...and the Developing Child Piaget VS Vygotsky 1/22/2013 In 1896 there were two well-known psychologists born, Jean Piaget which he was from Switzerland and the other Lev Vygotsky was from Russia. Both Piaget and Vygotsky had similar and differences on how they viewed their theories. Each found a common ground, where both theorists offered major contributions to the areas of developmental psychology as it applies to education. Throughout the reading we will compare the similarities and differences of both highly respected psychologist. Piaget and Vygotsky were similar in their views in certain ways. What they most had in common was a shared interest in the study of cognitive development of children. How they viewed the importance of varying factors is where they differed. Piaget viewed cognitive development primarily from biological perspective. He believed that the two major principles operating in intellectual growth and development are adaptation and organization. Piaget believed that humans desire a state of cognitive balance or equilibration. When the child experiences cognitive conflict (a discrepancy between what the child believes the state of the world to be and what s/he is experiencing) adaptation is achieved through adjustment or accommodation. Organization refers to the mind's natural tendency to organize information into related, connected structures. On the hand, Vygotsky, however, believed that...
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...Human Development & Learning FHT 4 601.2.1-02 During the last few decades, psychologists have put forth many theories regarding cognitive development, especially as it relates to education. Two that I feel align most with my own ideas of how children best learn are the theories of Jean Piaget and Lev S. Vygotsky. They both developed theories that have been accepted throughout the educational arena, and in fact are still taught in education classes to today. They strived to learn and understand the best way, the best age, and the best environment for children to develop their cognitive ability. Before we discuss their theories we first need to define cognitive development. The literal meaning of cognition is “knowing,” defined as the “mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired” (Mcleod, 2007), and development is defined as “orderly and lasting growth, adaptation, and change over the course of a lifetime” (Slavin, 2009, p30). To simplify cognitive development means the acquisition of knowledge that grows, and lasts throughout a life span. Before cognitive development can take place, there must be cognitive learning. Cognitive learning is the process of acquiring knowledge for processing. The acquired knowledge is processed by our brain into higher thinking skills in a, “a series of gradual, orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated.” That is cognitive development, (Slavin, 2009, p31). The first stage...
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...Brittany Cleghorn Unit 4 Assignment 1 Capella University- Psyc 7220 For this course project the child I chose to analyze is Jeremiah Wilson, he is a strong, bright African American boy. His parents are married and belong to the middle class in the economic status. His father is a Marine who deploys overseas frequently, his mother works long hours and it is difficult for her to help Jeremiah with his homework and involve him in extracurricular activities that will benefit his strong athletic personality. He has one sister who is two years old. The family resides in an urban setting , in a safe neighborhood where children are often playing outside. An aunt cares for bot Jeremiah and his sister after school hours. Jeremiah is a thoughtful and kind boy, although he becomes somewhat aggressive when he gets frustrated, and loses control. After pediatrician and neurologist evaluation there is a suspicion of Attention Deficit Disorder. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity ( ADD/ ADHD), however by age five both practitioners agreed it was too early to diagnose. It is normal for children to have trouble behaving and focusing from time to time, however children with ADHD do not grow out of these behaviors . Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder is a common childhood disorder and can continue through adolescence and adulthood. Children with ADHD have a problem with inattentiveness, over activity, impulsivity, and or a combination of these. Some symptoms of ADHD would be the inability...
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...management, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. The cognitive theorists Jean Piaget and Lev Samanovich Vygotsky raise awareness of the learning process of an individual and how teachers need to coherently structure lesson plans in order to promote an inclusive learning environment as well as promote higher order thinking. Both theories have been embedded within the case study (McGonigal.J.A, 1999). Both theories of which were extremely important contributors to the cognitive development element to children development psychology. Furthermore to this also evaluate the strong point and weaknesses of each theory and outline how they have been applied to an educational setting. Argument’s raised to understand that in (McGonigal.J.A, 1999) research literature she is able to implement different techniques to get the children to all participate within the assigned classroom activities. This suggests that all children do have a different level of involvement and grasp of attention, from her traditional approach to the lesson, as she states the children’s impact on the lesson that they were uncomfortable with this type of lesson without direction of their worksheets as that is what they were familiar to. She then comprehends that not all students were not engaged so she experimented with the traditional task to something more individual based, the question is that theorist such as Paiget and Vygotsky give us the guidelines of the structure and expedience of a child’s progress but...
