...Cognitive Psychology Definition Alesandra Leiman PSY/360 February 3, 2014 Dr. Dione Johnson-Williams Definition The dominant aspects of cognitive theory involve the interaction between mental components and the information that is processed through this complex network (Neisser, 1967). As individuals learn, they activity create cognitive structures which determine their concepts of self and the environment (McEntire, 1992). Interestingly, the specific process of learning is not the primary area of concern in cognitive research; instead, learning is viewed as only one of the many processes comprised by the human mind (Anderson, 1980). Some approaches deal with detailed analyses of information-processing skills, while others focus on mental models or cognitive growth and development (Mayer, 1981). Milestones in the Development of Cognitive Science Much of the history of this formulation has been told by Gardner (1985), though his chapter on psychology contains comparatively little on the recent contributions of psychology to cognitive science, focusing mainly on historical theories of perception and cognition, such as those of Wundt and the Gestaltists. The theoretical center piece of traditional cognitive science is the computer analogy, or, more accurately, the assertion that animal and human psychology occurs through computational processes in organisms involving physical symbol systems (Fodor, 1975; Newell, 1980). According to Anderson (1980), cognitive psychology...
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...Online Evaluations: The Risks, Benefits, and FSU Traditionally, universities have taken stock of their faculty and class offerings by means of paper evaluations, typically administered during class towards the end of the term. This practice began in the 1920s and has been the standard since (Mau & Opengart 2012). However, during the last fifteen years universities have increasingly abandoned paper forms in favor of an online system, in which students complete course and faculty evaluations through a website, out of class and usually on their own time. The adoption rate among schools rose from 2% in 2000 to 33% in 2005, with the most common reasons cited being the cost and time savings (Guder & Malliaris 2013). Despite these potential benefits, many professors fear repercussions in the form of lowered response rates and biased scores. This paper aims to examine these concerns and also propose how a small school such as Fitchburg State University can implement online evaluations. First, I would like to briefly discuss why a school would want to switch to online evaluations. There are three primary reasons: online evaluations reduce paper costs (and postage for distance learning courses), which in turn is a way to “go green,” or be more environmentally friendly; online evaluations also saves many hundreds of hours across the various staff that have to prepare, print, scan, and analyze paper-based evaluations; and lastly, online evaluations do not take up valuable class...
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...March 1, 2015 Module #2 Assignment Case 4-3: 1. The deductive approach to the development of accounting theory starts with the establishment of certain objectives. After identifying the objectives, key definitions and assumptions are stated. Later on, researchers develop a structure for accomplishing the objectives from the information of the definitions and assumptions. An example of deductive theory is political economy theory. The theory emphasizes the objective of accounting to not allow it to benefit one group over another. It also recommends viewing market and socio-economic forces in the development of accounting theory. Agency theory is also a normative theory, which attempts to explain behavior. 2. The inductive approach to the development of accounting theory makes observations and draws conclusions from the observations made, which goes from specific to the general view. This approach allows the researcher to make a general point of the universe based upon a number of observations of specific situations. An example is APB Statement No. 4. The inductive research describes GAAP on the basis of current practice observations. 3. The pragmatic approach to theory development is utility or usefulness concept. After a problem is identified, the researcher attempts to find a utilitarian solution. An example to the approach is the Statement of Accounting Theory by Sanders, Hatfield and Moore. The study made through the approach was used by some accountants...
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...Selling Motivation: An exploration of the effects on Job Satisfaction and Performance via Equity Sensitivity Construct Subject: Managing People in Organization ------------------------------------------------- Table of Contents 1. Purpose of the Document 4 2. Executive Summary 5 3. Introduction 6 3.1. Key Focus 6 3.2. Independent and Dependant Variables 6 3.3. Structure of the Paper/Document 6 3.4. Overview of the Organisations/Companies 6 4. Methodology 7 4.1. Secondary Data Collection 9 4.2. Primary Data Collection 9 5. Findings 10 5.1. Secondary Data Findings - Literature Review 10 5.2. Primary Data Findings - Survey Findings 16 5.3. Analysis 25 6. Conclusion 27 7. Recommendations 28 8. Bibliography 29 Appendices 30 8.1. Appendix 1 – Survey Questionnaire 30 8.2. Appendix 2 – xxxxxx 32 ------------------------------------------------- Table of Figures Figure 1: Equity Theory (Al-Zawahreh & Al-Madi 2012) 12 Figure 2: Predicted job satisfaction levels for equity sensitivity orientations (Huseman et al 1987) 15 Figure 3: Representation of the Preference Groups in Company X 17 Figure 4: Representation of the Preference Groups within the Total Sample 18 Figure 5: Motivation Level of company X 18 Figure 6: Total Motivation Level of three companies 19 Figure 7: Preference Groups vs Motivation Level in company X 19 Figure 8: Preference Groups vs Motivation Level in all three companies 20 ...
