...NEVADA LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL BUREAU OFFICE OF RESEARCH BACKGROUND PAPER 1977 No. 8 RIGHT TO DIE I The name Karen Ann Quinlan brings to mind the plight of many apparently terminally ill patients who are kept alive by lifesustaining mechanical procedures. On March 31, 1976, the New Jersey Supreme Court spoke to the issue raised by Miss Quinlan's specific plight and said, based on Karen's right to privacy, that "The present life support systems may be withdr?~m * * * without any civil or criminal liability therefore on the part of any participants." Ironically, Miss Quinlan lives on; so does the question of the role of machines and medication in sustaining vital functions and the propriety of stopping or withholding such treatment from patients. The dilemma doctors, patients, relatives and the legal community face in cases like Karen's is largely due to medical progress in the development of ever more sophisticated means of life support. Several years ago, a patient died when his heart stopped and "extraordinary" treaL"Uent consisted of an injection of adrenaline. However, with respirators, heartlung machines, organ transplants and similar measures, patients who would have died in the past can now be kept alive, at least technically, for weeks, months and even years. The slogan "death with dignity" implies a rejection of the paraphernalia by which a terminal patient is kept alive, usually at great cost to his family and in isolation from it. Such "intensive care," so the argument...
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...Brogan Walters Higher osmolarity in sweet potatoes than ordinary potatoes Biology 182 Lab, Thursday 11:00am Lab 5 Osmosis, Dialysis and Diffusion Laboratory 10/1/14 Introduction: Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. (1) This process depends on the difference of concentrations of solutes on each side of the membrane. In this experiment the osmolarity of two types of potatoes were compared, the sweet potato and the ordinary potato. The sweet potato is more nutrient dense than a normal potato, in that it has more sugar, fiber and vitamins than a normal potato.(3) The hypothesis is the sweet potato will have a higher osmolarity than the ordinary potato because of its more nutrient dense nature. The ordinary potato will see an increase also but not to the magnitude of the sweet potato. Methods: Fifteen potato cores were prepared from both the sweet and ordinary potato and trimmed to be 1cm long. Each core was weighed using a balance and set aside for later in the experiment, keeping them organized. There were five different solutions; 25 mL were placed in each beaker. For each type of potato 15 beakers were used, three for each of the known solutions. When each beaker was ready, one of the weighed cores was placed into each of them. Time was recorded when submersion commenced. After 45 minutes, the cores were pulled out and patted dry to resemble the starting moistness. Each core was weighed for the final weight. The data was...
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...A. Berhay Michelle Anne W.S. Pamaran Kier Luanne T. Sudiacal PEPSI GROWS POTATOES Case Analysis I. Problem Statement: -What should Pepsi do to ensure the supply of quality of potatoes in the production of its chips given its growing demand? II. Objectives The main objective is to make the company less susceptible to supply fluctuations given the growing demand of potatoes in the market. In order to achieve this goal, the company must also look into some other objectives: a. Pepsi must explore ways to ensure a supply that can meet the growing demand of potatoes for the production of its chips, b. Pepsi must effectively and efficiently maximize its limited resources (growing a potato farm, and involving local farmers) III. Areas of Consideration In this case study, there are certain factors that need to be considered. First, the Chinese government had banned the import of potatoes and potato seeds so they cannot rely on the same suppliers they had in the US. Second, the potatoes bought at the local market were of poor quality and did not meet Lay’s standard. Third, as a US company, PepsiCo does not have a good knowledge about Chinese culture and natural environment in China thus brought about the need to employ local workers. Chinese farmers were reluctant to invest and become Pepsi’s supplier because hold-up risk is high due to thin market for high quality potatoes in China. By having a potato farm and a potato processing plant, PepsiCo could...