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...Theories abound around how people develop emotionally, intellectually, socially and spiritually. Here I will examine the theories of five leaders on the subject of development. Jean Piaget believed in four stages of development that were fairly concrete in description (Atherton, 2010). 1. Sensorimotor stage (birth – 2 years old) – Children begin to make sense of the world around them based on their interaction with their physical environment. Reality begins to be defined. 2. Preoperational stage (ages 2-7) – Concrete physical stimuli are needed in order for a child to develop new concepts. 3. Concrete operations (ages 7-11) – As a child accumulates experience with the physical world, he/she begins to conceptualize to explain those experiences. Abstract thought is also emerging. 4. Formal operations (beginning at ages 11-15) – Conceptual reasoning is present and the child’s cognitive abilities are similar to an adult’s (Atherton, 2010). Piaget was firm in his concept of these stages. He was convinced that a person had to progress from one stage to the next, that this was a natural biological process influenced by the environment and experiences. Biology limits the point in time, but the environment determines the quality of development. Lev Vygotsky stages of development were not defined by age or biology. Social and cultural experiences were the basis for his theory. Consciousness was an end product of social DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES 3 interactions...
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...PSY232 – Lifespan Development Topics to know Nature vs. Nurture – Heredity vs. Environment Continuous vs. discontinuous (stages) view of development Charles Darwin – survival of the fittest Sigmund Freud – psychoanalytic perspective Erikson – psychosocial theory – stages (1&2) Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt Basic tenets of Behaviorism (Skinner) stimuli and responses positive & negative reinforcement Classical conditioning stimulus and response - conditioned and unconditioned extinction/habituation Critical/Sensitive periods/imprinting Lev Vygotsky sociocultural theory Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory Macro/Exo/Meso/Microsystems basic definition of each correlational study - +/- correlations difference between positive and negative experimental design dependent and independent variable ethical considerations in research studies genotype gametes phenotype vernix DNA ovum chromosome lanugo gene chorion mitosis (“t” for “2”) amnion meiosis umbilical cord zygote glial cells gametes dizygotic/monozygotic twins incomplete dominance neural tube Down Syndrome genetic counseling teratogen – their effects at what point in pregnancy Study Guide – Test 1 – ch. 1-6 neurotransmitters synaptic pruning amniocentesis chorionic villi sampling fetoscopy poverty rate/guaranteed income babies born addicted smoking and pregnancy FAS – fetal alcohol syndrome Rh factor incompatibility ...
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...understanding of how the topic has been perceived over time and by other cultures. Cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence (wikipedia.com, 2014). When bilingualism is defined in the first way, as the characteristic of an individual who possesses two linguistic systems - we call it cognitive bilingualism (Hukuta and others, 1978). Bilingualism defined in the second way, as a characteristic of the social condition and affect of the individual - we call it social psychological bilingualism - tends toward social psychological accounts of the packaging of value systems within an individual (Hukuta and others, 1987). Jean Piaget is credited with being the first Psychologist to have a methodical study on Cognitive Development. According to the text, Piaget,...
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...theoretical perspectives. An education theory is the speculative thought of education and just like any other theory; it explains, guides, and describes the practices of education. The earliest speculation on educational processes began during the times of classical sophists and Greek philosophers. Current education speculations use terms like andragogy, curriculum, learning pedagogy, education organization, leadership, and policy. Education thought is derived from various disciplines like, philosophy, sociology, critical theory, psychology, and history among others. This paper will discuss five topics based on the best education theory to be applied in the classroom setting with focus on two education theories postulated by Lev Vygotsky and John Dewey. This paper will also address information processing by students, behaviors of teachers to promote thinking, implications of language development on learning and teaching, and on the relationship between the emotional and social development on student behavior and learning. Classroom Observation Analysis Education theory can either be descriptive like in the sciences or normative like in philosophy. Education theory postulates what education processes are supposed to consist of; it sets the standards, norms, and goals in carrying out an education process. The scientific education theory gives a set of hypotheses, which have to be experimented and verified. The two approaches have produced two broad categories of...
