...Verdiner Wolf Abram Zavulunov Group 6: HPV as a leading cause of Cancer Human papillomavirus (HPV) was founded in the 1950s as a virus infection that is associated to many cancers. It is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and less intimate skin-to-skin contact. Preventions have been implemented to raise awareness of the virus. The first vaccine for HPV approved as a widespread use in the US was in 2006. The virus acts to infect the keratinocytes in the skin and mucosal membrane. Other areas the HPV acts as a carcinogen are the cervix, anus, penis, vulva, vagina, oropharynx, benign genital and cutaneous warts, respiratory papillomatosis, and nasal or oral papilloma. Some researchers have concluded that the HPV infection which is more common during the active period of age is directly related to certain cancers. Researchers have found that HPV is associated with certain types of cancers and also have found that HPV can have no association with certain cancers. The research we did will explain the various cancers associated with HPV and attempt to answer the question “is HPV the leading cause of cancer?” In the United Stated and around the world, cancer is and continues to be a very serious disease that affects millions of people. Head and neck cancers are “the sixth most common cancer in the world” (Lajer et al. 2012). While the link between HPV and cervical cancer has been established; it is still unclear to researchers how HPV is related to head and neck cancer. The...
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...I chose this article HPV in inner city teenagers because I remember hearing about the vaccine at the end of high school and being told it was probably too late for me to have the vaccine! I was interested in find out how many girls are getting the vaccine these days. I plan to have all my children, boys included vaccinated against HPV. As future health professional I may also find myself in the position to recommend the vaccine to the patients or clients I work with. The article states that the current recommendations are to vaccinate young people before they become exposed to HPV. However women up to the age of 26 may “catch up” and get vaccinated. Only about a third of adolescent women have had all three doses of vaccine as recommended. While cervical HPV rates are highest among young women, rates of infection in other parts of the body (e.g, mouth, anus) are currently being examined. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of HPV in the three main sites on the body in a group of young unvaccinated inner city women. METHODS Participants In the Bronx, New York City, 97 sexually active women aged 15-22 were enrolled in the study at Mt. Sinai Adolescent Health Center between July 2005 and March 2006. All women coming in for gynecological exams, sexually transmitted infection treatment or screening, and follow up for abnormal pap smears or genital warts were included. The women in the study were  mostly African American (54%) and Latina (39%) with an with a median...
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...sole reservoir for HPV since the virus can only exist in the skin and mucous membranes of the hosts. The existence of the HPV in these membranes and infected skin areas is the reason infections are mostly contracted through direct contact with skins and genitals of the infected host and the uninfected person. Having genital warts can also be the reservoir for the virus since HPV can be present on the skin. Existing research also points to the fact that HPV can also be found in the male urogenital tract as the reservoir (Burchell, Winer, de Sanjosé and Franco, 2006). 2. Route of Infection Sexual activities are the most common cause of HPV infection and lead to genital warts between sexual partners. Sexual intercourse that can result in individuals being infected with genital HPV includes those that lead to contact with both vaginal and anal areas. Receptive anal sex is highly linked with the detection of HPV in the anal canal for men who are either homosexual or bisexual men. The detection of HPV in the anal canal of women is mostly associated with the viral shedding of vaginal or cervical HPV infections in discharge from the vagina (Burchell, Winer, de Sanjosé and Franco, 2006). Other less common route of infection includes oral infection due to contact with infected genitals and mother to infant during vaginal delivery, 3. Steps of infection Steps of infection for HPV include conduct with infected genital or skin. Sexual contact that leads to infection involves areas such...
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...Infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States affecting 20 millions of Americans at age of 16 to 24 years old. Men and women get in contact with HPV when they engage in any kind of sexual relation such as vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse because HPV spreads through skin to skin contact. The HPV infection is asymptomatic and without medical treatment may result in cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancer (Lindley et al. 18). Being the cervical cancer the most frequent cancer among women. Prevalence of HPV among females at age of 14 to 59 years old was 42.5%. Being the prevalence among 20-24 years old women equal to 53.8%. Thus, an important public health...
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...Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are commonly spread by sex, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex. Most STIs initially do not cause symptoms.[1] This results in a greater risk of passing the disease on to others.[2][3] Symptoms and signs of disease may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain. STIs acquired before or during birth may result in poor outcomes for the baby. Some STIs may cause problems with the ability to get pregnant.[1] More than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can cause STIs.[1] Bacterial STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among others. Viral STIs include genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts among others. Parasitic STIs include trichomoniasis among others. While usually spread by sex, some STIs can also be spread by non-sexual contact with contaminated blood and tissues, breastfeeding, or during childbirth.[1] STI diagnostic tests are easily available in the developed world, but this is often not the case in the developing world.[1] The most effective way of preventing STIs is by not having sex.[4] Some vaccinations may also decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and some types of HPV.[4] Safer sex practices such as use of condoms, having a smaller number of sexual partners, and being in a relationship where each person only has...
