...Part 1 | Part 2 If drugs were to disappear from the bodybuilding scene, in what state would this leave the sport? How would the inevitable "down-sizing" of competitors' affect the marketability of what is essentially a pursuit of extremes? Competitors and the paying public alike have increasingly puzzled over this dilemma as the sport has evolved into a quest to out-size the next guy, an activity where winning at all costs has become the main aim. In fact, never in the history of sport in general and bodybuilding in particular has there been a more contentious issue: drug use among the elite. In many respects the lay public and, more disturbingly, the media, even tend to associate bodybuilding, and bodybuilders with drug use, like the two are somehow inextricably connected. The truth is, there are two definite camps on the issue: one that considers a drug-free approach the best option for all concerned, and those who support the individual's right to use every advantage to win. While some feel that a drug-free stance would sanitise the sport to where it is more publicly accepted, thus helping to remove the sideshow status it is often encumbered with, others feel any professional sport has its risks and that all advantages must be taken to win at the highest level. And although anabolic drugs such as anabolic/androgenic steroids, insulin and Human Growth Hormone do help the bodybuilder to achieve their full potential as athletes, reported drawbacks to the use of such...
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...cells in order to accommodate with the changes in the environment. Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of the individual cells leading to the enlargement of the affected organ without changing the number of cells. It occurs when the cells are unable to divide. Hyperplasia is the formation of more cells. The cell number is increased and the cells are replicating. As a result, the tissue increases in size. Atrophy is when the cell size is decreased by reducing its functional parts becoming atrophic. Metaplasia is where one tissue type is replaced by...
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...Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation In order to function properly, the cells and tissues have to maintain a steady state (homeostasis)- the cells must constantly adapt cellular adaptation- is the state between a normal unstressed cell and the overstressed injured cell -by definition - an adaptative process is reversible -within defined limits, all the cells are capable of adapting to a variety of stimuli which may upset normality NORMAL CELL GROWTH -Normal tissue growth depends on a balance between the number of cells actively dividing and the number of the cells dying -the cells of the body can be divided into 3 groups on the basis of their regenerative capacity- they respond differently to stress and injury 1.- Labile cell ( intermitotic) 2.- Stable cell ( reversible postmitotic ) 3.- Permanent cell ( irreversible postmitotic) The cell cycle and types of cells Proliferating cells occupy several functional states between two mitoses. The cell cycle consists of G1 gap (presynthetic), S (DNA synthesis), G2 gap (premitotic) and M (mitotic ) phases. The cells may leave cell cycle during G1 and then they either cease proliferation, differentiate or eventually die or they enter G0 phase, resting phase from which they can be eventually recruited back to the cycle. G0 phase is a non-proliferative and is known as growth arrest 1.- Labile cells- continuously dividing cells- they continue to proliferate, remain all the time in cell cycle ...
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...Christopher Gambs Professor Sharon Ross English 102 8 August 2015 O’Keefe, James H. et al. “Potential Adverse Cardiovascular Effects from Excessive Endurance Exercise.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 87.6 (2012): 587–595. PMC. Web. 8 Aug. 2015. I found this article by searching Google Scholar, and using a string search of “Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy” + endurance athlete. This type of search returned a moderate amount of results in which to start my research. This article was written as a peer review for the Mayo Clinic website. The article contains a significant amount of information describing different scientific studies performed in regards to high intensity exercise performed by endurance athletes vs. people who lead a sedentary lifestyle, with little or no exercise at all. It also touches on describing exercise as a pharmacological agent, as in performing exercise in moderation (a “recommended dose”), or exercising to the extreme, which could be considered an excessive dose. The article also points out how exercise can be used in the prevention of certain disease processes, such as diabetes, hypertension and coronary artery disease. I think this peer review is somewhat biased towards exercise in moderation, because a lot of the studies reviewed tend to point out the negative effects of endurance sports and the training that goes along with them. Although this article is somewhat biased towards minimalist types of exercise, I believe it will be beneficial to my research...
