Speech
“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” - Martin Luther King Jr.
This speech will be about discrimination, prejudice and fair behaviour. The speech will contain all of the information needed to cover LO1.
The first thing first, no one is born racist. You can learn to be racist in the environment and society that you live in. It also depends on how your parents make you grow up.
Prejudice is kind of attitude involving the rejection of something or someone without reasonable grounds for it. In many cases the prejudice is based up on stereotyping.
Type of the prejudice can based up on different numbers of factors such as your age, disability or race.
Under the equality act 2010 it is illegal to make someone less favourable because of his age. There are some exceptions such as the wages. For different age groups there are different salary at ages sixteen, eighteen and twenty-one.
Example – An elderly man (70 years old) is working as a teacher in local college. Because his experience and years of good work there he cannot be removed from the college by his manager if the job his doing is outstanding. But on his place there are some other people with less experience but much younger than him. That means he is blocking the place where other educate person could get this place.
Stereotyping
When prejudice occur, the stereotyping and discrimination may also result in many cases. Often prejudice can be based on stereotyping. The stereotyping can be defined in two ways. For example in negative way (teenagers are lazy) or positive way (all black are good at basketball).
Often stereotyping can be lead to faulty belief but they can result in both prejudice and discrimination.
The psychologist Gordon Allport said that prejudice and stereo types can result the normal human thinking. In order to Gordon Allport, he has created Allport’s scale in 1954 to measure prejudice in the society. This scale contains 5 stages of prejudice from the lowest to highest harm.
First stage is an antilocution which in different words means “speaking against”. People are making jokes or express bad opinion about another group. In the former case it’s also called derogatory speech, (showing a critical or disrespectful attitude) and in the final case it’s called hate speech. Both cases can be examples of prejudice. Antilocution is often harmless but it can harm the self-esteem of the people in targeted group. This can lead to more harmful form of prejudice. There is a short line between violent words and violent acts.
Another stage is avoidance which make people of the group avoiding members of the predator group. The harm is done through isolation and making the harm more obvious.
Third stage is a discrimination. The group is discriminated against of getting equal opportunities and access to goods or services. Discrimination can prevent the group of achieving the goals, good jobs or getting education.
Fourth stage is a physical attack. The victim group is getting harm by the physical attacks on the individuals, aggression and vandalism.
And the last stage is extermination. Extermination has been shown in WW II, Bosnia or Rwanda. (Gordon Allport 1954)
Academics Thomas Pettigrew and Linda Troop did a meta-analysis (a systematic method that takes data from a number of independent studies and integrates them using statistical analysis.) Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. (2007) by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier.) Of 515 studies which involved quarter of a million participants in 38 nations to examine and show how the intergroup contact does reduces prejudice. They have been found that three mediators are of particular important. Intergroup contact reduces prejudice by enhancing knowledge about the out-group, reducing anxiety about intergroup contacts and increasing empathy and perspective talking.
While three of those mediators had effects on the educational value, they had increased the general knowledge but it still was less strong than anxiety reduction and empathy.
The race is defined as classification of human beings which categorise humans in to different ethnic, cultural and religion groups.
The discrimination is – Treatment of certain individuals or groups in a different way, usually less fair than other individuals or groups. It is based up on prejudice and labelling. The real case scenario which can outline the discrimination is when Rosa Parks was arrested by the police in Montgomery, Alabama after refusing a seat in the bus to a white male. The police charged her under the segregation law by giving her a fine.
What is the impact of the direct and indirect discrimination?
In equality legislation, there's an important distinction between direct and indirect discrimination. It's unlawful to discriminate against people who have 'protected characteristics' - treating someone less favourably because of certain attributes of who they are. This is known as direct discrimination. Direct discrimination can be defined as telling someone something that can affect him or her. (Sex, gender, race, religion) For example – telling directly that he or she is black in negative way. The protected characteristics include: age, disability, gender reassignment, sexual orientation, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, and sex.
Marriage and civil partnership – marriage is a relationship between man and woman. The civil partnership is a relationship between people with the same gender. This sort of relationship should be also treated the same as normal marriage.
Pregnancy and maternity – pregnancy is the condition when someone is expecting a baby. Maternity is the period after giving the birth. The woman who give a birth is entitled to 26 days break before she is able to back to work. If not this is can means that the woman is treated less favourite because she is breastfeeding.
Race - refers to the protected characteristic of Race. It refers to a group of people defined by their race, colour, and nationality (including citizenship) ethnic or national origins. You don't have to have a protected characteristic to be discriminated against. If someone thinks you have a characteristic and treats you less favourably, that's direct discrimination by perception. If you're treated less favourably because a colleague, associate, family member or friend has a protected characteristic, that would be direct discrimination by association. It's also possible to be discriminated against for not holding a particular religion or belief.
Examples of direct discrimination include dismissing someone because of a protected characteristic, deciding not to employ them, refusing them training, denying them a promotion, or giving them adverse terms and conditions all because of a protected characteristic.
Indirect Discrimination appears when you have a condition, rule, policy or even a practice in your organization, that applies to everyone but particularly disadvantages people who share a protected characteristic. Indirect discrimination may not be unlawful if an employer can show that there is an 'objective justification' for it. This involves demonstrating a 'proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim'.

