...Slope E 0.25r0 r0 2r0 r0 Figure 9 Ideal Strength ~ From the force-distance curve, where r = 1.25r0, = 0.25 and 2 is ideal strength). Copyright School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, 2012. E ~ 2 0.25 ~ E 8 ~ E 15 E 15 A better estimate using interatomic potential gives Glasses and some ceramics have a yield strength of For other ceramics and polymers, For metals, y y 10 1 E 15 E 15 y 10 1 10 5 Actual vs Ideal Strength 10-1 10-2 10-3 Cement (nonreinforced Ceramics Silica glass Diamond Soda glass SiC Al2O3, Si3N4 MgO, ice Alkali halides Metals Polymers Low density PE Epoxies PP, PMMA High density PE Nylons Polyimides Foamed polymers Composites Ti alloys Low-alloy steels Stainless steels Carbon steels Al alloys Cu alloys Mild steel Pb alloys Commercially pure metals BFRP Reinforced concrete GFRP’s Woods CFRP Cermets 10-4 10-5 Ultra-pure metals 10-6 10-7 Bar chart of data for normalised yield strength, y/E Figure 10 Normalised yield strength From the bar chart in...
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...Unit 15 Aircraft Propulsion Technology Outcome 1.1 1) T=m(V0 -V1) m= 1000kg/s T=1000(120-100) V0 =120m/s T=20,000N V1 =100 m/s 2) Total thrust =Thrust of core engine + thrust of fan Thrust = Mass airflow x (bypass velocity – aircraft velocity) + Mass airflow x (exhaust velocity – aircraft velocity) Thrust = 300 x (180-120) + 200 x (220-120) = 300 x 60 + 200 x100 = 1800 + 2000 = 38,000N 3) Cross reference to Unit 17 Gas turbine science outcome 2 assignment 2 Q1 4) Cross reference to Unit 17 Gas turbine science outcome 2 assignment 1 Q1 Outcome 3.2 Materials used in gas turbines have gone through many incremental improvements since the first practical turbines were developed in the 1940s. Most recent efforts have led to improved steel alloys for use in turbine vanes, blades, and inlet blocks. material improvements have led to an increase in rotor life and reliability. Progress in gas turbine material development often came in the form of alternative stainless steel or metal alloys that had improved heat characteristics. Different parts of gas turbines use a variety of alloy metals, including varying quantities of cobalt, nickel, and chromium. In turbine compressors, manufacturers vary in their metals and manufacturing methods, but initial blades are often made with stainless steel because it is strong and easy to machine. Materials in other parts of the turbine have been changed more frequently as the...
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...Abstract Engineering vs. Tech-Ops Any airline operating in the United States must operate under the regulations handed down from the Federal Aviation Administration. While the regulations handed down to U.S carriers come in many forms and cover all areas related to aviation, our discussion is focused on one of the most common regulations related to aircraft maintenance, the AD (airworthiness directive). These ADs are mandatory, however, at times the FAA allows operators to develop their own method of compliance based on a particular companies resources as long as the original safety requirements are met. When they do this it’s called an AMOC (Alternate Method of Compliance). On August 11, 1999 The FAA issued AD: # APA 87-99 FAA, to order insulation replacement on select aircraft. While this directive applied to all U.S. operators we will look at implementation at Delta Airlines. As Delta began reviewing the requirements, the maintenance planning team officials decided to implement it in its own way. We will look at how communication worked and in some cases did not work in this process. When AD 87-99 was issued by the FAA in August 1999 to order the replacement of insulation certain aircraft Delta was hugely affected. In total the AD covered 699 aircraft, 247 of which were operated by Delta. The problem, according to the FAA, was the original insulation blankets were covered with metalized Mylar. Over time this metalized Mylar had become flammable and replacement was...
