Free Essay

Physiological Changes

In:

Submitted By olivill
Words 3447
Pages 14
-------------------------------------------------
Top of Form

Bottom of Form
Other Free Encyclopedias » Medicine Encyclopedia » Aging Healthy - Part 3
Physiological Changes

age aging differences aging age disease deterioration
Ads by Google

It is evident even from casual observation of physical activities, such as walking, that elderly people exhibit a deterioration of physiological processes. Moreover, the inability of athletes to continue peak performance when they reach their thirties or forties indicates that deterioration begins at a relatively young age and progresses in severity from that point on. Indeed, many studies have confirmed that most physiological processes deteriorate progressively after about thirty years of age, some functions more severely affected than others.
Most of the research on age-associated physiological deterioration has utilized cross-sectional studies; that is, subjects of different ages are studied at a given point in time (e.g., the calendar year 1990). These are called cross-sectional studies because the data are collected from a cross section of the population. Since this study design provides information quickly and relatively inexpensively, it is widely used. However, because of generational factors and selective mortality, the cross-sectional design can yield erroneous information about aging.
An example of how a generational factor may confound an aging study is illustrated by a hypothetical 1970 cross-sectional study of cognitive function in which Americans in the third decade of life were compared with those in the tenth decade. It is critical to note that the average number of years of schooling of Americans has increased markedly during the twentieth century. Therefore, if this study finds cognitive ability of those in the tenth decade of life to be less than in those in the third decade, it may be due to the difference in educational level or to age-associated deterioration or to a combination of both. Such a study will not show to what extent aging per se plays a role in the findings.
Selective mortality refers to the fact that with increasing age, there is a decrease in the fraction of a birth cohort still alive, and that, on average, those with risk factors for common fatal diseases will die at younger ages than the rest of the cohort. Take, for example, a blood substance known to be a risk factor for a fatal disease. If it is lower in the tenth decade than in the seventh decade, it probably results from the fact that most of the cohort with high levels died before reaching the tenth decade, and not because of an age-associated decrease in blood level of this substance.
In summary, in studies with a cross-sectional design, the findings define age differences within a population at a point in time. These differences may or may not be due to aging, and further studies are needed to assess the role of aging.
One approach for this assessment is the use of longitudinal studies in which the same subjects are studied repeatedly over extended periods of time, for example, ten or twenty years. Such studies circumvent some of the problems inherent in cross-sectional studies, but longitudinal studies are costly and time-consuming. Moreover, they require that most subjects participate throughout the lengthy study, and that their environment and lifestyle do not change during the entire study. In addition, the methodology (analytic methods, instrumentation and skills of the technical personnel) used in the physiological measurements must be stable over this prolonged period of time. One can see that it is difficult to meet the many requirements of a longitudinal study.
Ads by Google
Another approach has been the use of a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal study designs. The bottom line is that investigators must be alert to the possibility of confounders when using the cross-sectional design, and thus, they should be open to utilizing various other approaches in their assessment of the changes in physiological processes due to aging.