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...UNDERSTANDING LEARNING – STUDY NOTES WHAT IS LEARNING? * Reflective teaching * Classroom experience * Technical teaching * Knowledge about learning * Reflective teaching * Classroom experience and knowledge about learning provide students with a constructive learning environment * Understanding learning * Individual differences, Learning theories, Managing learning in classrooms, Teachers * Constructivist – refers to the idea that learners construct knowledge for themselves; each learner individually (and socially) constructs meaning as he or she learns. * Humanist – a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism). * Cognitivist – believe that learning is a change in individuals' mental structures enabling them to show changes in behaviour. It is based on the thought process behind the behaviour. * Behaviourist – believe that learning takes place when knowledge is separated into smaller bits. Students are rewarded for successful answers. Instruction focuses on conditioning the learner's behaviour. Learning involves repetition and association and is highly mechanical. Behaviourist leaning teachers focus on a new behavioural pattern being repeated until it becomes automatic. *...
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...Theories of Development Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following theories relies on the understanding of internal drives and emotions to answer the "whys" of human development? A) Psychoanalytic B) Humanistic C) Biological D) Cognitive Answer: A Page Ref: 24 2) Psychoanalytic theorists suggests that human development depends on A) our ability to accommodate external stimuli. B) our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment. C) the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behavior. D) social relationships. Answer: C Page Ref: 24 3) Which of the following most accurately describes Freud's model of the personality? A) Formal operations B) Id, ego, and identity C) Consciousness, preconsciousness, and reality D) Id, ego, superego Answer: D Page Ref: 24 4) Which aspect of our personality demands to be satisfied in physically pleasurable ways? A) Executive control of the ego B) Moral guardian of the superego C) Libido of the id D) Reality principle of the superego Answer: C Page Ref: 24 5) Jada saw some money on the kitchen table. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from it. Which part of Jada's personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money? A) Superego B) Ego C) Unconscious D) Id Answer: A Page Ref: 24 6) According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following...
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...1. Describe and give examples of changes in your child's exploratory or problem solving behavior from 8 through 18 months and categorize them according to Piagetian and information processing theories. Note that 8 months is included, so you'll need to use the time-line to look back at 8 months for examples. 2. Email this question to Mrs. Greg: Analyze your baby's temperament in more detail at 18 months than you did at 8 months. How would you describe your baby in terms of the five aspects of temperament utilized by the Virtual Child program (activity, sociability, emotionality, aggressiveness vs. cooperativeness, and self control)? Has Rosa's temperament been stable over the first 18 months? A blurb defining and providing examples of the five aspects of temperament is provided at 12 months, but you should seek out further explanations of temperament from your textbook. Explain how the concept of goodness of fit (also discussed in the blurb on infant temperament) applies to your interactions with your child. 3. Were you surprised by anything in the developmental assessment at 19 months? That is, does your perception of your child's physical, cognitive, language and social development differ from that of the developmental examiner? Give specific examples. If you were not surprised, write instead about some aspects of your child's development that need the most work. Questions at 2 ½ or 24 months 1. ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form ...