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...activity. Her health history includes: hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, aortic stenosis and osteoporosis. Past surgical procedures include tubal ligation. She is on a cardiac diet, is allergic to aspirin, never smoked, and never used illegal drugs. Cardiovascular Risk Factors By taking a quick glance at her medical record, she is at risk for cardiovascular disease, due to the fact that she is a postmenopausal female, over 65, has hypertension, she lives a sedentary life, and she has aortic stenosis. Other cardiovascular risk factors include cigarette smoking and obesity, but fortunately she does not smoke, nor is she obese. Mrs. G.Y. is 71 years old, and several physiologic changes occur with aging, and these changes result in a loss of cardiac reserve. Some of these physiologic changes include calcification of mitral and aortic valves, left ventricle increases in size, becomes less distensible and stiff. Fibrotic changes in the left ventricle decrease the...
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...is a system or subsystem with internal and external environment Each exchange information. This communication/interaction- dynamic balance or steady state. Health promotion is impt =fostering awareness influencing attitudes and identifying alternatives so that people can make choices to achieve optimal level of physical and mental health. Health of man are affected by diff risk factors such as Genetic or biologic= age, race and family history Behavioral its lifestyle- stress/diet/lack of exercise/smoking/drugs/uncleanliness Internal Constancy Constancy – ( Fluid bathing the cells) is maintained by both physiologic and biochemical processes Homeostasis –necessary adjustment body can rapidly make to maintain its internal composition Adaptation –responses the individual make to function adequately under changed conditions of the environment Maintenance of steady state to the health of man is under the control of the body regulating processes. The compensatory mech are always on operation to...
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...returned from the body through the inferior (IVC) and superior (SVC) venae cavae to the right atrium and from lungs through pulmonary veins to the left atrium. In diastolic failure, if the patient has symptoms, there is a pathologic cause instigating them. Diastolic dysfunction can be found when doing a Doppler echocardiography in an apparently healthy patient, chiefly in an elderly person.1 1.1.2Causes Any condition or process that prompts to hardening of the left ventricle can prompt to diastolic dysfunction. Causes of left ventricular LV hardening include: -A long-standing hypertension where, as a result of left ventricular muscle hypertrophy caused by the high pressure, the left ventricle has become firm. -Aortic stenosis AS of any cause where the ventricular muscle becomes hypertrophied, and there upon Harden, as a result of the increased pressure load placed on it by the stenosis. –Diabetes -Age – elderly patients predominantly if they have hypertension. -Causes of segregated right ventricular diastolic failure are exceptional. These causes include: ...
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...what remains is more important, with this in consideration preventive prosthodontics can be appropriately applied highlighting the importance of delaying or eliminating future prosthodontic treatment. In this case study mandibular tooth supported BPS (bio-functional prosthetic system) overdenture and maxillary flexible partial denture was fabricated for the patient. This gives the patient a denture that has more support and retentive principles incorporated, resulting in improved retention. Decrease in rate of resorption of bone hence preservation of alveolar ridge. Overdenture patient possessed preserved sensory function, i.e., discriminating between occlusal forces closer to natural teeth. These factors greatly enhance the patient’s physiologic coordination and ability to control the denture. INTRODUCTION Preventive dentistry is defined as procedures employed in practice of dentistry and community dental health programs, which prevent the occurrence of oral diseases and oral abnormalities. (Euro j prosthodont) Preventive prosthodontics emphasizes the importance of any procedure that can delay or eliminate future prosthodontic problems. (Kalpana.C, Vamsi Prasad.K. Seeing the Unseen : Preventive Prosthodontics : Use of Overlay Removable Dental Prosthesis. Annals and Essences of Dentistry Vol.-II Issue 3 July – Sept. 2010. P 44-49) The overdenture is defined as a removable partial denture or complete denture that covers and rests on one or more remaining natural teeth, the...