Diseases that do not occur until, or increase in frequency at, advanced ages are called age-associated diseases. Coronary heart disease, stoke, many types of cancer, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and osteoarthritis are examples of such diseases commonly found in elderly people. Indeed, age-associated disease underlies much of the physiological deterioration of old age. However, many investigators have chosen to select subjects who are free of discernible disease in what they refer to as the study of "normal aging." Not surprisingly, such studies have shown remarkably little physiological deterioration in those elderly subjects who are free of disease. For example, Edward Lakatta and his colleagues at the National Institute on Aging in Baltimore have found little deterioration of cardiovascular function even at advanced ages in subjects screened for the absence of coronary heart disease by the sensitive thallium stress test. However, it must be emphasized that "normal aging" is atypical, and that age-associated disease is the rule rather than the exception at advanced ages. Moreover, the concepts of evolutionary biology point to age-associated diseases as an integral part of aging.
In 1969, Ewald Busse of Duke University proposed the concept of primary and secondary aging. Primary aging was defined as universal age-changes, including physiological changes, that are not caused by disease or environmental influences. Secondary aging was defined as changes involving interactions between primary aging and environmental influences and disease. This concept is gradually being discarded because of advances in our knowledge of the evolutionary biology of aging and the recognition that most genes do not function in a vacuum; rather, their expression is clearly the result of gene-environment interaction.
In humans as well as in many other species, there is much individual variation in occurrence, magnitude, and rate of progression of deterioration of the physiological systems. John W. Rowe of Mt. Sinai Medical Center in New York City and Robert L. Kahn of the University of Michigan have proposed the concept of "successful aging" to refer to the elderly who exhibit little physiological deterioration. They believe that factors, such as exercise, diet, personal habits and psychosocial influences, play the major role in achieving "successful aging." This focus is unfortunate because it is the interaction between genes and environment that usually plays the major role in physiological functions rather than genes per se or environment per se. Another concern is the implication by Rowe and Kahn that advanced age culminating in death occurs without marked physiological deterioration in those undergoing "successful aging." The facts simply do not support this. Most centenarians exhibit much physiological deterioration, although any of these individuals would have been described in their ninth decade of life as having undergone "successful aging." It is perhaps more appropriate to say that aging occurs slowly in some people, rather than to say they have undergone "successful aging."
EDWARD J. MASORO
See also EVOLUTION OF AGING; SUCCESSFUL AGING; SURVEYS; THEORIES OF BIOLOGICAL AGING.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LAKITTA, E. G. "Cardiovascular Regulatory Mechanisms in Advanced Age." Physiological Reviews 73 (1993): 413–467.
MASORO, E. J., ed. Handbook of Physiology, Section 11, Aging. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
MILLER, R. A. "Aging and Immune Response." In Handbook of the Biology of Aging, 4th ed. Edited by E. L. Schneider and J. W. Rowe. San Diego: Academic Press, 1996.
ROWE, J. W., and KAHN, R. L. Successful Aging. New York: Pantheon, 1998.
SPIRDUSO, W. W. Physical Dimensions of Aging. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics, 1995.
TALLIS, R.; FILLET, H.; and BROCKLEHURST, J. C., eds. Brocklehurst's Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, 5th ed. London: Churchill-Livingstone, 1998.
Ads by Google
Anti-Aging Treatment effective laser procedure in Seoul.
Want younger looking skin? Call now english.hus-hu.com/dermatology Liver symptoms test
Wonder if you have liver disorder.
Take a simple liver questionnaire www.essentiale-asia.com Team NeuroDynamics - EEG
Score Cognition of 3-6 Person Teams
Advanced Brain Monitoring, Inc. advancedbrainmonitoring.com Facebook - Official Site
Kumonekta sa Kaibigan, Kapamilya at
Kaklase. Gumawa ng Profile Ngayon! www.Facebook.com Fibroblast Cells Physiological Changes - Fibroblasts In Vivo, Fibroblasts In Culture, The Senescent Phenotype, Causes Of The Senescence Response [next] [back] Physical Therapy for the Elderly - Assessment, Treatment, Conclusion - Interdisciplinary approach

