...(neoclassical) economic science." This paper claims that the scientific elements inherent in classical political economy's class theory were preserved by the Marxist class theory, which further revolutionized the classical approach, creating a new, purely non-economistic and non-mechanistic "relationist" class theory, an d forming thus a vivid economic-sociological approach to social classes. On the basis of the Marxist approach, complex problems concerning the class structure of contemporary societies can be tackled. I Introduction THE THEORY OF CLASSES MAKES UP one of the most controversial chapters of the social sciences, in the sense that it comprises a forefront of confrontation between the different theoretical schools that are formulated within the field. To clarify what is to follow, I therefore reiterate the position that was stated by de Ste. Croix: "It seems to me hardly possible for anyone today to discuss problems of class, and above all class struggle (or class conflict), in any society, modern or ancient, in what some people would call an 'impartial' or 'unbiased' manner, I make no claim to 'impartiality' or 'lack of bias,' let alone 'Wertfreiheit,' freedom...
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... : PERSPECTIVES IN DEVELOPMENT INTAKE : 5 NAME : NOBUKHOSI NCUBE STUDENT ID : W120979 LECTURER : DR E.S MAKURA ASSIGNMENT: Karl Marx theory shed light on the understanding of relations of people in the society. Discuss. DUE DATE : 06 APRIL 2013. Karl Max’s theory shed light on the understanding of relations of people in the society. Discuss The epistemology of the Karl Marx theory is of the premise that the history of all existing societies is the history of class struggles. Scholars have had a long standing debate on the significance of Karl Marx’s theory of class conflict. The other party argues that the theory of class conflict helps in the understanding of relations of people in society. In contradiction, there are scholars who believe the theory does not help much in understanding societal relations. This essay seeks to establish how the Karl Marx Theory shed light on the understanding of relations of people in the society. In this context society is defined as a group of people in general living together in organized communities with laws and traditions controlling the way that they behave towards one another. Society is divided into three classes namely aristocrats in the upper class, bourgeoisie in the middle and the down liners being the proletariat. These classes have different interests and normally clash as they pursue these various interests. The aristocrats are the...
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...Pluralist perspective of employment relations Question: Carefully define the pluralist perspective of employment relations and show how it differs from other frames of reference. What are the limits of the pluralist acceptance of different stakeholder interests at work. When, within the pluralist perspective is conflict acceptable? The topic of industrial relations generally deals with the relationships encountered by the workforce in their working lives and can equally be contributed to and studied by economists, lawyers, sociologists, and psychologists, to name but a few. The capacity of the topic spans from the individual in relation to the organisation through to the shop floor, all the way to national and international bodies. Approaches used to define the subject matter of Industrial relations are: Industrial-based definitions, social psychology-based definitions, class-based definitions, human resource management definitions and employment relations. Industrial relations are an ever growing topic and will be continually studied by scholars to further gain in-depth knowledge to natural behaviours of the modern workplace, as advantages of a harmonious working environment is considered the holy grail of globalisation. Although there is a vast array of conceptual approaches to industrial relations, in this essay I will analyse the differences with the frames of reference most commonly known as unitarism, pluralism, and marxism. Before which I will carefully discuss in depth...
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...and industrialization .During this era, society was transformed from feudal structure to industrial society due to changing production systems. Europe was the most affected area within the changing production systems and building new type of society. Therefore, Many European thinker in that period built theories for the changing structure and reshaped it. Marx who influence following social scientists until today with his theories is one of those thinkers. In this paper, I’ll analyze Marx’s social theory, relations of production, social classes and the structures of capitalist society. Hegelian dialectic approach was the key figure for Marx while he was building the social theory....
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...1 The Foundations of International Society 2013-2014 Part I: Politics 2 (International Relations I) Paper organiser: Professor Christopher Hill (POLIS): Room 105, Alison Richard Building Email: cjh68@cam.ac.uk Lecturers: Professor Hill (CH), Dr Elisabetta Brighi (EB), Dr Aaron Rapport (AR) and Dr Stefano Recchia (SR). Aims and Objectives The course aims to introduce students to the subject of International Relations (IR), whose main focus is the nature of politics at the international level. Students will acquire the empirical and conceptual foundations needed to understand a world political system which cannot be accurately described as either pure anarchy or a coherent form of ‘global governance’. The starting point is the notion of ‘international society’, which refers to the set of institutions and common procedures generated by states over the last three and a half centuries in their attempts to achieve some minimal form of co-existence, but which has gradually evolved to include many non-state actors and different levels of activity – diplomatic, economic and cultural, as well as that of military competition. By the end of the course you should be able to have an informed discussion about: the historical origins of the present system; what is distinctive about international politics as opposed to politics inside the state; and the main challenges which confront humanity in the twenty-first century. You will also acquire a basic familiarity with the main theories needed...