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...(HLHS) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a complex congenital heart defect (CHD), it is spectrum of congenital cardiac defects characterized by “underdevelopment of the left heart significant hypoplasia of the left ventricle including atresia, stenosis, or hypoplasia of the aortic and/or mitral valves as well as the ascending aorta and aortic arch. occurring in 2 per 10 000 livebirths. It is fatal without surgical intervention and responsible for 25% to 40% of all neonatal cardiac mortality. There are three main types of HLHS: 1)Aortic atresia with mitral atresia: most severe, retrograde blood flow, and systemic output is entirely PDA dependent. 2- Aortic atresia with patent mitral valve: inflow without outflow, resulting in LV hypertrophy. 3-Aortic valve stenosis with patent mitral valve: antegrade blood flow, mild end of the HLHS spectrum....
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...medical problems and the physical changes of aging. Identification of an illness can be overlooked simply because symptoms might be reported vaguely. Multiple overlapping factors such as environmental, sociologic, physiologic and psychologic aspects need to be considered in the nursing assessment. It’s essential that nurses recognize atypical presentations of illness in older adults early to help improve patient care. Early detection can reduce the risk of missed diagnoses, death and/or prolonged hospitalization, and reduce rates of co-morbidity from treatable geriatric syndromes (GrayMiceli, 2007). Aging causes physiologic changes to the body. These normal age related changes could be similar to changes seen in the presence of pathological conditions. This causes a problem when normal changes mask early signs of an acute illness. Changes to the musculoskeletal system can affect a patient’s ability to function. Reduced bone mineral density leads to osteoporosis and an increased risk for fall-related fractures (Ebersole, Hess, Touhy, & Jett 2012, p. 48-49). Age related changes to the cardiovascular system are myocardial and blood vessel stiffening, decreased beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness, impaired autonomic reflex control of the heart rate, left ventricular hypertrophy, and fibrosis (Ebersole et al., 2012, p. 49). The older heart might not be able to compensate for physical conditions that impose added cardiac demand,...
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...infarction and its pathogenesis. 2. Describe the sequence of changes involved in myocardial infarction. 3. List the major physiologic and morphologic complications of myocardial infarction. 4. Describe management of myocardial infarction. 5. Discuss patient teaching of myocardial infarction. Definition Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is an irreversible necrosis of the heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia. This usually results from an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand, which is most often caused by plaque rupture with thrombus formation in a coronary vessel, resulting in an acute reduction of blood supply to a portion of the myocardium. (Zafari, 2011) Etiology The etiology of MI is predominantly from atherosclerosis i.e. coronary artery narrowing due to plaque formation. Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis includes: age, sex, family history of premature coronary heart disease, etc. Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis includes: smoking or other tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and/or lack of exercise, psychosocial stress, poor oral hygiene, etc. Non-atherosclerotic causes of MI include the following: • Coronary occlusion secondary to vasculitis • Ventricular hypertrophy (e.g., left ventricular hypertrophy, idiopathic hypertrophic sub-aortic stenosis [IHSS], underlying valve disease) • Coronary artery emboli, secondary to cholesterol...
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...Respiratory rate: 15 breaths/min • Constitutional: Appears well nourished and well developed and alert, oriented and cooperative. • Head: Normocephalic and atraumatic. • Eyes: Bilateral conjunctiva normal with no jaundice noted. • Ears, nose and throat: Ears: External auditory canals and tympanic membranes clear bilaterally. With hearing grossly intact with. No nasal discharge. and the oral and pharynx are normal. Teeth and gingiva in fair condition fillings noted in some teeth. Nose: no external lesions, mucosa non-inflamed with septum and turbinates normal. No nasal flaring noted. Mouth/throat: Oral and pharynx are normal. Teeth and gingiva in fair condition fillings noted in some teeth Pharynx mucosa non-inflamed with no tonsillar hypertrophy or exudate. No erythema. • Neck: Supple without lymphadenopathy. • Lungs: Clear without rales, rhonchi, wheezing or any diminished breath sounds. Good excursions. • Cardiovascular: Regular rate and rhythm with normal S1, S2 without murmur, gallop, or rub heard. • Gastrointestinal: Soft and non-tender and non-distended. No hepatosplenomegaly or masses. Bowel sounds are active. • Genitourinary: Not assessed in this clinical encounter • Neurological: Alert and oriented X 3 with normal strength and tone. No focal deficits noted. Diagnostic Tests: There are many specific tests that can strengthen and confirm the diagnosis of atrophic vaginitis. In this case, vaginal pH would be above normal postmenopausal usually pH exceeding 5 which is...