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...The greatest diversity in wild potato spices occurs in the Lake Titicaca region of Peru and Bolivia, where the potato probably was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago.3 Exactly when such plants were first cultivated is uncertain: perhaps as early as 3000 B.C.E. and almost certainly before 2000 B.C.E.4 Sixteen-century Spanish explorers, who first observed the potato in Peru, Bolivia, Columbia, and Ecuador, compared the unfamiliar tuber food to truffles and adopted the Quechua name, papa.5 It first reached Spain probably around 1570.6 From there, the potato spread via herbalists and farmers to Italy, the Low Countries, and England, and there was likely a second introduction sometime in the following twenty years.7 From Spain, potatoes slowly spread to Italy and other European countries during the late 1500s. By 1600, the potato had entered Spain, Italy, Austria, Belgium, Holland, France, Switzerland, England, Germany, Portugal, and Ireland.8 The...
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...Archaeological evidence show the Inca of Peru may have cultivated earliest forms of potatoes over 4,500 years ago. The First Europeans who came in contact were the Spanish conquistadors in seek of South American treasures. The Incas gathered wild plants and cultivate larger, better – tasting varieties. The potato had been a valuable source of food for slaves forced to work Spanish silver mines in Bolivia. They were often bitter, small, with purple skin and yellow flesh. The Inca worshipped the potato very much; they would bury them with the dead. Potatoes usually grow wild in elevation exceeding 12,000 feet where there is a cool environment. The Incas would use “freeze drying” to preserve potatoes. Freeze drying was a process of squeezing the...
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...Potatoes, most people don’t spend time thinking about them but, they are an important ranking “with rice and wheat as one of the world’s leading food crops” (Reeves and Rushing 118). Potatoes are more than just a tasty side dish; did you know the potatoes also helped give rise to America. In his article, How Potatoes Changed the World, author Charles C. Mann writes that historians believe that the potato’s arrival in northern Europe from the Andes spelled an end to famine and food shortage in Europe. In his article Mann also quoted historian William H. McNeill on how the cultivation of potato in Europe led to an empire: “By feeding a rapidly growing populations, Potatoes permitted a handful of European nations to assert dominion over most of the world between 1750 and 1950.” (Mann). Whether mashed, baked or french fried potatoes are an important staple in the American diet because potatoes are easily stored and “can keep for up to about eight months, especially if they’re a variety known for storage quality (Poncavage 2014).”...
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...Determining the Osmotic Equilibrium of Potatoes Danielle Soule, Honors Biology, March 18th, 2013 ------------------------------------------------- Abstract: In this lab, our group tried to determine the osmotic equilibrium of potatoes by testing potatoes in solutions of different strengths. We saw that the solutions of lower strengths had swelled the cells of the potatoes and the solutions of higher strengths had decreased the size of the cells of the potatoes. We found that this was due to osmosis. The cells of the lower strength solutions were in a hypotonic solution, and the cells in the higher strength were in a hypertonic solution. We used the information we gathered to conclude the osmotic equilibrium of a potato cell is about 2.7 M. INTRODUCTION Our biology class was learning about the basics of osmosis and diffusion. Diffusion, being the tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out into available space (Cambell 2002), is directly linked to osmosis which is the diffusion of water across a membrane toward the side that cannot transverse the membrane (Johnson, 2000). Thus, in cells, movement of H20 into and out of a cell is influenced by the relative concentration of solute on either side of the cell membrane (Mahar 2013). We saw the affects of osmosis when we submerged potatoes into solutions of different strengths to see how the cells would react to this change in environment. We saw that some of the cells were in a hypertonic solution, which has a...
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...Optimal Growing Conditions for Russet Potatoes Lauren Mendoza Lab Group: Benjamin Lowe, Winifred Zee, Courtney Machac Introduction The purpose of this lab was to find the optimal growing conditions for Russet potatoes by conducting a series of experiments. Here in this experiment we will look at NaCl concentration, pH levels and wavelengths to determine which ones are more beneficial for growth of Russet Potatoes. In Lab 2.1 we looked at levels of NaCl in hopes to find the isotonic concentration for the potatoes. Plants do prefer hypotonic solutions. Plants prefer hypotonic environments because the water from its environment gets soaked up by the cells then is stored in their vacuoles. The vacuoles will apply pressure to the cell wall which...