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...Sept 20th Sociology Readings (Week 1) Chapters 1 (Sociology and the study of Society) In The Chapter - What is sociology and is it worth studying - What do we mean by "society" - How do sociologists actually study social behaviour? - Why are there different and sometimes conflicting theories about how societies work? Notes - The social world affects us in all behaviours including the most personal and private of human behaviours, suicide. - Sociologists foccus on general patterns or regulatories in certain behaviours in which my be caused or cause things. - Sociogists observe statistics and base theories off such stats - Society is the term generally used as the term that describes are social structure - To have a society there are certain structures that are found that include higher and lower ranks - There are many different social groups found in societies (cool kids, nerds, jocks, fashion, sports ext...O) - A Major goal of sociology is to study past patterns to detect the current strains, and within limits, to predict the future direction of social change - Frenchmen Auguste Comte was one of the earliest social theorists to try and apply scientific principles to social analysis. He laid out many of the basic tenets for the social science that remain valid to the present day. - Sociologists believe that all information should be examined by the critical eye. It is always wise to consider where the information came from, what methods were used, how...
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...Theories of International Relations Third edition Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True Theories of International Relations This page intentionally left blank Theories of International Relations Third edition Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True Material from 1st edition © Deakin University 1995, 1996 Chapter 1 © Scott Burchill 2001, Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater 2005 Chapter 2 © Jack Donnelly 2005 Chapter 3 © Scott Burchill, Chapters 4 and 5 © Andrew Linklater, Chapters 6 and 7 © Richard Devetak, Chapter 8 © Christian Reus-Smit, Chapter 9 © Jacqui True, Chapter 10 © Matthew Paterson 2001, 2005 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright...
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...PHSE 206: Sociology of sport Essay 2B: Media representation of sport and its connection on societal power. Sean Masters 9066415 DUE: Friday 3rd October, 2014. WORD COUNT: 1508 Society comes in many different forms. Individuals of society attempt to be seen as being more successful, powerful and dominant over others. This is closely followed with how sport is perceived, played and based around. A competitive nature to out think your opponent to attain glory as an individual, as a team or as a country. The popularity of the sporting culture and the impact it has on our lives, gives responsibility for the new sporting era with experiencing and filtering sport through media. Giving another whole diverse range of how we perceive not only sport but athletes and teams competing. Modern era sporting and recreational activities are important in the New Zealand sporting society. As young adolescents grow up building the basic fundamentals associated with sport and continue to do this as they get older. In the active New Zealand survey, key findings released that in 2007/2008 79% of New Zealanders once per week were physically active (NZ, 2008). New Zealand have always had a high abundance in individuals participating in sport, that can contribute to the significant creation of the media- sports complex in New Zealand (Falcous, 2005). For example, back in the 1970’S technology in media sport was just beginning but already a crucial component in broadcasting...
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...international relations; study of the relations among states and other political and economic units in the international system. Particular areas of study within the field of international relations include diplomacy and diplomatic history, international law, international organizations, international finance and economics, and communications, among others. In addition, increased attention has been paid in recent years to developing a more scientific understanding of the international system as a whole. Aspects of international relations have been studied as early as the time of the ancient Greek historian Thucydides. As a separate and definable discipline, however, it dates from the early 20th cent., when the first organized efforts were made to find alternatives to wars in nation-state international behavior. Two schools of thought quickly developed. One looks to strengthened international law and international organizations to preserve peace; the other emphasizes that nations will always use their power to achieve goals and sees the key to peace in a balance of power among competing states. With increased importance attached to a theoretical understanding of the whole international system, there has been a growing use of concepts and modes of analysis developed in the natural sciences in an attempt to improve the verifiability and applicability of theories. In many of the leading U.S. universities there are both research institutes and schools of international relations. See diplomatic...
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...Eco-feminist principles refer to principles derived from the concept of eco-feminism. Eco-feminism refers to the union of radical ecological movement that seeks to champion the civil rights of women (Gregory and Giancola 378). Ecology is the study of living organism in relation to the environmental systems such as social ecology and economic ecology. Social ecology explores the symbolic, psychological, and ethical issues affecting the relationship between human beings and the environment. In most cases, eco-feminists surveys issues affecting women in the society such as political rights, access to employment, and other civil rights that are entitled to women. Nonetheless, women rights are still contemporary issues in the modern society because of the social alienation and discrimination of women in the society because of the patriarchal societal systems. For instance, the western culture does not advocate for equality for women as far as gender sensitivity is concerned. According to Gregory and Giancola, the issues affecting women in the society are ecological crisis dated from the 20th century (377). Therefore, Eco-feminism offers an alternative that society needs to adopt and embrace to foster equality without oppression of women. As such, there are varied Eco-feminist principles outlined by world ethics. The first Eco-feminist principle is reshaping of the dualistic concept of reality (Gregory and Giancola 382). The concept of reality focuses on the biblical fact that women...
