... Liam wasn’t even gripping the railing any longer. Instead, he was hanging only by Scott’s jaw fixed into his side. The shrill shrieks that emerged from Liam’s mouth were enough for any creature to cower and cringe in sympathetic pain. However, I did not cringe, nor did I sympathise. My eyebrows furrowed together like they were two trains travelling in opposite directions on the same track. My mouth fell ajar and I took a large breath. My eyes were motionless, fixed on Scott and the daggers that grew beneath his lips. Those teeth that sliced Liam’s flesh would change him forever. He was either going to die or become something that everyone wanted to kill. Scott bit into him like it was nothing, like it was a piece of steak on his dinner plate. I don’t even know why I was surprised. Scott never saw his actions as harmful. He always said his sole mission was to “protect his friends” but when did that ever work? He did it for himself. He always did it for himself. When he first got bitten, all he thought about was his own self. About how he couldn’t be normal or how he’d lose Allison. But he never thought about how exactly Allison would feel. He didn’t think about how if she would be upset or hurt or even scared. He only thought about how he would feel. How he would be upset or hurt or even scared. It was selfish and I was the only one who saw it. He didn’t bite Liam to save him. He bit him for himself. So he could add to his pack and more importantly, his power. He did it for merit...
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...the Earth's crust. Wegener suggested that mountains were formed when the edge of a drifting continent collided with another, causing it to crumple and fold". ("The Earth in the Universe,"1999) -BBC reference. 1. Alfred Wegner noticed that the continents seemed to fit together at the edge of their continental shelves . 2. He noticed this because he observed that continents in the Southern Hemisphere have similar rock and fossil patterns. B. He believed that the continents were all once apart of a large supercontinent called Pangea. II. Aside from fossils and rock patterns there were other observations that led to his theory. A. "Glacial till deposits in the Southern Hemisphere aided Wegners hypothesis".("The supporting Evidence of Plate Tectonic Theory",2008) 1. Glaciation till is unsorted glacial sediment left behind by glaciers during the glacial drift. 2. "Glaciation in South America, Africa, India, and Australia is best explained if these continents were...
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...Exploring Taiwan---Taiwan Is Alive How does it feel like to live on a floating plate, unaware of probable earthquakes and tectonic movements? I understood how it feels like because I live in Taiwan! After an introduction to the geology of Taiwan, I found Taiwan a really active and dynamic island. This reminded me of an article I read on New York Times years ago; it titled: Taiwan Moves Closer to Mainland, Pulled by Forces That Molded Its Mountains. In the article, there were a research team built by three groups of geologists from three countries—Taiwan, United States of America and Japan. In order to learn the process of mountain building on Taiwan islands, they used seismic monitoring device and computer graphing to track the movement of tectonic plates. Such research found one of the facts that Taiwan is actually moving closer to Mainland China! Not to mention that Taiwan is growing taller and taller where our mountains has been rising above sea levels since 60 million years ago. I cannot help but wonder if Taiwan Island would join the Eurasia millions years after! Despite my fantasy of walking across Taiwan Strait to Eurasia many years after, it is amazing to learn that there are actually “underground” forces pushing and pulling Taiwan islands by millimeters every second. The most apparent connection between these forces and our lives on the island is earthquakes and volcanic activity. First, through my life until now, I have experienced at least thousand times of...
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...Dangerous and Natural Energy Cristopher L. Butler Kaplan University SC300: Prof: Tanya Crail What’s a earthquake? According to the Geology Labs on-line website an earthquake is the sudden release of stored energy, caused by the shifting of tectonic plates. The energy release is a shock wave or seismic wave. The seismic wave is what causes the ground to move or shake, when this occurs we have a earthquake. According to the 2008 United States National Seismic Hazard Maps a lot of the west coast as far south as Hawaii, and north to Alaska has a lot of earthquake activity. The Pacific “Ring of Fire” (named for the large amount of active volcanoes), has a lot of tectonic activity. Tectonic plates are large plates of rock that make up the foundation of the Earth's crust and the shape of the continents. Question: What patterns do you see in the distribution of earthquakes across the continental United States? Answer: Earthquakes occur on fault lines, a location where tectonic plates have collided together and shifted or are sliding past each other. The size of the earthquake depends on how much slide or shift occurred. Most fault lines are located in costal areas, because of the continental and oceanic plates colliding together. Most of the United States earthquakes occurs on the west coast. California, and the entire west coast including Hawaii, and Alaska have the highest hazard rating at 64+, central locations of the United States like Texas, North and South Dakota...