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...Geriatrics Geriatrics Jennifer P. Dugan, Pharm.D., BCPS Clinical Assistant Professor University of Colorado Colorado, Denver Updates in Therapeutics: The Pharmacotherapy Preparatory Review and Recertification Course 31 Geriatrics Learning Objectives: The following case pertains to questions 2 and 3. J.T. is an 82-year-old community-dwelling woman with a history of stage III Parkinson disease, hypertension, and urinary incontinence (UI). She is receiving carbidopa/levodopa, pramipexole, selegiline, tolterodine, diazepam, metoprolol, and hydrochlorothiazide. When she comes to your pharmacy to get her prescriptions, she walks slowly with a cane, and she is stooped over. 1. Identify age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in older people. 2. Evaluate the pharmacotherapy regimens of older people to support the maintenance of optimal physical and mental function. 3. Identify inappropriate medication prescribing in older people. 4. Recommend appropriate pharmacotherapy for patients with dementia. 5. Evaluate the risks and benefits of the use of antipsychotics (APs) (including atypical APs) in older patients with dementia. 6. Recommend appropriate interventions for patients suffering from behavioral symptoms related to dementia. 7. Identify the types of urinary incontinence and recommend appropriate treatments. 8. Given a patient’s American Urology Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia, recommend...
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...Final exam study guide: Cancer: Know the difference between Benign and Malignant tumors. Classification of tumors Benign neoplasm Well differentiated Usually encapsulated Kidneys have their own capsule so is easier to catch Expansive mode of growth Characteristics similar to parent cell Metastasis is absent. Rarely recur Classification of tumors Malignant neoplasm May range from well differentiated to undifferentiated Able to metastasize Infiltrative and expansive growth Frequent recurrence Moderate to marked vascularity Rarely encapsulated Becomes less like parent cell Check Moles and Freckles Shows differentiation Hair growing = blood supply = no differentiation = CANCER * Know the warning signs/clinical manifestations of cancer. * CAUTION: * Change in bowel or bladder habits * A sore that does not heal * Unusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice * Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere * Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing * Obvious change in a wart or mole * Nagging cough or hoarseness Know the different staging, grading and classifications of cancer. Clinical staging classifications * 0: Cancer in situ * 1: Tumor limited to tissue of origin; localized tumor growth * 2: Limited local spread * 3: Extensive local and regional spread * 4: Metastasis * 0 – enclosed extremely localzed * 1 – only in tissue...
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...diomyopathy Topic presentation on Cardiomyopathy Topic presentation on Cardiomyopathy INDEX S.N | CONTENT | PG.NO | 1 | Introduction | 5 | 2 | Definition Cardiomyopathy | 5 | 3 | Classification | 6 | 4 | Risk Factors | 7 | 5 | Clinical Manifestations | 7 | 6 | Diagnostic Evaluation | 7-9 | 7 | Dilated CardiomyopathyDefinition,Charecteristics,Types , Causes,Diagnostic Evaluation,Pathophysiology,Clinical Manifestations,Medical Management | 10-17 | 8 | Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyIncidence,Causes,Charecteristics,Clinical Manifestations,Medical And Nursing Management | 18-21 | 9 | Restrictive Cardiomyopathy-Other Names,Causes,Pathophysiology,Clinical Manifestations,Diagnostic Evaluation,Medical Management | 23-26 | 10 | Surgical management | 27-32 | 11 | Prevention | | 12 | Nursing Management,Home Care Management | 32-40 | 13 | Complications | 40-42 | 14 | Conclusion | 42 | 15 | Research Abstract | 42-43 | 16 | References | 44 | GENERAL OBJECTIVE: On completion of the course the students aquires indepth knowledge regarding cardiomyopathy and able to apply this knowledge with a positive attitude. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: On completion of the course the students are able to ...
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