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...lOMoARcPSD Summary - lecture notes Education: The Psychological Context (Macquarie University) EXAM: Part A: Kohlberg Piaget Humanism David Geary Part B: Humanism, Behaviourism, Constructivism Vygotsky Personal Perspectives & Intelligence Piaget & Problem solving Special needs students Gender o Male vs Female o Cognition & Behavioural differences Direct instruction & Discovery Learning Teaching Students with Additional Learning Needs Special Children Have special needs and require assistance at some stage in our schooling The notion of ‘fairness’ is not giving our students the same, but rather giving them what they need to learn and succeed. A look at the importance of resilience o Resilience is the ability to rebound, develop and thrive in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, hardship or even significant sources of stress. o How does resilience develop? Who are we talking about when we discuss children with special needs? o Those students with learning needs that are so diverse they need individual consideration and support. o A continuum of support in the classroom. Definition of Disability Social Model o socially created problem o not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions o management of the problem requires social attention o collective responsibility of society at large o human rights issue of major concern o in the educational setting we ask...
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...(3). Cognitive Constructivist Constructivism is a philosophy of learning by reflecting on our experiences and that we construct our own understanding about the world. (1) There are two types of constructivism. One is Cognitive Constructivism which is based off of Piaget’s theory. Piaget Piaget created the stages of development. The fist stage is Sensorimotor where the child begins to interact with the environment. Preoperational is the second stage when a child begins to represent the world symbolically. Children start learning rules such as conversation in the third stage Concrete Operational. The last stage of development a child goes through is Formal Operational. This is when the adolescent can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future. “Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that humans cannot be given information, in which they immediately understand and use. Instead, learners must construct their own knowledge”. (2) Social Constructivist Social Constructivism “is a variety of cognitive constructivism that emphasizes the collaborative nature of much learning.” (1) The theory of social constructivism was proposed by Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky’s Theory Vygotsky believed children developed in social or group settings. (2) He based is theories off Piaget’s theories but believed he over looked the social aspect of learning. The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is one of his most well know ideas. “It is the area where the most sensitive instruction...
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...E-Leader Manila 2012 A Comparison of Two Theories of Learning -Behaviorism and Constructivism as applied to Face-to-Face and Online Learning Dr. Mary Anne Weegar Dr. Dina Pacis National University San Diego, CA, USA Abstract The two theories of learning discussed are Behaviorism and Constructivism. Skinner and Watson, the two major developers of the behaviorist school of thought sought to prove that behavior could be predicted and controlled (Skinner, 1974). They studied how learning is affected by changes in the environment. The constructivists viewed learning as a search for meaning. Piaget and Vygotsky described elements that helped predict what children understand at different stages (Rummel, 2008). Details of both theories illuminate the differences and connections between the behavioral and constructivist theories in relationship to how children learn and how their behavior is affected. How curriculum and instruction work with these theories to promote learning and how educators view learning with respect to both theories are also reviewed. Introduction Many students enrolled in institutions of higher education in the United States have had experience with both face-to-face and online classes. Educational researchers have begun to examine the technological characteristics of online classes which contribute to making online classes equivalent to face-to-face classes in relationship to their pedagogical effectiveness. The growth of online learning has changed the traditional...
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...Nature versus Nurture Lloyd Williams W00634255 lloydvw@yahoo.com Nature • People are born with some innate abilities that they use to interact with and understand the world world. • Through prolonged use, learners will eventually achieve proficiency in the target language. Nurture • People are born “tabula rasa” (or blank slate) and become who they are through the course of their lives alone alone. • Students need to be taught their language. Naturists vs. Nurturists vs • Noam Chomsky oa C o s y • Stephen Krashen • Gardner • • • • Vygotsky ygots y Piaget Pavlov Skinner The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) • Test created in 1905 to predict which students would benefit from teaching. • Attempts to objectively measure “intelligence” intelligence • Scores are given as numbers that show the test taker’s results relative to others. • When adjusted for age, a person’s IQ generally does not vary greatly over the course of their life. • IQ tests can be given on various skills (linguistic, math, etc) Nurture Theories (Skinner) Behaviorism B h i i • Knowledge and Linguistic ability results from stimulus-response conditioning. • Focus is on controlling behavior not behavior, cognitive processes. •C Concerned only with d l ith observable/measurable behavior. Nurture Methods The Audio-lingual M th d Th A di li l Method • Based on Behaviorism – Positive reinforcement of desired production – Emphasis on “correctness” ...
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