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...------------------------------------------------- Financial Planning and Forecasting Financial Statements ------------------------------------------------- ANSWERS TO BEGINNING-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS We like to use discussion questions along with relatively simple and easy to follow calculations for our lectures. Unfortunately, forecasting is by its very nature relatively complex, and it simply cannot be done in a realistic manner without using a spreadsheet. Accordingly, our primary “question” for Chapter 9 is really a problem, but one that can be discussed. Therefore, we base our lecture primarily on the BOC model and we use the class period to discuss forecasting and Excel modeling. We cover the chapter in about 2 hours, and then our students work a case on the subject later in the course. 9-1 The major components of the strategic plan include the firm’s purpose, the scope of its operations, its specific (quantified) objectives, its operating strategies, its operating plan, and its financial plan. Engineers, economists, marketing experts, human resources people, and so on all participate in strategic planning, and development of the plan is a primary function of the senior executives. Regional and world economic conditions, technological changes, competitors’ likely moves, supplies of resources, and the like must all be taken into account, along with the firm’s own R&D activities. The effects of all these forces, under alternative strategic plans, are analyzed by use of forecasted...
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...Is money laundering a real problem in the world today? Ashford University By: A’ Lexis Gailes BUS670: Legal Environment Professor Robert Tocker May 25, 2014 Abstract Money laundering the process whereby the proceeds of crime are transformed into apparently legitimate money or other assets has been recognized as a criminal activity which causes serious social and economic damages. The traditional method of money laundering is through financial institutions. However, with the development of new science and technology the approaches of money laundering have become more and more diverse. This paper is discussing the legal and ethical issues which surround this topic, as well as, develop an analysis for the ethical concerns raised by the laundering of money. The writer will then provide explanations from at least three relevant areas of law that have been discussed throughout the course and assess each area as it applies to money laundering. Finally, the write will provide recommendations on this situation to reduce liability exposure and improve the ethical climate or the overall ethics of money laundering. Is money laundering a real problem in the world today? I. Introductions There are many ethical issues that can arise in the course of operating a small business. A comprehensive understanding of the different types of ethical issues will help you to identify and handle this situation’s responsibility to maintain core business values. Let’s look at this scenario...
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...answers on how physical activity can replace anti-anxiety and depression drugs. To solve this question numerous research articles were examined by looking at how both acute and chronic bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise correlated with mental health aspects such as stress, depression, and anxiety. The findings showed that almost all types of exercise showed the capability of being able to improve mental health significantly. Thus, it is possible for physical activity to become a replacement for drugs being administered to the general population today, which allows people to treat their mental illness without the adverse side effects, which accompany drugs. This is supported by multiple studies done that compared physical exercise and drugs as treatments for mental disorders. All the studies support the claim that physical activity could be used as a replacement for drugs in treating mental illness. Introduction Mental health illness is a severe issue affecting a significant portion of Americans every day. Serious mental illnesses have been reported to cost America $193.2 Billion in lost earning per year (NAMI, 2013). Specifically, 14.8 million people are reported to live with major depression while 42 million people reportedly live with anxiety disorders (NAMI, 2013). With this high portion of people having a mental illness, it means a lot of them are also taking drugs to help them cope and treat their specific disorders. These drugs have been shown to be associated with...