Citing this material
Please include a link to this page if you have found this material useful for research or writing a related article. Content on this website is from high-quality, licensed material originally published in print form. You can always be sure you're reading unbiased, factual, and accurate information.
Highlight the text below, right-click, and select “copy”. Paste the link into your website, email, or any other HTML document.

User Comments
The following comments are not guaranteed to be that of a trained medical professional. Please consult your physician for advice.
-------------------------------------------------
Top of Form
Name
Email
Your email address will be altered so spam harvesting bots can't read it easily.
Hide my email completely instead?
Body

Cancel or
Bottom of Form
Copyright © 2013 Net Industries and its Licensors – All Rights Reserved – Terms of Use

Read more: Physiological Changes - Age, Aging, Differences, Aging, and Age - JRank Articles http://medicine.jrank.org/pages/1343/Physiological-Changes.html#ixzz2Ke09U200

| Search over 100 encyclopedias and dictionaries:Top of Form | Search |
Bottom of Form | Research categories | Follow us on Twitter | |
Encyclopedia.com > Encyclopedias, Almanacs, Transcripts, and Maps > Encyclopedia of Aging

Physiological Changes
Encyclopedia of Aging | 2002 | Masoro, Edward J. | 700+ words | Copyright
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
It is evident even from casual observation of physical activities, such as walking, that elderly people exhibit a deterioration of physiological processes. Moreover, the inability of athletes to continue peak performance when they reach their thirties or forties indicates that deterioration begins at a relatively young age and progresses in severity from that point on. Indeed, many studies have confirmed that most physiological processes deteriorate progressively after about thirty years of age, some functions more severely affected than others.
Most of the research on age-associated physiological deterioration has utilized cross-sectional studies; that is, subjects of different ages are studied at a given point in time (e.g., the calendar year 1990). These are called cross-sectional studies because the data are collected from a cross section of the population. Since this study design provides information quickly and relatively inexpensively, it is widely used. However, because of generational factors and selective mortality, the cross-sectional design can yield erroneous information about aging.
An example of how a generational factor may confound an aging study is illustrated by a hypothetical 1970 cross-sectional study of cognitive function in which Americans in the third decade of life were compared with those in the tenth decade. It is critical to note that the average number of years of schooling of Americans has increased markedly during the twentieth century. Therefore, if this study finds cognitive ability of those in the tenth decade of life to be less than in those in the third decade, it may be due to the difference in educational level or to age-associated deterioration or to a combination of both. Such a study will not show to what extent aging per se plays a role in the findings.
Selective mortality refers to the fact that with increasing age, there is a decrease in the fraction of a birth cohort still alive, and that, on average, those with risk factors for common fatal diseases will die at younger ages than the rest of the cohort. Take, for example, a blood substance known to be a risk factor for a fatal disease. If it is lower in the tenth decade than in the seventh decade, it probably results from the fact that most of the cohort with high levels died before reaching the tenth decade, and not because of an age-associated decrease in blood level of this substance.
In summary, in studies with a cross-sectional design, the findings define age differences within a population at a point in time. These differences may or may not be due to aging, and further studies are needed to assess the role of aging.
One approach for this assessment is the use of longitudinal studies in which the same subjects are studied repeatedly over extended periods of time, for example, ten or twenty years. Such studies circumvent some of the problems inherent in cross-sectional studies, but longitudinal studies are costly and time-consuming. Moreover, they require that most subjects participate throughout the lengthy study, and that their environment and lifestyle do not change during the entire study. In addition, the methodology (analytic methods, instrumentation and skills of the technical personnel) used in the physiological measurements must be stable over this prolonged period of time. One can see that it is difficult to meet the many requirements of a longitudinal study.
Another approach has been the use of a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal study designs. The bottom line is that investigators must be alert to the possibility of confounders when using the cross-sectional design, and thus, they should be open to utilizing various other approaches in their assessment of the changes in physiological processes due to aging.
Diseases that do not occur until, or increase in frequency at, advanced ages are called age-associated diseases. Coronary heart disease, stoke, many types of cancer, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and osteoarthritis are examples of such diseases commonly found in elderly people. Indeed, age-associated disease underlies much of the physiological deterioration of old age. However, many investigators have chosen to select subjects who are free of discernible disease in what they refer to as the study of "normal aging." Not surprisingly, such studies have shown remarkably little physiological deterioration in those elderly subjects who are free of disease. For example, Edward Lakatta and his colleagues at the National Institute on Aging in Baltimore have found little deterioration of cardiovascular function even at advanced ages in subjects screened for the absence of coronary heart disease by the sensitive thallium stress test. However, it must be emphasized that "normal aging" is atypical, and that age-associated disease is the rule rather than the exception at advanced ages. Moreover, the concepts of evolutionary biology point to age-associated diseases as an integral part of aging.
In 1969, Ewald Busse of Duke University proposed the concept of primary and secondary aging. Primary aging was defined as universal age-changes, including physiological changes, that are not caused by disease or environmental influences. Secondary aging was defined as changes involving interactions between primary aging and environmental influences and disease. This concept is gradually being discarded because of advances in our knowledge of the evolutionary biology of aging and the recognition that most genes do not function in a vacuum; rather, their expression is clearly the result of gene-environment interaction.
