the three conditions necessary for photosynthesis that is, if carbon dioxide, sunlight and chlorophyll are necessary for photosynthesis. In addition, a test would be carried out to demonstrate that starch is formed as a result of photosynthesis. Last but not the least, outcomes expected from each test carried out would be given in this report after each investigation is done. Plan Plan is to research on relevant information for my project and to produce a written report at the end. I would be researching about the apparatus and equipments that are required for the experiment. Would ensure good lab practice is followed at all times when a test is being carried out. I would research on methods or procedures that are needed to carry out the experiment. Again would be carrying out practical work in each session to improve the design of the project. I would also research on conditions necessary for photosynthesis, which is to investigate the need for carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. Last but not the least; investigate if the necessity of sunlight and chlorophyll are necessary for photosynthesis. Aim The aim of this experiment is to show...
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...Kitch 1 Tristan Kitch Mrs. Hayden IB Biology HL 2 8 September 2014 An Investigation of the Effect of Wavelength on Photosynthesis DESIGN: Research Question: The purpose of this lab is to determine how the wavelength of light that alfalfa sprouts are exposed to affects the rate of photosynthesis in those plants. Hypothesis: Photosynthesis will occur at the highest frequency when the alfalfa plants are exposed to blue light (475 nm) ("What Wavelength Goes With a Color?"). The second highest amount of photosynthesis will occur when the alfalfa plants are exposed to red light (650 nm) ("What Wavelength Goes With a Color?"), and the lowest amount of photosynthesis will occur when the alfalfa plants are exposed to green light (510 nm) ("What Wavelength Goes With a Color?"). This is because the pigments in the plants’ chloroplasts, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, absorb the most light in the blue color range, the second most light (of the selected colors) in the red range, and the least amount of light in the green range (see Figure 1). Kitch 2 Figure 1: Amount of Light Absorbed by Chloroplast Pigments Chlorophyll a absorbs the most light in the blue to indigo and red to orange ranges, chlorophyll b absorbs the most light in the blue and orange ranges, and carotenoids absorb the most light in the blue to blue-green range (“Absorption Spectrum”). Background: Originally, an experiment was run using chloroplast solutions rather than alfalfa...
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...1 – Invitation to Biology Name Bassam Farid Define BIOLOGY-- The study of life and living organisms Describe 3 Similar Characteristics of Living Organisms 1. Continual inputs of energy and the cycling of materials maintain life’s complex organization 2. Organisms sense and respond to change 3. DNA inherited from parents is the basis of growth and reproduction in all organisms List levels of Life’s organization from smallest to largest.Atom.molecule,cell,organism Understand interactions between producers, consumers, decomposers Energy comes from Nutrients and raw material from environment, and photosynthesis . List 3 important functions of DNA. 1. Grow 2. Develop 3.Reproduce Key Terms: emergent properties energy homeostasis mutation adaptive trait nature natural selection evolution Know the 3 Domains of Life for classification | | | 1.bacteria,archaea,eukaryotes | | | Compare prokaryotes versus eukaryotes--Prokaryotes one celled and Eukaryotes multicellularsdsdsdsdsdsdsPrrrsdsProkaryotes one celled and Eukaryotes multicellularProkaryotes one celled and Eukaryotes multicellularProkaryotes one celled and Eukaryotes multicellular | | | List 4 categories of eukaryotes | | | 1.Animals ...
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...Biomass Lab Design Research Question: How will the amount of soil added to the pot affect the growth of the plant? Background Information: Plants gain biomass through photosynthesis which sunlight produces energy and converts carbon dioxide along with water to carbohydrates and oxygen. Plant materials such as soil and fertilizer can also be used to produce biomass and produce biofuel from the nutrients. Hypothesis: If more soil is added to the plants pot, then more biomass will produce in the plant. Explanation: I predict the more soil the plant has, the more biomass it will have, because if the plant has more soil it will be supplied to more nutrients to absorb. As a plant absorbs more nutrients it will grow with the amount it takes in causing more biomass to be produced. Independent Variables: The amount of soil Dependent Variables: The total amount of biomass produced Materials: ● Beaker ● 3 Pots ● Soil ● Basil Seeds ● Water ● An area with accessible light ● Textbook or a heavy book ● Scale ● Pencil ● Paper Towels ● Measuring Cup Procedures: 1) Gather all materials and buy things as needed from a local store such as Home Depot. You will need a Beaker, a pot, soil, basil seeds, water, an area with accessible sunlight, a textbook or an heavy object, a scale, a pencil, paper towels , and a measuring cup 2) Set up a shelf or empty area in front of a window and display the pot so that the plant will ...
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...7Student Contract 1. Attendance – Science is a subject where everyday something new is being taught. If a student is absent, a note must be presented to his/her teacher when the student returns to class. This note must have information i.e. phone number, contact person and reason for absence. 2. Lateness – Lateness will be taken very seriously and will affect a student’s grade. Students are expected to come to class on time. If you come to class late you must sign the late log and provide the reason for your lateness (i.e. late pass) GRADING POLICY Every student has the right to see how their grade is calculated. In order to discuss individual grade calculations you can set up an appointment during your teacher’s office hours. Your science teacher will explain the grading policy during this meeting. Your child’s grades will also be available for you to view on line through a program called Pupil Path, www.Pupilpath.com Your child will receive the instructions and passwords for this within the first week of school. • Class participation –Class participation covers every aspect of a student’s behavior in the classroom. This includes the questions you ask, the comments you make, the notes you take, completion of class work, notebook check, presenting your reference tables and your prompt arrival to class. Students are expected to remain on task while in class and are accountable for their conduct. Class participation is 20% of your grade • Homework...