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...answers on how physical activity can replace anti-anxiety and depression drugs. To solve this question numerous research articles were examined by looking at how both acute and chronic bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise correlated with mental health aspects such as stress, depression, and anxiety. The findings showed that almost all types of exercise showed the capability of being able to improve mental health significantly. Thus, it is possible for physical activity to become a replacement for drugs being administered to the general population today, which allows people to treat their mental illness without the adverse side effects, which accompany drugs. This is supported by multiple studies done that compared physical exercise and drugs as treatments for mental disorders. All the studies support the claim that physical activity could be used as a replacement for drugs in treating mental illness. Introduction Mental health illness is a severe issue affecting a significant portion of Americans every day. Serious mental illnesses have been reported to cost America $193.2 Billion in lost earning per year (NAMI, 2013). Specifically, 14.8 million people are reported to live with major depression while 42 million people reportedly live with anxiety disorders (NAMI, 2013). With this high portion of people having a mental illness, it means a lot of them are also taking drugs to help them cope and treat their specific disorders. These drugs have been shown to be associated with...
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...pain. Pain in the young child age group (1-7 years) has often been under-treated, resulting in increased fear of the healthcare setting and postponement of necessary immunizations and procedures by the patients and parents. Close examination of the concept of pain – specifically, procedural pain in the young child age group in the emergency department (ED) setting, is necessary for understanding how nursing practice may be improved in order to produce a more positive patient experience. A thoughtful review of current literature will provide insight into the concept of pediatric pain, permitting a detailed analysis. This analysis will assist in the formulation of theoretical and operational definitions of the concept for use in further study. Review of Literature A review of literature was conducted to compare and contrast views of the concept of pain across multiple disciplines. The disciplines chosen are nursing, psychology, and pharmacology due to their close multidisciplinary relationship regarding the concept, assessment, and treatment of pediatric procedural pain in the young child age group. Nursing Discipline Original research conducted by Nilsson, Hallqvist, Sidenvall, and Enskar (2011) explores...
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...Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ABSTRACT—Recent studies have shown that mimicry occurs unintentionally and even among strangers. In the present studies, we investigated the consequences of this automatic phenomenon in order to learn more about the adaptive function it serves. In three studies, we consistently found that mimicry increases prosocial behavior. Participants who had been mimicked were more helpful and generous toward other people than were nonmimicked participants. These beneficial consequences of mimicry were not restricted to behavior directed toward the mimicker, but included behavior directed toward people not directly involved in the mimicry situation. These results suggest that the effects of mimicry are not simply due to increased liking for the mimicker, but are due to increased prosocial orientation in general. When people are free to do as they please, they usually imitate each other. —Demotivatorsr 2000 calendar (Despair, Inc., http://www.despair.com) By now, there is substantial evidence that humans mimic a wide range of behaviors. People not only mimic several speech-related behaviors, such as accents (Giles & Powesland, 1975), tone of voice (Neumann & Strack, 2000), pauses (Cappella & Planalp, 1981), rate of speech (Webb, 1969, 1972), and syntax (Levelt & Kelter, 1982), but they also mimic postures, mannerisms (Chartrand & Bargh, 1999), and even moods (Neumann & Strack, 2000) and emotions (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1994). This mimicry often occurs...
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...seas are calm, and outside on the sundeck the entertainment on board the ship (along with a few mixed drinks) relaxes all of your worries away when all of a sudden you smell something that you shouldn’t when you are 150 miles away from land; smoke. Smoke caused by a fire in the engine room on the Carnival Cruise Ship Triumph. That’s exactly what passengers told reporters after returning to port. What happened? What caused the fire? Did response crews respond quick enough to prevent the spread of the fire? Were the appropriate maintenance checks completed as scheduled? This case study will examine these questions and others in an attempt to identify potential risk associated with passenger vessels. The Problem Improper Maintenance Upkeep In December of 2011, the Staff Chief Engineer Handing-Over (SMS Procedures, 2011) reported that three of the six Diesel Generators were...