In humans as well as in many other species, there is much individual variation in occurrence, magnitude, and rate of progression of deterioration of the physiological systems. John W. Rowe of Mt. Sinai Medical Center in New York City and Robert L. Kahn of the University of Michigan have proposed the concept of "successful aging" to refer to the elderly who exhibit little physiological deterioration. They believe that factors, such as exercise, diet, personal habits and psychosocial influences, play the major role in achieving "successful aging." This focus is unfortunate because it is the interaction between genes and environment that usually plays the major role in physiological functions rather than genes per se or environment per se. Another concern is the implication by Rowe and Kahn that advanced age culminating in death occurs without marked physiological deterioration in those undergoing "successful aging." The facts simply do not support this. Most centenarians exhibit much physiological deterioration, although any of these individuals would have been described in their ninth decade of life as having undergone "successful aging." It is perhaps more appropriate to say that aging occurs slowly in some people, rather than to say they have undergone "successful aging."
Edward J. Masoro
See also Evolution of Aging; Successful Aging; Surveys; Theories of Biological Aging.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Lakitta, E. G. "Cardiovascular Regulatory Mechanisms in Advanced Age." Physiological Reviews 73 (1993): 413–467.
Masoro, E. J., ed. Handbook of Physiology, Section 11, Aging. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Miller, R. A. "Aging and Immune Response." In Handbook of the Biology of Aging, 4th ed. Edited by E. L. Schneider and J. W. Rowe. San Diego: Academic Press, 1996.
Rowe, J. W., and Kahn, R. L. Successful Aging. New York: Pantheon, 1998.
Spirduso, W. W. Physical Dimensions of Aging. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics, 1995.
Tallis, R.; Fillet, H.; and Brocklehurst, J. C., eds. Brocklehurst's Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, 5th ed. London: Churchill-Livingstone, 1998.
Cite this article
Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.
Masoro, Edward J.. "Physiological Changes." Encyclopedia of Aging. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2013 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Learn more about citation styles
Related newspaper, magazine, and trade journal articles from Questia
(Including press releases, facts, information, and biographies) | Physiological Effects of Neonatal Management
Magazine article from: Pre- and Peri-natal Psychology Journal ...interdependence between the physiological and psychological aspects...through research to be not only physiological in substance but also psychological...interdependence between the physiological and psychological aspects...Expectant parents are demanding changes in both the labor and delivery... | | The Relationship between Thinking Patterns and Physiological Symptoms of Stress
Magazine article from: Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal ...stress and the resulting physiological symptoms (such as headaches...disorder characterized by gross changes in one's immune system...ideal for this study. The physiological symptoms of stress most often...a particular event) and physiological symptoms of stress in individuals... | | Morphological and Physiological Responses of Perennial Grasses to Long-Term...
Magazine article from: The American Midland Naturalist ...possess morphological and physiological traits which can facilitate...following grazing are important physiological functions that can increase...grazing by large herbivores are changes in plant morphology. In...grasses can affect their physiological capacities as well, especially... | | Environmental Influences on Craving and the Physiological and Cognitive...
Magazine article from: New Zealand Journal of Psychology ...smokers experience more than a physiological addiction. While nicotine...the most frequently reported physiological changes resulting from nicotine administration...cognitive, behavioural or physiological in nature (Payne, Etscheidt... | | The Psychological and Physiological Dynamics of a Simple Conversation
Magazine article from: Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal ...extroversion and cheerfulness and physiological components like GSR, heart...although studies have examined changes in physiological responses for individuals...significant correlation between the physiological responses of participants... | | The Impact of Music on Subjective and Physiological Indices of Emotion While...
Magazine article from: Psychomusicology ...consistently linked with changes in physiology-specifically...Poehlmann,& ito, 2000). Change in heart rate (HR) across...1999). Music and Emotion: Physiological Evidence Just as visual stimuli have been shown to induce physiological changes, research suggests that... | | Impact of Pallidotomy on Physiological Articulation Function and Speech...
Magazine article from: Journal of Medical Speech - Language Pathology ...posteroventral pallidotomy. Physiological measures of lip and tongue...participants. Analyses of physiological articulatory function and...Overall, individual reliable change analyses revealed that the...change on perceptual and physiological measures of articulation... | | George Eliot's Interrogation of Physiological Future Knowledge
Magazine article from: Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 ...atheists similarly interested in physiological science. (3) The ideological...or harnessed to root out physiological difference. In both 'The...problem of how future social change can be accomplished ethically...ability to rhetorically contour physiological interpretation and determine... | | Physiological Responses by College Students to a Dog and a Cat: Implications...
Magazine article from: North American Journal of Psychology ...the studies on short term physiological responses to an animal have...owners showed no significant changes over a ten month period...or unfamiliar animal. The physiological effects of a brief exposure...experimenter showed less physiological reactivity following a stressful... | | Physiological Correlates of ESP: Heart Rate Differences between Targets and...
Magazine article from: The Journal of Parapsychology ...The Search for a Physiological Index In the field...research the search for a physiological index is not a new...skin conductance level change according to the emotional...possibility that similar physiological effects may be observed... |
For more facts and information, see all results
Videos from YouTube