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...Rate of Fermentation (How Yeast Get Energy) Purpose: To study how the rate of fermentation by yeast cells is affected by the concentration of molasses. You will be using yeast cells (microscopic organisms) and molasses (a product of photosynthesis in sugar cane). You will measure the rate of fermentation by measuring how much carbon dioxide (CO2) is given off by the yeast cells over a certain period of time. Materials Goggles 6 test tubes (18mm x 150 mm, for example), rimless is best 6 test tubes (10mm x 75 mm, for example), rimless is best 50 mL graduated cylinder Medium sized beaker (for waste) Test tube rack Metric rule 6 little squares of aluminum foil (about 4 cm by 4 cm) 100 mL beaker with 50 mL of 25% molasses solution 20 mL of yeast suspension Dropper Marking pen Masking tape Introduction to the Student Even cells as small as yeast cells need to obtain the energy to carry out life processes. Because yeast cells are so small, they do not require as much energy from their food as large multicellular organisms do. Yeast use a process called fermentation. What is fermentation? Fermentation is a way for cells to get energy without using oxygen. Small organisms can break down complex organic substances such as sugar into simpler ones and release the energy that is in the carbon-carbon bonds. The waste products of this process are molecules such as ethyl alcohol and lactic acid, as well as other. Human beings have...
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...radiation per square meter. In one second the sun produces energy to meet the current needs of the entire Earth for 500,000 years. Solar energy used to photosynthesis. 99.99% of solar radiation goes to waste. Solar energy will never run out and it is very abundant and clean. Solar energy has been used by humans for thousands of years. For example, ancient cultures used energy from the sun to keep warm by starting fires with it. They also kept their homes warm through passive solar energy designs. Buildings were designed so that walls and floors collected solar heat during the day that was released at night to keep them warm. If you have ever stood in the sun to get warm then you too have utilized solar thermal energy. The discovery of photovoltaic happened in 1839 when the French physicist Edmond Becquerel first showed photovoltaic activity. Edmond had found that electrical current in certain materials could be increased when exposed to light. 66 years later, in 1905, we gained an understanding of Edmonds' work when the famous physicist Albert Einstein clearly described the photoelectric effect, the principle on which photovoltaic are based. In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for his theories on the photoelectric effect. Solar cells of practical use have been available since the mid 1950’s when AT&T Labs first developed 6% efficient silicon solar cells. By 1960 Hoffman Electronics increased commercial solar cell efficiencies to as much as 14% and today...
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...Lab 1 – Introduction to Science Exercise 1: The Scientific Method Dissolved oxygen is oxygen that is trapped in a fluid, such as water. Since many living organisms require oxygen to survive, it is a necessary component of water systems such as streams, lakes, and rivers in order to support aquatic life. The dissolved oxygen is measured in units of parts per million (ppm). Examine the data in Table 4 showing the amount of dissolved oxygen present and the number of fish observed in the body of water the sample was taken from and then answer the questions below. QUESTIONS 1. Make an observation – Based on the data in Table 4, describe the relationship between dissolved oxygen content and fish populations in the body of water. Discuss the pattern observed in the data set. Answer = as the Dissolved Oxygen goes up the greater the survival rate is for the fishes. The pattern for the Dissolved Oxygen goes up by two’s and the number of fish has a unique pattern when matched with the dissolved oxygen. Pattern (2, 4 ppm)…..the fishes decrease by one. (6, 8 ppm)……the fishes increase by 4 (10, 12 ppm)…the fishes increase by 3 (14, 16 ppm)….the fishes decreases by 4 18 ppm…..the fishes decreases by 5 2. Do background research – Utilizing at least one scholarly source, describe how variations in dissolved oxygen content in a body of water can affect fish populations. Answer = According to research the dissolved...
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... |Title |Page No. | |1 |Observation and Description |2 | |2 |Formulation, Testing of Hypothesis, |6 | | |and Experimental Design | | |3 |The Use of Models and Controls |9 | |4 |Plant and Animal Tissues |14 | |5 |Cellular Respiration |22 | |6 |Photosynthesis |27 | |7 |Phylogeny and Systematics: Survey of Plant and Animal Families |30 | | | | | |8 |Plant Form and Function ...
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...Lab 1 – Introduction to Science Exercise 1: The Scientific Method Dissolved oxygen is oxygen that is trapped in a fluid, such as water. Since many living organisms require oxygen to survive, it is a necessary component of water systems such as streams, lakes, and rivers in order to support aquatic life. The dissolved oxygen is measured in units of parts per million (ppm). Examine the data in Table 4 showing the amount of dissolved oxygen present and the number of fish observed in the body of water the sample was taken from and then answer the questions below. QUESTIONS 1. Make an observation – Based on the data in Table 4, describe the relationship between dissolved oxygen content and fish populations in the body of water. Discuss the pattern observed in the data set. Answer = quantitative because you can measure the dissolved oxygen and number of fish observed 2. Do background research – Utilizing at least one scholarly source, describe how variations in dissolved oxygen content in a body of water can affect fish populations. Answer = “Dissolved oxygen is necessary to many forms of life including fish, invertebrates, bacteria and plants. These organisms use oxygen in respiration, similar to organisms on land. Fish and crustaceans obtain oxygen for respiration through their gills, while plant life and phytoplankton require dissolved oxygen for respiration when there is no light for photosynthesis 4. The amount of dissolved oxygen needed varies...
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