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...Plate Tectonics SCI/245 January 13, 2010 Aimee Pellet Plate Tectonics One of the first scientists to theorize plate tectonics was Alfred Wegener. Alfred Wegener was a German scientist that lived from 1880-1930. He proposed that the continents shifted as time has gone by. “Wegener found that large-scale geological features on separated continents often matched very closely when the continents were brought together. For example, the Appalachian mountains of eastern North America matched with the Scottish Highlands, and the distinctive rock strata of the Karroo system of South Africa were identical to those of the Santa Catarina system in Brazil”(University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2004-2010). His theory was not accepted at first, it took decades for other scientists to see what he had originally tried to explain when publishing his theory in 1915. The reason his theory was not taken seriously is because there was no explanation for how the continents would move. Because the continents do not fit from shore line to shore line we have to look below the sea level and see where they fit best. The shore line do not stop at the water’s edge they slope into the water, this is called the continental shelf. Down about 100 meters there is a shelf break called the continental slope this is where the true edges of the continents can be found. “In Wegener’s time, the technique of radiometric dating was just being developed, so it was not easy to determine the...
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...disinfectant for many years used as a treatment for bacterial and fungal infections of the skin and nails (American Cancer Society 2008). Micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi can be found in a variety of places. Using petri dishes containing nutrient agar, bacteria and fungi can be grown and observed. ‘Agar is a seaweed extract that forms a jelly-like material that is also a source of food for these organisms. Bacteria grow into colonies made up of millions of individuals.’ Fungi can be seen as fuzzy growth on the agar plates (Leslie et al. 2000). Objective/ Aim Comparing three different surface cleaners in order to prevent bacterial growth. Hypothesis 70% ethanol is the most effective surface cleaner compared to homemade cleaner and water. Materials * Normal laboratory glassware and equipment * Nutrient agar filled petri dishes * Gloves * Sterile swabs * Masking tape * Marking pen * Incubators to refrigerate and store agar plates * Distilled water * 70% ethanol * Homemade cleaner (water, apple cider vinegar and tea tree oil.) * Water Procedure Week 2 (27 August 2013) Take four petri dishes and draw a line in middle to the three of them. Leaving one for the control. Label group’s name and treatment with its control. The surface that our group have decided to...
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...___________________________________________ Plate Tectonics Exercise (20 points) PLATE BOUNDARIES There are three different types of lithosphere plate boundaries associated with different types of topographic features and tectonic activity. These are: Divergent boundaries (also called “spreading centers). At divergent boundaries, plates are moving apart. The most common kind of spreading center is the midocean ridge where new ocean floor is created. Spreading may also take place within a continent. In this case, blocks of crust may drop down as the land is pulled apart, creating a rift valley. Convergent boundaries These boundaries involve collision of lithosphere plates, which may occur in three different circumstances. 1. Oceanic – continental plate convergence. If the edge of an oceanic plate collides with the edge of a continental plate a subduction zone is formed. The denser oceanic plate subducts (plunges) beneath the continent, producing a deep oceanic trench. As the oceanic lithosphere descends, partial melting of the rock along the contact zone occurs. The magma that is produced rises toward the surface and produces a chain of volcanic mountains on the land mass parallel to the collision boundary, such as the Andes in South America. 2. Oceanic – oceanic plate convergence. In this case, subduction also takes place. A deep ocean trench forms along with a chain of volcanic islands. An example of such an island arc is the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. 3. Continental – continental plate convergence. If...
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...ordered water with lemon. While they were looking at their menus, they leaned in close to point out different items but they never physically touched. While waiting for their food order, they ate bread. They each had their own plates for the bread. As they ate the bread, they glanced around mostly and made a few comments about the architecture of the restaurant. It looked to me as if they did not know what to talk about. The lady fiddled with her hair and looked around a lot. The guy went to the restroom; and, while he was gone the girl got her phone out of her purse. She was still texting when he got back to the table. He looked over at her phone trying to see who she was talking to but did not say anything to her. As she kept texting, he fiddled with his bread, ate some, and watched the basketball game on the television above the bar. The guy finished his sweet tea and did not make any signals for a refill. The waitress arrived with the couple’s meal. They both ordered wings but were different flavors. She ate with her left hand in her lap and held the wings in her right hand like a pencil. The male held his wings the same as her but his left arm was on the table close to his plate. The girl ate slowly and did not really put her face close to the plate. The guy ate faster holding his face probably...