Scarman and Macpherson
Scarman and Macpherson were working for the police to write a reports about - “How Newspapers respond to race-centred Social policy interventions”.
This report has been written by Scarman in 1982 of the newspaper media response to the Brixton Inquiry and Macpherson Report that appeared eighteen years later in 1999 states that there are two very different sets of historical events, through the events which shared certain common features, this report argues that the Scarman and Macpherson Reports have framed the changing story of ‘race relations’ in Britain in the last quarter of the twentieth century. While the two of the reports has been comprised there has not been a comparative focus on the media reception of the findings and recommendations of the Inquiries. Using written and visual media text from five newspapers the paper look up to map the extent to which media narratives around both race and race related policy-making have shifted during the course of almost two decades. The paper questions the boundaries of any such changes and examines what remains unchanged.

Over the years (since 1983) there was up’s and down’s for the prejudice in the UK. Since 1987 when the racism was high to 2013, when the level of prejudice drop by 9% in whole United Kingdom. In 2001 the level of prejudice was the lowest in the country - only 26%.

Intuitional racism
The collective failure of an organization provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behavior which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people."

The Macpherson report states that - Institutional racism is that which, covertly or overtly, resides in the policies, procedures, operations and culture of public or private institutions - reinforcing individual prejudices and being reinforced by them in turn."
A. Sivanandan, Director, Institute of Race Relations
"If racist consequences happen to institutional laws, customs or practices, that institution is racist whether or not the individuals maintaining those practices have racial intentions." (theguardian.com, Wednesday 24 February 1999)
Glass ceiling refers to an invisible barrier that prevents someone from achieving further success or goals. It is most often used in the context of someone's age, gender, or ethnicity keeping them from advancing to a certain point in a business or when he or she cannot or will not be promoted to a higher level of position/power
Example of glass ceiling could be a stereotype when women are not as successful as men in the career world
Lawrence 10 years on.
Exactly 10 years on from the publication of the Lawrence Inquiry report, the Equality and Human Rights Commission wanted to consider what progress the police service has made in terms of race equality?
The report considered four main themes: * employment, training and promotion * stop and search * the national DNA database * race hate crimes

The most recent statistics provide evidence of some good progress in employment for ethnic minorities. This includes:
For all staff, both civilian and sworn officers, the police has exceeded the Home Office target for ethnic minorities to make up at least 7% of the service in England and Wales by 2009. In 2007 the total was 8%.
The proportion of ethnic minority officers has risen from 2% in 1999 to 3.9% (5,511 officers) in April 2007.
The proportion of ethnic minorities who were successful police recruits increased from 6.3% to 10.7% of the total number of candidates during the first half of 2007-08.
Nearly 12% of police community support officers are from ethnic minority groups.
Ethnic minority officers have a higher quitting rate than white officers, particularly in the first six months of service.

Police statistics show that a decade after the Lawrence Inquiry report was published, black people are seven times more likely to be stopped and searched than white. Asian people are today twice as likely to be stopped and searched as white people.

The fingerprints and DNA samples of more than 857,000 citizens in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, who have been arrested or charged but never convicted of a criminal offence now face deletion from the national DNA database.
The Commission believes that overall there has been significant progress in the past 10 years in how the police deal with racist incidents. Figures from the British Crime Survey, which are considered to be the most reliable study, show that the number of racially motivated incidents has fallen from 390,000 thousand incidents in 1995 to 184,000 in 2006/07. One concern is that the number of estimated racist incidents rose by 45,000 from a total 139,000 in 2005/06. One possible explanation is that rapid migration of eastern Europeans into areas not familiar with previous migrants might have resulted in an increase in racist incidents.
The majority of racist incidents are not reported to the police. Recorded racist incidents in England and Wales rose from nearly 14,000 in 1997/8 to 61,000 in 2006/7. The rise in reported crime figures can be interpreted as a form of ‘success’, in the sense that the police and other agencies have been trying to encourage a greater level of reporting between victims of race crimes.

Question?
Tell me why people “hate” other races. Why people have to be racist against another.

Conclusion
To conclude no one have been born racist so why we learning this over the years. We live in the society where people from different ethnics live together. We should be able to treat people from different backgrounds from the youngest age.

References
Pettigrew, Thomas, Troop, Linda R. (2008).”How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analysis tests of three mediators”. European Journal of Social Psychology 38 (6) (922-934)
Jason Bennetto, Police and racism: “What has been achieved 10 years after the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry report?”

Alston, Glass Ceiling Theory in Sociology: Definition, Barriers & Quiz, 2012

Wedekind, prejudice and Allport scale,
Taylor and Muir, Racism on the rise in Britain, May 2014
Equality law, Types of discrimination, 2013
ACAS, Promoting employment relations and HR excellence, What's the difference? Direct and indirect discrimination, 2013
Equality and human rights commission, protected characteristic, June 2014

http://www.newcollege.ac.uk/sites/default/files/document_ct_documents/equality-diversity-policy.pdf

http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/private-and-public-sector-guidance/guidance-all/protected-characteristics http://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=4614 http://www.equality-law.co.uk/news/106/66/Types-of-discrimination-definitions/ https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/23924.Martin_Luther_King_Jr_ http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/may/27/-sp-racism-on-rise-in-britain http://www.magentaliving.org.uk/libraries/leaflets/prejudice_and_allport_scale_sflb_1.sflb.ashx http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/glass-ceiling-theory-in-sociology-definition-barriers-quiz.html#lesson