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...The use of Composite Materials in Aerospace, Wind Power and Automotive Technologies Introduction A composite is a multiphase heterogeneous material comprising of fibres that are embedded in a matrix [1], [2]. A composite is unlike an alloy because in an alloy, the other components have been produced by naturally occurring changes. There is a diversity of types of composites currently available, since “it is possible to design materials with property combinations that are better than those found in the metal alloys, ceramics and polymeric materials” [3]. The main ones focused on in this essay are polymeric matrices, metal matrix composites and ceramic composites, and their applications in the aerospace, automotive and wind industries. (1) Brief Fundamentals of Composites 1.1 Concise History [4] The search for alternative materials arose from growing technological and environmental demands for more efficient and sustainable components for industrial purposes. It was in the 1940s when the military first placed a priority on finding more high-strength and lightweight materials for their vehicles. The main materials used at that time were metallic, and while they were functional, they were often prohibitively heavy, so that the engines could not carry as much as cargo as they preferred, whereas the composite materials were much less heavy, as shown in Table 1, and when compared to non-composites, even steel, carbon based composites have a higher tensile strength. At the bottom...
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...Biosensors and Bioelectronics 25 (2009) 661–667 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biosensors and Bioelectronics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bios Review Detection of microorganisms using biosensors—A smarter way towards detection techniques Madhura Nayak 1 , Akhil Kotian 1 , Sandhya Marathe 1 , Dipshikha Chakravortty ∗ Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Along with useful microorganisms, there are some that cause potential damage to the animals and plants. Detection and identification of these harmful organisms in a cost and time effective way is a challenge for the researchers. The future of detection methods for microorganisms shall be guided by biosensor, which has already contributed enormously in sensing and detection technology. Here, we aim to review the use of various biosensors, developed by integrating the biological and physicochemical/mechanical properties (of tranducers), which can have enormous implication in healthcare, food, agriculture and biodefence. We have also highlighted the ways to improve the functioning of the biosensor. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Article history: Received 8 July 2009 Received in revised form 22 August 2009 Accepted 25 August 2009 Available online 31 August 2009 Keywords: Biosensors Microorganisms Biodefence...
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...CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are small integrated devices or systems that combine electrical and mechanical components. They range in size from the sub micrometer level to the millimeter level and there can be any number, from a few to millions, in a particular system. MEMS extend the fabrication techniques developed for the integrated circuit industry to add mechanical elements such as beams, gears, diaphragms, and springs to devices. Examples of MEMS device applications include inkjet-printer cartridges, accelerometer, miniature robots, microengines, locks inertial sensors microtransmissions, micromirrors, micro actuator (Mechanisms for activating process control equipment by use of pneumatic, hydraulic, or electronic signals) optical scanners, fluid pumps, transducer, pressure and flow sensors. New applications are emerging as the existing technology is applied to the miniaturization and integration of conventional devices. These systems can sense, control, and activate mechanical processes on the micro scale, and function individually or in arrays to generate effects on the macro scale. The micro fabrication technology enables fabrication of large arrays of devices, which individually perform simple tasks, but in combination can accomplish complicated functions. MEMS are not about any one application or device, nor are they defined by a single fabrication process or limited to a few materials. They are a fabrication approach that conveys...
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...Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 8 (2004) 31–37 Carbon nanotube polymer composites R. Andrews *, M.C. Weisenberger 1 Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511-8410 USA Received 7 October 2003; accepted 29 October 2003 Abstract The state of research into carbon nanotube/polymer–matrix composites for mechanical reinforcement is critically reviewed with emphasis on recent advances in CNT composite toughness. Particular interest is also given to interfacial bonding of carbon nano-tubes to polymer matrices as it applies to stress transfer from the matrix to the CNT. Potential topics of oncoming focus are highlighted. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Since the documented discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991 by Iijima [1] and the realization of their unique physical properties, including mechanical, ther-mal, and electrical, many investigators have endeavored to fabricate advanced CNT composite materials that exhibit one or more of these properties [2,*3,*4]. For example, as conductive filler in polymers, CNTs are quite effective compared to traditional carbon black micro-particles, primarily due to their large aspect ratios [5]. The electrical percolation threshold was recently re-ported at 0.0025 wt.% CNTs and conductivity at 2 S/m at 1.0 wt.% CNTs in epoxy matrices [6]. Similarly, CNTs possess one of the highest thermal conductivities known [*7]...