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...A STUDY OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE RULE VIOLATION BEHAVIOUR OF DRIVERS Mohammed Najeeb. P. M Motor Vehicle Department, Ministry of Transport, Kerala, India. Mob +91 9447679841 najeeb.blossom@gmail.com Abstract An analysis of traffic accidents indicates that human factors are a sole or a contributory factor in approximately 90% of road traffic accidents. The present study examined the extent to which Type A behaviour pattern , Sensation Seeking behaviour, propensity to aggression, Hostility, Attitude to Speeding and demographic variables including Age, Experience And Education have an effect on violation behaviour of drivers. The Data was obtained from 500 drivers on standardized instruments such as Violation of Basic Traffic Rules scale, Hostility scale (MMPI), Propensity to Aggression Scale, Sensation Seeking Scale (Zukerman) Type A behaviour Scale and Attitude to Speeding Scale. The Result presented in this study revealed that there was an effect of age, experience and education and significant influence of personality traits and attitude on violation behaviour of drivers. Key Words: Violation of Basic Traffic Rules, Type A behavior, Sensation Seeking, propensity to aggression Hostility and attitude 1. Introduction The National Crime Record Bureau Reported that, in India the number of road accidents, deaths due to road accidents and injuries due to road accidents is very high and increasing every year. During the year 2010; 4, 30,600...
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...Literature review The essence of financial management is the creation of shareholder value. According to Ehrhard and Bringham (2003), the value of a business based on the going concern expectation is the present value of all the expected future cash flows to be generated by the assets, discounted at the company’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC). From this it can be seen that the WACC has a direct impact on the value of a business. (Johannes and Dhanraj, 2007). The choice between debt and equity aims to find the right capital structure that will maximize stockholder wealth. Debt policy and equity ownership structure “matter” and the way in which they matter differs between firms with many and firms with few positive net present value project (McConnel and Servaes, 1995). Leland and Pyle (1977) propose that managers will take debt equity ratio as a signal, by the fact that high leverage implies higher bankruptcy risk (and costs) for low quality firms. Since managers always have information advantage over the outsiders, the debt structure may be considered as a signal to the market. Ross’s (1977) model suggests that the values of firms will rise with leverage, since increasing the market’s perception of value. Under some conditions capital structure does not affect the value of the firm. Splitting a fund into some mix of shares relating to debt, dividend and capital directly adds value to the company (Gemmille, 2001).Firms has increased their level of debt relative to...
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...My Personal Learning Assessment Virginia Tucker AET: 525 February 26th, 2012 Deborah Hatfield My Personal Learning Assessment Many factors can affect a student’s ability to perform successfully in the classroom. One of these factors is his or her personal learning style. According to Howard Gardner, there are seven distinct learning styles (Gardner, 1985). The first of these styles is known as the “Verbal-Linguistic” Learner. A student with this type of learning style prefers to learn by using words and being vocal in class. He or she will use stories and enjoy question and answer sessions in class settings (Gardner, 1985). As with any learning style, there are problems that may arise with this particular learning style. Some examples include: 1. Difficulty with online classroom learning environments- These students strive on one-on-one interaction with both the instructor and other students. Not having this could greatly affect their learning ability. 2. Not working well with shy individuals in a team setting- “Verbal-Linguistic” learners need social interaction to fully learn a subject being presented to them in a class. These students may burden and or overshadow quieter students who prefer to work in a quieter environment. The second learning style is an “auditory” learner. An “auditory” learner relies on his or her hearing to succeed in the classroom. These students are very particular about their choice of words when speaking inside the classroom...
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...Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol. 86, No. 1, September, pp. 99–130, 2001 doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2974, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Mood and Emotions in Small Groups and Work Teams Janice R. Kelly Purdue University and Sigal G. Barsade Yale University Affective influences abound in groups. In this article we propose an organizing model for understanding these affective influences and their effects on group life. We begin with individuallevel affective characteristics that members bring to their groups: moods, emotions, sentiments, and emotional intelligence. These affective characteristics then combine to form a group’s affective composition. We discuss explicit and implicit processes through which this affective combination occurs by examining the research on emotional contagion, entrainment, modeling, and the manipulation of affect. We also explore how elements of the affective context, such as organizationwide emotion norms and the group’s particular emotional history, may serve to constrain or amplify group members’ emotions. The outcome, group emotion, results from the combination of the group’s affective composition and the affective context in which the group is behaving. Last, we focus on the important interaction between nonaffective factors and affective factors in group life and suggest a possible 2001 Academic Press agenda for future research. During the past century, a tremendous amount of research attention...
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