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...the local farmers and helping them in innovation capabilities. Should the company get into potato growing, or should it build and manage contract suppliers? Explain. In order to meet its demands of the right variety, shape, size, and sugar and water contents, Pepsi has no other option but to get into the potato growing. Pepsi should continue developing more demonstration farms, training local farmers in new farming methods to increase the crop yields, and providing them incentives in the form of higher rates and long term contracts. Pepsi should also keep providing the local farmers with expert advice on water management and other best practices to assist them in improving the yield and quality of potatoes. This strategy will ensure a sustainable supply of quality potatoes and make the company less vulnerable to supply fluctuations. This strategy will also help Pepsi build their brand value in China by also helping improve the living standards of local farmers. By building deep relationships with local farmers, Pepsi will be able to craft a sustainable competitive advantage in an emerging...
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...Genetic Modified Potatoes Vaccines based for Hepatitis B Hepatitis B is an inflammation or enlargement of the liver in a person’s body due to the cause of Hepatitis B Virus. Eventually people with HBV will encounter in liver damage in the future. This disease occurs in most countries in Asia and Africa. There are some medications that are available viral treatment therapies and as well as vaccine shots. But now, Biotechnology has taken a turn its course by creating Genetic Modified Potatoes to create potential vaccines for Hepatitis B. A hepatitis vaccine shot is quite expensive to purchase compare to other countries; therefore, researchers begin conducting their Genetic Modified testing on potatoes to create Hepatitis oral vaccines from Genetic Modified potatoes. Clinical Trials A scientist, Arntzen and his colleagues over in United Kingdom created a vaccine that doesn’t need to be refrigerated inside a regular potato. Once extracting a gene out of the hepatitis B virus and inserting into the potato plant, in order to produce a virus antigen (Khamsi, 2005). After that process, the antigen protein begins to create an immune response in the human body which represents as a booster shot against HBV. Once the Genetic Modified potatoes were created, researchers chose several test subjects who had hepatitis B shots in the past 15 years to eat their Genetic Modified potatoes. After monitoring and data collecting, the results showed a probability of 19 out of 33 people...
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...for both Michelle’s and James’ in relation to producing potatoes and chickens. And I will explore based upon opportunity cost the absolute advantage in producing potatoes and chickens. Opportunity cost of producing potatoes Michelle 200 Potatoes= 50 Chickens~ 1 Potato= 1/200*50=0.25 Chickens Michelle’s opportunity cost of producing potatoes is 0.25(1/4) chickens. James 80 Potatoes= 40 Chickens~1 Potato=1/80*40=0.5 Chickens James’ opportunity cost of producing potatoes is 0.5 (1/2) chickens. Opportunity cost of producing chickens Michelle 50 Chickens=200 Potatoes~1 Chicken= 1/50*200= 4 Potatoes Michelle’s opportunity cost of producing Chickens is 4 Potatoes. James 40 Chickens= 80 Potatoes~1 Chicken=1/40*80= 2 Potatoes James’ opportunity cost of producing Chickens is 2 Potatoes. Absolute Advantage In this scenario, Michelle has the absolute advantage due to the fact that Michelle can produce more potatoes and chickens than James can produce. Comparative Advantage for Potatoes Michelle, 200 Potatoes =50 Chickens~200/200P=50/200C~1P=0.25C (1/4C) James, 80 Potatoes=40 Chickens~80/80P=40/80C~1P=0.5C (1/2C) In the instance of Potatoes, since Michelle has a lower opportunity cost to produce potatoes she has the comparative advantage. Comparative Advantage for Chickens Michelle, 50 Chickens=200 Potatoes~50/50C=200/50P~1C=4 Potatoes James, 40 Chickens= 80 Potatoes~40/40C=80/40P~1C=2 Potatoes In the instance of Chickens, since James has a lower...