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...PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT (PAC600) SEMESTER AUGUST 2013 – JANUARY 2014 PREPARED BY NORSHAKIRAH BINTI KAMARUDDIN BACHELOR DEGREE (Hons) IN ACCOUNTANCY/AC220 2010791179 FIRM KANEKA (M) SDN BHD, KUANTAN SUBMITTED TO EN MOHD ZULFIKRI BIN ABD RASHID DATE OF SUBMISSION 31 DECEMBER 2013 FACULTY OF ACCOUNTANCY UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA MALAYSIA Kaneka (M) Sdn Bhd STUDENT PROFILE NAME MATRIX NO. ADDRESS HP NO : NORSHAKIRAH BINTI KAMARUDDIN : 2010791179 : D 523 FELDA MELATI JENGKA 11, 26400 BANDAR JENGKA, PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR : 013-9383539 EMAIL ADDRESS : shakira_akiera@yahoo.com Practical Training Report (PAC600) Kaneka (M) Sdn Bhd TABLE OF CONTENTS PARTICULARS Acknowledgement Executive Summary Introduction 1.0 2.0 Background Of The Firm…………………………………............. Summary Of The Job Done……………………………………….. 2.1 Computerize Accounting…………………………………… 2.2 Financial Accounting………………………………………... 2.3 Cost Accounting……………………………………………... 2.4 Administrative……………………………………………. 3.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………... PAGE 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 Appendices Practical Training Report (PAC600) Kaneka (M) Sdn Bhd ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to be grateful to Allah S.W.T by reason of giving me chanced to finish my industrial training in fixed period and giving me a good health along this training...
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...------------------------------------------------- Solar panel | | Solar PV modules (top) and two solar hot water panels (bottom) mounted on rooftops | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating. A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, a solar inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring. The price of solar power, together with batteries for storage, has continued to fall so that in many countries it is cheaper than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the grid (there is "grid parity"). For example in 2015, an average home in Europe or the...
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...------------------------------------------------- Gas chromatography Gas chromatography (GC), is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound. In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds from a mixture.[1][2] In gas chromatography, the mobile phase (or "moving phase") is a carrier gas, usually an inert gas such as helium or an unreactive gas such as nitrogen. The stationary phase is a microscopic layer of liquid or polymer on an inert solidsupport, inside a piece of glass or metal tubing called a column (a homage to the fractionating column used in distillation). The instrument used to perform gas chromatography is called a gas chromatograph (or "aerograph", "gas separator"). The gaseous compounds being analyzed interact with the walls of the column, which is coated with a stationary phase. This causes each compound to elute at a different time, known as the retention time of the compound. The comparison of retention times is what gives GC its analytical usefulness. Gas chromatography is in principle similar to column chromatography (as well as other forms of chromatography, such as HPLC, TLC), but has...
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...16 Upon curing they shrink more as compared to amorphous thermoplastics. Examples are polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) [1]. S. Amin and M. Amin In order to resolve the problem of low thermal and chemical stability of thermoplastic elastomers, dynamic vulcanization techniques were used in late ] plastic. In dynamic vulcanization the thermoplastic and elastomers are both cross-linked and physically mixed together. This gave rise to a second generation of thermoplastic elastomers which had better tensile strength and oil resistance as compared to those formed by physical mixing only [8]. ] ] ] _ were introduced which were made by same dynamic vulcanization process but using natural and butyl rubbers in place of EPR and EPDM. Natural and butyl rubbers have the advantages like low cost, very good over molding properties, reusable and very easily recyclable scrap [9,10]. Butyl rubber based thermoplastic elastomers have excellent adhesion with other thermoplastics hence it is still used to date for many over molding applications [11]. A list of common thermoplastic elastomers used in modern world is given in Table 1. 1.2.2. Amorphous thermoplastics They are usually transparent and have diffused melting point. The molecules are arranged randomly and ] ] _ to crystalline polymers. Upon curing they shrink less as compared to crystalline thermoplastics [3,4]. Examples are polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), acrylonitrile...