Physiological Changes During...

OB_Ch18 01_Postpartum...

CSA Class Preview-...

Solar Flares & Physiological...

Find thousands of answers for hundreds of subjects at Answers Encyclopedia .
All answers verified by trusted sources at Encyclopedia.com

For students and teachers!
Encyclopedia.com provides students and teachers facts, information, and biographies from verified, citable sources, including:

Search over 100 encyclopedias and dictionaries:
Top of Form | Search |
Bottom of Form
HighBeam™ Research, Inc. © Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. * Encyclopedia.com home page * About us * Help * Site feedback * Privacy policy * Terms and conditions
The Encyclopedia.com advertising network includes:

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Discuss The Physiological Changes In Adulthood

...regard, affection and trust; these are part of healthy and active aging (Hooyman & Kiyak).” There are many common age-related physiological changes that occur, as we get older, that affect our sexual lives for both man and woman. These changes have brought many stereotypes about sexuality later in life. For women, many physiological changes occur as they age. One common change is climacteric, which is when they lose reproductive ability. Climacteric has three stages, perimenopause, menopause, and post-menopause. Perimenopause is when ovaries function decline, decreasing monthly production of estrogen. Menopause is the gradual loss of a woman’s menstrual cycle. A woman may still get her cycle during this stage, however it is irregular. Lastly, postmenopause is when a full 12 months has passed without her menstrual cycle. Another common change is urogenital atrophy in which the vagina becomes less elastic and lubrication decrease. This occurs following menopause and this change causes less protection of a woman’s bladder and urethra (Hooyman & Kiyak)....

Words: 465 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Explain The Physiological Changes That Were Happening To The Body

...PE assignment: Exercise Physiology Question 1: What were the immediate(acute) physiological changes that were happening to your body for each of the circulatory, respiratory and muscular systems? How do these immediate (acute) physiological changes to the body affect your ability to play in an organised competitive sports game? The Immediate effects of exercise on the respiratory system are your breathing rate increases while you work out because your muscles start to make increased amounts of carbon dioxide which causes you muscles to fatigue.Also the amount of air taken in from each breathe increases.The changes in the cardiovascular system is that the blood is able to carry more oxygen which helps to prevent muscle fatigue. Your heart rate increases...

Words: 807 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Investigating the Abundance/Height of Butter Cups in a Managed and Unmanaged Area

...Investigating the abundance/height of butter cups in a managed and unmanaged area Aim To investigate the abundance of buttercups in managed and unmanaged areas in terms of their height and abundance. Hypothesis Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant correlation between the management of an area and percentage cover of buttercups. Alternate Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant correlation between the management of an area and percentage cover of buttercups. Background information The Buttercups are considered to be simple because the floral parts of the plant: petals, sepals, stamens and pistils-are all of an indefinite number and separate from one another. Also, the stamens and pistils are spirally inserted in a cone-like vessel, although it is often very small to see. Buttercups can have either regular or irregular flowers with anywhere from 3 to 15 sepals, often coloured like petals, and 0 to 23 actual petals.[2] There are often, but not always, numerous stamens and numerous simple pistils (also known as apocarpous). The floral parts are all independently attached below a superior ovary. Figure 1 The most accurate pattern to look for is the multiple simple pistils at the centre of the flower. In more advanced plant families there is typically only one pistil, the result of a reduction in numbers along with the fusion of several pistils to make a single compound pistil. A flower with multiple pistils is very likely a Buttercup, but could potentially...