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...Williams | Potatoes | Chickens | Michelle | 200 / 4 | 50 / 1 | James | 80 / 2 | 40 / 1 | 1. What is Michelle’s opportunity cost of producing potatoes? Michelle’s opportunity cost of producing potatoes is 1 pound of potatoes is equivalent to ¼ of a chicken. The opportunity cost would be ¼ of a chicken. 2. What is Michelle’s opportunity cost of producing chickens? Michelle’s opportunity cost of producing chickens is 1 chicken is equivalent to 4 pounds of potatoes. The opportunity cost is 4 pounds of potatoes. 3. What is James’ opportunity cost of producing potatoes? James’ opportunity cost of producing potatoes is 1 pound of potatoes is equivalent to ½ of a chicken. The opportunity cost is ½ of a chicken. 4. What is James’ opportunity cost of producing chickens? James’ opportunity cost of producing chickens is 1 chicken is equivalent to 2 pounds of potatoes. The opportunity cost is 2 pounds of potatoes. 5. Which person has the absolute advantage in which activities? Michelle has the absolute advantage in both activities because she can produce more potatoes and more chickens then James. 6. Which person has the comparative advantage in potatoes? Michelle has the comparative advantage of potatoes 200/50 = 4 pounds of potatoes per 1 chicken, where James is 80/40 = 2 pounds of potatoes per 1 chicken. 7. Which person has the comparative advantage in chicken? James has the comparative advantage in chicken 40/80 = .50 or ½ chicken per 1 pound of potatoes, where Michelle...
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...of questions referring to opportunity cost, absolute advantage, and comparative advantage. This is based on Michelle being able to grow 200 pounds of potatoes or raise 50 chickens if she uses all her resources for each. James is able to grow 80 pounds of potatoes or 40 chickens if he uses all his resources for each. What is Michelle’s opportunity cost of producing potatoes? The opportunity cost of producing potatoes for Michelle is not having the opportunity to raise chickens. She has the ability to grow 200 pounds of potatoes but might face a consequence of losing some, if not all, potatoes if there is a drought or if her land is not fertile enough to grow potatoes. In this instance, she might have lost some if not all her potatoes and never had the opportunity to raise chickens because she put all her resources into producing potatoes. What is Michelle’s opportunity cost of producing chickens? The opportunity cost of raising chickens for Michelle is not having the opportunity to produce potatoes. Based on her resources, she has the opportunity to raise 50 chickens but might face a consequence of the chickens developing a disease and either not living or not being able to produce edible meat from the chickens. In this case she might lose all her chickens to disease and never had the opportunity to produce potatoes because she put all her resources in...
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...Abstract Michelle and James are two people faced with opportunity cost decisions. They both can produce chickens and potatoes or one or the other. They both live in isolated regions but share the same resources. When faced with opportunity costs one has to decide what they have to give up in order to gain something they want. In the scenario Michelle can grow 200 potatoes per year or raise 50 chickens per year. James can grow 80 potatoes per year or raise 40 chickens per year. They both can gain and lose from doing both or choosing one and devoting all their time to that particular area. Opportunity Cost Introduction In today’s society we are faced with many different choices and decisions to make. Should I buy a new car today? Can I afford to purchase a new home? I am sick but I am going to work anyway. These questions and the choices made are all opportunity costs. Opportunity cost does not always have to deal with money or a number (2007). Opportunity cost is the choice you make or the alternative the choice you made. Simply put, “What you would have done if you had not made the decision you did”. We must understand that an opportunity only considers the next best alternative to an action (2007). Scenario; Michelle Michelle’s opportunity cost for producing only potatoes is, she would have to give up producing chickens. She could produce 200lbs. of potatoes per year if she devoted all of her time to it. Seeing that she lives alone in an isolated region she is the only...
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