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...Assignment #3 The importance of industrial relations is the key to the progress and success of an organization. The important benefit of them is to ensure continuity of production. This means continuous employment for all from the managers to the workers. Disputes are the reflections of the failure of basic human urges or motivations to secure adequate satisfaction or expression that are fully cured by good industrial relations. Strikes, lockouts, unfair tactics, and grievances are a few of the reflections of industrial unrest and do not appear in an atmosphere of the industrial calm. In the end “good” industrial relations depends on which theory you find more persuasive: unitarism, radicalism, or pluralism. Unitarism is perceived as an integrated and harmonious system where the management, staff and all the members of the organization share the same objectives, interests, purposes and are viewed as one happy family. This single entity with a single authority has a loyalty structure which is considered paternalistic approaches were trade unions are deemed unnecessary and conflict is perceived as disruptive. Here management rights to manage are seen as legitimate and rational; and any opposition to management right to manage is seen as irrational. How long would the step ford wives syndrome last before it begins to crumble and fall apart? On the other hand radicalism objects to the capitalistic source of power where the ownership and control extends beyond the...
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...Empowerment and Community Planning Chapter 1 Theories of Power A Survey Towards the Development of a Theory of Power Before beginning the discussion of empowerment and the development of a theory connected with it, I want to deal with a concept that is prior to empowerment—power. Power is a key concept for an understanding of processes of empowerment. The theory of empowerment that will be developed further on will draw its inspiration from an integration of two domains: from an understanding of theories of power and the use of insights drawn from these for the purposes of developing a theory of empowerment, and from an analysis of processes of empowerment. Hence, this deeper study of it will also make possible a better understanding of states of powerlessness, practices of disempowerment, and processes by which people and communities struggle for control over their lives and environments. A Brief History of Theories of Power This chapter makes no pretension to survey all the existing literature in the field of the theories of power. It begins with a historical survey of thought about power in the social sciences, relating only to the most prominent theories. Further on, a number of theories that contain elements suitable to the development of a theory of empowerment are presented in more detail. Modern thinking about power begins in the writings of Nicollò Machiavelli (The Prince, early 16th century) and Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan, mid-17th century). Their books are...
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...historical materialism in society and the contradiction of the capitalist era. the development of human society has moved through a series of stages, from hunting and gathering, through pastoralism and cultivation, to commercial society.[5] Friedrich Engels wrote: "I use 'historical materialism' to designate the view of the course of history, which seeks the ultimate causes and the great moving power of all important historic events in the economic development of society, in the changes in the modes of production and exchange, with the consequent division of society into distinct classes and the struggles of these classes."[6] According to Marxist theorists, history develops in accordance with the following observations: Social progress is driven by progress in the material, productive forces a society has at its disposal (technology, labour, capital goods, etc.) Humans are inevitably involved in production relations (roughly speaking, economic relationships or institutions), which constitute our most decisive social relations. Production relations progress, with a degree of inevitability, following and corresponding to the development of the productive forces. Relations of production help determine the degree and types of the development of the forces of production. For example, capitalism tends to increase the rate at which the forces develop and stresses the accumulation of capital. Both productive forces and production relations progress independently...
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...DEFINE THE CONCEPT OF CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS. COMPARE CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND ANOTHER STATES Introduction Civil Military Relations (CMR) describes the military and its relationship with the political system and society which it part is of.[1] Other scholar such as Huntington in his book Soldier and States dictate CMR as military security policy which together with internal and situational security policies is an aspect of national security policy, working at both the operational and institutional levels. In the laymen word, it describes the relationship between the civil authority of a given society and its military authority. Studies of CMR often rest on a normative assumption that civilian control of the military or military control of the state.[2] Civilian government control of the military basically happen in the countries that have developed political culture. Meanwhile, military will use is power to control the government and the state when society’s respect for civilian government are low. In other situation is when high level of external threat creates a massive destruction to the state or people, military will intervention is more likely. This essay will compare the CMR between Malaysia and Myanmar in order to differentiate and give clear understanding between civilian controls the military or military control the civilian. Civil – Military Relations in Malaysia Since independence, the Malaysian elites...
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...Michel Foucault's view on power is an odd one. When most think of power, they usually entertain ideas of strength, wealth, government, dominance over others, as well as a multitude of other things. Foucault, however, does not look at power in a traditional sense. To him, it is not a structure nor an institution. Oddly enough, he also sees power as something that can not be “acquired, seized or shared.” (94) Foucault sees power as an omnipotent source. It exists everywhere and is all encompassing and accessible to all. It is not wielded by a group or any single person. He ties his meaning of power to the discourse of sexuality and how it serves as a medium through which this power is utilized. The piece starts off by delving into the characteristics...
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