Words: 1853 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Critically Evaluate the Training of Mo Farah and Explain the Physiological Changes That Will Occur. (20)

...Critically Evaluate the Training of Mo Farah and Explain the Physiological Changes that will occur. (20) Mo Farah had to go through tough training to become the athlete he is today. Due to Mo’s type of events, (10,000 and 5,000 metres) he needs a high aerobic capacity and VO2 max. Aerobic capacity is how well the lungs, heart and the blood vessels work together. And VO2 Max is the maximum oxygen consumption attainable during maximal work. VO2 max can only be improved in 10 – 20% of the population, with training. The training that is best suited to improving VO2 max is: Continuous Training which is about running at moderate to high intensity. Athletes who use continuous training will become aerobically fitter and will be able to train at a higher intensity for a longer time. Another type of training that helps improve VO2 max is altitude training. When training at altitude, the amount off red blood cells is reduced and activity allows the body to cope with less oxygen for activity. When back at sea level, red blood cells become more efficient and are able to use oxygen more efficiently for exercise. It is undoubted that Mo Farah has a high VO2 max. Ways to measure this is using the multi-stage fitness test. This is beep that is a set amount of seconds apart and as the levels increase the time between beeps decreases. The higher the level the athlete gets, the higher their VO2 max. People like Mo Farah will most likely beat the multi-stage fitness test due to their highly...

Words: 653 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Lewin's Model Of Change

...section delivery can use the Lewin’s Model of Change. The Lewin’s Model of Change has three stages: Unfreezing, moving, and refreezing. Unfreezing may be involving the staff to be inspired and motivated of the SSC change. The leaders can present evidence based-practice pertaining to the benefits of SSC after vaginal or cesarean section deliveries for the staff to continue to promote SSC in the setting. The second stage includes fighting resistance to SSC change. Gaining support from different stakeholders will carry out the implementation of SSC. The final stage includes reinforcement. Reinforcing SSC will be challenging to those who are close-minded so reinforcement to sustain SSC is promoted...

Words: 1895 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Behaviorial Essay

...Behavioral Essay The behavior I wish to change is being irrationality it leads a person to not thinking through difficult situations and making decision bad decisions possibly cause physical or mental harm. There are many different things that cause irrationality (http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Stress_(psychology) “stress: (roughly the opposite of relaxation) is a medical term for a wide range of strong external stimuli, both physiological and psychological, which can cause a physiological response called the general adaptation syndrome, first described in 1936 by Hans Selye in the journal Nature.edication, moodiness to name a few. Moodiness: (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/moodiness) “Given to frequent changes of mood; temperamental”. (“http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aggressiveness) Aggressiveness:”characterized by or tending unprovoked offensives attacks, invasions or the like militantly forward militantly” The word that I have cited above describes me when stressed or irritated. Therapist would say I suffer from a mild case of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder because of multiple deployments and the strenuous hours; worked. For extended time. The actions isolated me from my family and made it difficult for anyone to deal with me. Self analysis and seeking therapy is the best action along with having good friends who tell you what kind of person you have become. Self analysis worked great for me because I learned to be honest with myself. This is...

Words: 649 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

How Nestle Manages Its Global Environment

...The Ways Nestle Managed Its Environment Over Time Nestle used different ways to manage its environment. It did this through expansion of the product offering, expansion of the customer base, and by developing lower-cost ways to make and sell products. Early on, Nestle managed its environment by expanding into new markets, in both developing and emerging nations. As trade barriers fell, the CEO of Nestle Barbeck-Latmathe seized the opportunity and decided it’s the right time for Nestle to expand geographically into the developed and emerging markets such as those in Eastern Europe, India and Asia. By doing this, Barbeck drove Nestle’s performance dramatically, taking into consideration the massive number of potential customers in these regions and the enlargement in Nestle’s customer’s base. In the 1990’s; Nestle managed its environment by acquiring other companies. The companies which Neslte acquired at that time included U.S. food companies Carnation, Buitoni Pasta, Ralston Purina, Dreyer’s ice cream and Chef America, the British chocolate maker Rowntree, the French bottled water company Perrier, and the Mexican food maker Ortega. It is noticeable that Neslte regards acquisitions and efforts at diversification as logical ways to supplement their business. Nestle only acquires food making companies, the business it has special knowledge and expertise in. After all, Barbeck’s intentions were to customize these products to suit the tastes of customers in different countries...