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...When a specimen, which may be urine, stool, other body fluid (CSF, synovial, pleural), as well as swabs from a wound, surgical incision, or specific area of the body (vaginal, eye, nares)is brought to the micro laboratory for culture it is inoculated on a nutrient plate or in a nutrient broth for growth, as well as specific complex, selective, or differential types of media. Some media (agar plates) contain substances that enhance the growth of certain organisms, while inhibiting the growth of others; some are highly selective for species; and others still can differentiate between species. Inoculating onto these different types of media can then guide the growth and identification of pathogens that are usually prevalent in a specific culture type. For example, Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Strep or GBS, is a normal flora of the digestive, urinary, and genital tracts, that is found in 20 - 40% of women. While it usually causes no illness in carriers of the bacteria, a pregnant woman colonized with GBS late in her pregnancy can pass it to her baby with very serious outcomes. Newborn GBS most often infects the lungs, blood , and spinal fluid, causing pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis, respectively. (ACOG, 2014) Because a vaginal swab will usually contain a number of mixed bacterial flora, it is important to isolate a pure culture of the organism, which can be used for testing and organism identification. If the culture isn’t pure, the chances of incorrect...
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...Growth of Microorganisms Culturing is the growing of micro-organisms in prepared media in the laboratory. The prepared medium is called the ‘culture medium’. Bacteria, fungi and algae grow easily in test-tubes, flasks or Petri dishes of culture media. Virus on the other hand, can only grow and multiply inside living cells, so they cannot be grown in a culture medium. Micro-organisms are able to increase in size and multiply in number of cells. The growth of micro-organisms is measured based on increase in population size rather than increase in cell size. Under favourable conditions (food, adequate temperature and humidity) micro-organisms reproduce asexually by binary fission. Generation time varies from species to species e.g. rapidly growing specie like Escherichia coli can divide every 30minutes. Two methods are used to measure the growth of micro-organisms; (i) First Method: This involves inoculating a bacterial sample into a nutrient broth. As the bacterial population increases, the clear liquid medium becomes cloudy / turbid. Increase in turbidity indicates an increase in number of bacterial cells. Turbidity can be measured using a spectrophotometer. Thus by measuring the turbidity of a bacterial culture in nutrient broth at regular intervals, the growth of a bacterial population can be measured. (ii) Second Method: This involves taking small samples of bacteria from a nutrient broth at regular intervals of time and diluting the samples several times. Each diluted...
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... | | |A Scottish geologists named James Hutton gave geology the name uniformitarianism. Uniformitarianism is the study of rock formations | | |structure, and the distinctive patterns. Sand dunes near Yuma Arizona contains sand grains that are deposited by wind grains. The | | |earth has tectonic plates that can move, this movement is called Tectonic activity. When the plates shift, the movement can cause | | |volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. The earth has received two kinds of crust due to tectonic activities, the thick granitic | | |continental crust, and the thin basaltic oceanic crust. The theory that the earth is not one solid shell of rock sitting on a magma | | |core is called the lithosphere theory. The shifting plate theory seems to help explain the formations of mountains, volcanoes | | |eruption, and the occurrence of earthquakes. The earth contains several plates that float around on the softer upper mantle of the | | |earth. Scientist can study the cause and effect of past catastrophic events by looking at their cause and effect they have a better | | |idea of how to read the signals of the earth today. | | | ...
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...first exam! Continental crust: felsic (has most silica), less dense Oceanic crust: mafic, more dense Deep in earth crust you’ll find Diorite. Closer to the surface of the continental crust you’ll find Granite. In earth Mantle: Peridotite, Garnet Peridotite, both are iron rich. Seismic Waves: P Wave: can travel through molten iron (outer core) S wave: cant travel through outer core Outer Core: liquid, iron and nickel Inner Core: solid, iron and nickel -Increase in P-wave velocity and increase in density -Keep in mind: Moho Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas Plate Tectonics: Unifying theory of geology developed in 1960’s, outer layer of Earth’s crust (lithosphere, lito = rock)consists of separate plates that move around. Explains locations of: earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain belts Antonio Snider-Pelleginer: says its all together (the plate) Alfred Wegener(1880-1930): first proposed the Hypothesis of Continetal drift: The Origin of the Continents and Oceans (1915) **What evidence supported Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis?** 1. Obvious fit of continents 2. Evidence for the distribution of glaciers a. Glaciation (260-280 Ma) Striations: direction, till deposits: perimeter. If continents were connected, one large ice cap explains these observations. Climate belts from ancient environments seem to match across continents. 3. Distribution of fossils a. Each continent has unique assemblage of terrestrial...