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...Growth Commitment Results 20 13 Impact Partners DATA B OO K DuPont Investor Relations Contents 1 2 DuPont Overview Corporate Financial Data Consolidated Income Statements Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Selected Additional Data 6 DuPont Science & Technology 8 Business Segments Agriculture Electronics & Communications Industrial Biosciences Nutrition & Health Performance Materials Safety & Protection Performance Chemicals 22 Corporate Financial Data Segment Information Selected Additional Data Inside Back Cover Board of Directors and DuPont Leadership Individual Shareholder Relations: (302) 774-3033 Main Office Number: (302) 774-4994 Internet: www.dupont.com The DuPont DATA BOOK has been prepared to assist financial analysts, portfolio managers and others in understanding and evaluating the company. This book presents graphics, tabular and other statistical data about the consolidated company and its business segments. Forward-Looking Statements This DATA BOOK contains forward-looking statements which may be identified by their use of words like “plans,” “expects,” “will,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “intends,” “estimates” or other words of similar meaning. Although they reflect our current expectations, these statements are not guarantees of future performance, but involve a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Some of which include: fluctuations in energy and raw material prices; failure to develop and market new products...
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...Displays Overview of Korea’s Industries 2012 PROMISING INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES 02_ Overall Status of the Display Industry 04_ Characteristics of the Display Industry 13_ Investment by Foreign Companies Display Industry 02 03 1. Overall Status of the Display Industry 1. Overall Status of the Display Industry Flat-Panel Display (FPD) Market and Technologies ·The flat-panel display (FPD) market is growing based on the competitiveness of three major technologies: thin-film transistor-liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCD), plasma display panels (PDP) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). ·TFT-LCD has the largest market. The technology dominates the market, as it can be used in different types of applications, ranging from small devices including mobile phones to large appliances including televisions. ·PDP differs from LCD in that it does not need back light because it is self-luminous. Its use is limited to large applications such as televisions because the technology cannot be applied to small devices. It consumes more electricity than LCD. ·OLED is also self-luminous, and its use is limited to small devices such as mobile phones, as research is still underway to apply the technology to larger devices. OLED is lighter and consumes less electricity than LCD. It has great potential due to its simple structure and focus on materials, and it is praised as the foundation for flexible display, which is expected to lead the future. OLED is drawing attention...
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...A REVIEW OF FLUIDIC SELF ASSEMBLY Towards the fulfillment of course requirement for EE5171 Under Prof. Stephen Campbell Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Minnesota, Twin Cities By: Manan M Dedhia ID # 4279398 M.S. Graduate student Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Minnesota, Twin Cities THE INTEGRATION of microelectromechanical systems(MEMS) sensors and actuators with other classes of microcomponents—electronic, optical, and fluidic—onto a single substrate has the potential to create powerful and complex microsystems. To increase device performance and thus realize the potential of microsystems, it is now accepted that the integration must occur at the micro scale. There are two possible routes: either the micro-components are fabricated at their desired locations in a single process, or they are fabricated separately and then positioned using micro assembly techniques. Since many classes of micro components cannot be co-fabricated effectively due to materials and process incompatibilities, several research groups are developing micro assembly approaches. In the micro assembly route, different classes of micro components are fabricated in separate processes, removed from their substrates, and assembled onto a target substrate of choice. For most applications, sub micrometer positioning and methods for establishing high-quality mechanical and electrical connections to the substrate are required. As in co fabrication, small-area electrical...
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...NaNotechNology applicatioNs for cleaN Water Micro & NaNo TechNologies series editor: Jeremy ramsden Professor of Nanotechnology Microsystems and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Materials Cranfield University, United Kingdom the aim of this book series is to disseminate the latest developments in small scale technologies with a particular emphasis on accessible and practical content. these books will appeal to engineers from industry, academia and government sectors. for more information about the book series and new book proposals please contact the publisher, Dr. Nigel hollingworth at nhollingworth@williamandrew.com. http://www.williamandrew.com/MNt NaNotechNology applicatioNs for cleaN Water edited by Nora savage Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and (in alphabetical order) Mamadou Diallo Materials and process simulation center, Division of chemistry and chemical engineering, california institute of technology Jeremiah Duncan Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison anita street Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign richard sustich N o r w i c h , N Y, U S A copyright © 2009 by William andrew inc. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying...
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