Words: 697 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Raisin in the Sun Act Iii Analysis

...A Raisin in the Sun Act III-A Lesson Learned In the final scene in “A raisin in the Sun,” some very important and much needed lessons are learned. Life changing decisions are made and for the better. In the last scene, Walter calls Lindner over to agree to take payment in lieu of moving into the all white neighborhood. Walter, as usual, can only think of money, and in his mind believes the large payoff from Lindner will be well worth selling out his family’s pride and honor. Lena decides, as Walter’s mother, to force his son Travis to stay to witness this life changing moral decision, in hopes that Walter will come to his senses; to everyone’s surprise he does. Walter looks into his son’s eyes and can’t sell his family short with his son watching. He decides to do what is best for the family’s morale rather than do what will put money in his pocket. That one decision shows the enormous lesson learned by Walter and how he changed. Character: The characters are well illustrated for us by the way they speak, their actions, and reactions to things. It is clear that Lena (Mama) has very little education and comes from a different time than the others. Ruth and Walter, the next generation, are slightly better spoken but still lack the educated speech that Beneatha and Travis, even younger, display with their current educations. Mama (Lena) is described as a big, strong woman, which is shown by how she reacts to the other characters, steering them the way she wants and mothering...

Words: 864 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

A Critique on Blue Ocean Strategy

...is based on constant teaching and learning and the required power of empathy, which bring an increase level of sensitivity to signals changing. The main idea here is to identify change and its associated opportunities in order to become the competitive one and the only one. I am very much agreeing with change and how one can change the rules and not compete head-on. We have to take a look at case by case models of change and understand the quantifiable rate of production. Let’s take for example: the smart car or electric car. If we all agree, it makes sense for the environment to accept a smaller “smart car”, and we achieve 100% adoption as consumers, what happens to the tracking industry and the delivery of our consumptive goods? Are we now willing to transport goods because we have to transport them into smaller containers with less power? Can you imagine a smart car next to a diesel 18 wheeler? Are we willing to sacrifice the safety of our families for the cost of the maintenance of the environment? People are fundamentally selfish and will not voluntarily create a sea change unless they are forced to do so or unless there is no choice. Companies can identify the need to change with the associated opportunities to become the only competition but without government intervention to drive the change at a local global effort, the results are depressing. Blue Ocean is a fantastic way to look at familiar environments in a new way to find competitive edge. Unfortunately, companies...

Words: 360 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Second Paper

...after intervention completion january 2013. Intermediate 18 months after intervention completion july 2014 Long term 3 years after intervention completion january 2016.) The intervention will incorporate each of Kotter's (2007: 99) eight steps to leading change. The first step is to establish a sense of urgency. We will examine the market and discuss with the client the reality of their competition in order to get them to reprioritize. There are many major opportunities and potential crises that HDMC needs to be aware of but without motivation and commitment of the organizational managers the effort will go nowhere. The next step is to form a powerful guiding coalation team. Our cunsulting team will find the right number of people with good energy, level of trust, and strong authority to lead the change effort. This group will be trained to understand and not underestimate the difficulties of producing change and to also work together as a team. The following step is to create a clear vision and express it simply. This step will need to be acomplished by creating a vision that motivates people in the right direction. The vision needs to be easy to communicte and also inspire not only the people participating in the actual changes but also the stakeholders. Communicating the vision is our next step. This is where the team pulls together and communicates what needs to be done simply and honest. The fifth step is to empower others to act on the vision. HDMC...

Words: 791 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Scott Mortgage

...Running head: SCOTT MORTGAGE Scott Mortgage James Jones Organizational Behavior 14 June 2010 Abstract This paper discusses the nature of change in a mortgage lending firm. It takes a look at the reaction to change from the employee and organizational view points. The characteristics of Ethical Intensity are reviewed as pertaining to the decision making process. It identifies the Decision Making Model and Approach to Change that Scout Mortgage used in revamping its human capital structure. Nature of Change The 21th Century has ushered in several factors that have been the catalyst for a dynamically transforming environment. Scout Mortgage, a loan mortgage broker since 1999 (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2009) has experienced the bullish and the bearish economic environment. In a work environment, the typical factors of change are driven by technological advancements which enable global-market-reach or globalization. With the increase of information technology and global communications, the world is communitively smaller. Any situation that affects a local market can be transformed into a national or international issue. The domestic housing sector economic downturn along with other Wall Street unethical and irresponsible actions have not only lead to a national but international recession and market collapse. In the case of Scout Mortgage, the technological advances have changed the way the company’s Loan Officers conducts business. Technology has automated a lot of task...