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...23:45:26 UTC, 2:45 PM Hypocenter Depth: 10.1km Plate tectonic setting: San Andreas fault, the fault is a transform fault. Maps & effects: Effect: Shaking felt in La Paz, however damage done was light. Sources: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000cw0l#summary Volcano 1 Location: Kapaa, United States, 19°25'16" N 155°17'13" W Type of volcano: Shield volcano, the magma composition is basalt. Date-Time: October 1, 2012 7:24 AM, 17:24 UTC Elevation: 1247 m Plate tectonic setting: Kilauea is 1000+ miles from any plate boundaries Description of eruption: The lava lake level remained stable, started to drop slowly after 6 pm, and started to rise about 2:30 am - before the start of DI inflation. The most recent (preliminary) sulfur dioxide emission rate measurement was 1,200 tonnes/day on September 28, 2012; this value is rather high but not out of the range of values measured at the summit over the past several months. Very small amounts of ash-sized tephra (spatter bits and Pele's hair) were carried out of the vent in the gas plume and deposited on nearby surfaces. Seismic activity was low Sources: http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/activity/kilaueastatus.php, http://sparkcharts.sparknotes.com/gensci/geology_earthsci/section7.php Earthquake 2 Location: 51.634°N 178.293°W, near 18mi SSW of Tanaga Volcano, Alaska Magnitude: 6.4 Date-time: 2012-09-26 23:39:54 UTC, 2:39 PM Hypocenter Depth: depth=9.9km Plate tectonic setting: Convergent Effect: strong...
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...United States Geological Society (2011) states “The world’s earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the earth’s surface, and tend to be concentrated in narrow zones”. This statement seems to hold true when it comes to the distribution of earthquakes in the United States as they happen primarily in those narrow fault zones. These fault zones are located in Alaska (Prince William Sound), on our West Coast ( San Andreas Fault), on our East Coast (Rambo Fault Line) and in the Midwest (New Madrid Fault) which all lying on the North American Tectonic Plate, a massive irregularly shaped slab of solid rock which is approximately 8000 kilometers or almost 5000 miles wide (Trefil and Hazen, 2011). Tectonic plates are in constant motion as they interact along their margins to form mountain belts, earthquakes and volcanoes. Plate size can vary greatly, from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across; the Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the largest. Living in Cincinnati, Ohio carries a relatively high risk of a major earthquake because it lies on the border of the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) and the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone (WVSZ) which have the most active geological areas in the eastern United States. The smaller of the two areas is the Wabash Valley area which lies in the Southeastern part of Illinois and Southwestern part of Indiana and came to fame most recently after a 5.4 magnitude earthquake struck Mt. Carmel Illinois on April 18, 2008 (WVSZ, 2011). The...
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...Krakatoa 1. The man visiting the island was a German soldier named Christopher Schweitzer (pg.46). According to his account, the sailors were collecting lightweight rocks, (pumice Stones) from the ocean in buckets (pg. 49) 2. The first rigorous mention of plate tectonics was published in the British journal Nature by J. Tuzo Wilson (pg. 99). 3. Captain Hollmann described the clod as follows: “we saw from the island a white cumulus cloud, rising fast. It rose almost vertically until, after about half an hour, it had reached a height of about 11,000 meters. Here it started to spread like an umbrella, probably because it had reached the height of the anti-trade winds, so that soon only a small part of blue sky was seen on the horizon. When at about 4.00 in the afternoon a light SSE breeze started, it brought a fine ash dust which increased strongly…until the entire ship was covered in all parts with a uniform fine grey dust layer”.(pg.157) 4. The telegraph lines would fail because they were not water proof and would break. With the discovery of gutta-percha, (a rubbery, workable, waterproof sap), they were able to waterproof the lines and keep them from breaking (pg. 185). 5. The messages sent from Anjer Port reads as follows; “Krakatoa was beginning a major eruption. It was “vomiting fire and smoke”. It is so dark in town that it was now no longer possible to see one’s hand before one’s eyes. What were the instructions?” (pg. 213) 6. He initially refused...
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