Words: 997 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Decision Making

...In 2006 I was face with making a major decision in my family’s life and changing it as they knew it. Like in the reading this week I had to go through the decision making of what I had to do to make changes and if they are what is best for me and my family. My wife and I have been working in the family business for 14 years and we were working 7 days a week, was this what I wanted for the rest of my life or my family’s life…No, that being said, I identified and diagnosed the problem I was facing. I worked on many alternative solutions, like hiring more help at my passion, changing hours, and lastly a different profession. But after evaluating the alternatives there was no way that I could change the hours, also there was no way that addition people could not be hired, which left the changing in professions. This is when I made the choice to look for a new job, but they were hard to come by in my rural area. I would start looking for a job in my area and also out of the state. I found a position in Atlanta GA and then the big part of this decision was moving my family away from the only life they ever knew. My wife and children have never left Pennsylvania for more than a week in there whole life. We packed and moved 800 miles and after 6 years and looking back it was one of the best decisions that I have...

Words: 268 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

People Problems at Hei

...He wants to look for alternatives that benefit the company. He is willing to contact and look into information that could help the company grow. Rob has demonstrated large amounts of optimism. He has a new vision for the company. He wants to take HEI from being a low-tech bed and metal furniture manufacturer that is going downhill to becoming a high tech medical equipment manufacturer. Rob has hope that he can complete his vision. He is taking the necessary steps to set his plan in motion. Even through his finance and operations people disagree with him, he is not giving up. He knows that the company board is set in their ways. The change has to start from within the company. He wants Ashley, whom works in the HR department, to help formulate a program to help get the finance and operations people to be more positive and optimistic about the changes he is trying implement. These assessments show how dedicated Rob is to the company. I believe the company will prosper with Rob taking the lead. 2. What’s your reaction to the finance manager’s pessimism? What about the market manager’s optimism? What implications does this have for Rob and the company? I am quite shocked by the finance managers’ pessimism. The finance manager can clearly see that the company is under financial strain. The company is under a cash flow strain because of decreasing revenues from their existing product line. It is very clear that the company has to make some...

Words: 674 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Williams Machine Tool Company

...diversify with new products. Situation during early 90’s: The recession of the early 1990’s has significantly changed the market environment. Cutbacks in production have decreased the demand for standard machine tools and customers are asking for new products. Upper management has recognized the need for a new strategy but lower level management shows no flexibility to change. Situation during mid 90’s: By 1995 the recession has been over for a couple of years but nothing has changed within William’s organization and product line. Revenues and sales are decreasing rapidly. By 1996 the company was sold to Crock Engineering. Crock replaces all of the Williams senior managers when the company shows losses. Crock announces than Williams would become a specialty machine tool manufacturer as demand for specialty products have increased threefold. Situation during late 90’s: The upper management tries to change the company culture through project management, concurrent engineering and total quality management. Unfortunately long term employees are not on the same page as upper management and they still resist change. A project management consultant is hired from 1996 – 2001. End of the Williams Division As the project management system matures, after 6 years, the company shows a profitable quarter in March, 2002. In May 2002, the Williams Division was sold and more than 80% of employees lost their jobs. Williams Machine Tools Company – A case study Identification of Problems...

Words: 531 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Starbucks- Growth vs Dividends

...Strategy case study: Starbucks-sacrificing dividends for growth Starbucks has grown a lot since it's opening in Seattle in 1985. It went from 17 stores, to over 15.000 stores all around the world in 2010. But they are changing their strategy, and purpose. They started closing down shops, and refocused on the Starbucks experience, which would increase customer's willingness to pay and also increase profitability. They even payed their first dividend 2010. That ment a huge change of purpose. But is growth bad ? It has it's benefits and dangers. Warren Buffet states, that ‘Growth benefits investors only when the business in point can invest at incremental returns that are enticing – in other words, only when each dollar used to finance the growth creates over a dollar of long term market value.’ We can say that it worked for Starbucks in the beginning, when growth also meant growth of the share price, and even though no dividends were paid, the company was still profitable over the years, but with the emerging of new competition (ex. McDonalds coffee shops,…), and the loss of some of the Starbucks Experience, in 2008 the company didn’t see any share price growth, and still hasn’t paid out any dividends. From this, we can see focusing strongly on growth is not always a good idea, and while it can bring the company market share in the beginning and can even prove the be more profitable in the long term, it should not be the only purpose of the company. And when Starbucks reached...

Words: 517 - Pages: 3