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...in relation to epidemiology in this paper with be teens and pregnancy. This paper will explore the role of epidemiology in HPV and teenagers and the contributing factors. This paper will also discuss the definition and purpose of epidemiology, epidemiological methods, the epidemiological triangle, and levels of preventions that is related with HPV and teenagers. Epidemiology is importance to public health in relation to disease prevention and health promotion. According to Stanhope & Lancaster (2008), epidemiology has been defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified population and the application of this study to control health problems. Epidemiology is not just “the study of” health in a population; it also involves applying the knowledge gained by the studies to community-based practice (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, n.d.). Epidemiology and its findings in relation to prevalence of diseases among certain populations is a vital ingredient to public health and the overall health of communities. The purpose of epidemiology is to find the cause of diseases that affect certain populations. The findings allow public health officials, leaders, and nurses to assess and evaluate current conditions, identify vulnerable populations, and plan for change. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that causes cervical and other anogenital cancers as well as genital warts and...
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...other life altering challenges. These challenges include, but are not limited to, infertility. Although it is unclear what the definite cause of cervical cancer is, HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) is a known culprit. HPV is a very common virus among women, but not all women will develop cancer. Researchers have identified some inherited factors that can lead to the genetic connection of cervical cancer, however, it has not been scientifically proven to be a genetic disease. Although some women will skate through life without knowing or experiencing cervical cancer, it affects millions of women: Cancer of the cervix is the second most common cancer in women worldwide and is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women in underdeveloped countries. Worldwide, approximately 500,000 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year. In the United States, routine screening has decreased the incidence of cervical cancer—approximately 12,900 cases are diagnosed and 4,100 deaths occur each year. (Cervical Cancer, 2015) Knowing the risk factors, signs, and an early diagnosis can mean the difference between life and death. Risk factors include Human papilloma virus infection (HPV), smoking, immunosuppression, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), chlamydia, diet low in fruits and vegetables, obesity, long-term use of oral contraceptives (birth control pills), intrauterine device use, multiple full-term pregnancies, being...
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...Epidemiology: Teens and Human Papillomavirus Carmen Holder NUR/408 Epidemiology: Teens and Human Papillomavirus Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease found in the young, sexually active population. It is presenting itself as a growing concern among the most vulnerable population; teenagers. Usually, there are no signs or symptoms associated with HPV so most people do not realize they are infected or that they are exposing a sex partner to the virus. There are more than 40 types of HPV that can infect the genital area, but the two most common types are HPV 16 and 18. These two types are responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). This paper will define epidemiology and describe the epidemiology triangle as it relates to HPV. A specific type of epidemiology, descriptive, will be explained in addition to various levels of prevention. “The word epidemiology comes from the Greek words epi (upon), demos (people), and logos (thought), and it originally referred to the spread of diseases of infectious origin (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p. 255). It was not until the twentieth century that the field of epidemiology was recognized as a discipline. The focus of epidemiology is on evidence-based practice and the outcomes are used to guide a change in practice. Due to the many manifestations of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer, and other circumstances related...
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...gut. Other people accidentally ingest spores of the bacteria while they are patients in a hospital, nursing home, or similar facility. When the bacteria are in a colon in which the normal gut flora has been destroyed (usually after a broad-spectrum antibiotic such as clindamycin has been used), the gut becomes overrun with C. difficile. This overpopulation is harmful because the bacteria release toxins that can cause bloating and diarrhea, with abdominal pain, which may become severe. C. difficile infections are the most common cause of pseudomembranous colitis, and in rare cases this can progress to toxic megacolon, which can be life-threatening. Latent symptoms of C. difficile infection often mimic some flu-like symptoms and can mimic disease flare in patients with inflammatory bowel disease-associated colitis.[4] Mild cases of C. difficile infection can often be cured by discontinuing the antibiotics responsible.[2] In more serious cases, oral administration of, first, oral metronidazole and - if that fails - then, second, vancomycin and if unsuccessful again, intravenous metronidazole can be used. Relapses of C. difficile AAD have been reported in up to 20% of cases. With the introduction of broad-spectrum...
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... A protozoa is the smallest single-celled members of the animal kingdom Carson-DeWitt, R. M. & Frey, R. P. (2006). It infects millions of people worldwide and researchers have found that it can cause inflammation of the prostate by infection on men. When women come in contact with trichomoniasis, their symptoms consist of a foul smell, and a heavily frothy yellow discharge that comes from the vagina. The genital area also comes along with itching and pain when urinating or having sexual intercourse Carson-DeWitt, R. M. & Frey, R. P. (2006). Because men don’t usually have symptoms, they won’t realize they are infected, leaving the infection to settle in. In some states the test for trichomiasis vaginalis can be ordered from the internet free of charge to young girls and also to women of childbearing age and also to assist with finding out if they are infected and refer them to free clinics for follow up treatment if tested positive. The Medical Laboratory Observer states that “Trichomoniasis” has also been linked to pelvic inflammatory disease, an increased risk of getting and transmitting HIV infection, and cancer of the cervix. Most patients are asymptomatic; and since there are currently no guidelines for screening for the infection, Trichomoniasis vaginalis often goes undiagnosed.” A female...
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...The awareness of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) among Secondary School students in Owerri Municipal Area of Imo State, Nigeria. By A.M. Adewale. Department of Biology, Alvan Ikoku Federal University of Education, Owerri. Imo State, Nigeria. Email: mosesremimec@yahoo.com And M.O. Ayodele. Kwara State College of Education (T), Lafiagi. Kwara State, Nigeria. Email: oluoyedele@yahoo.com. Introduction. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are transmitted through sexul contacts and the most common ones are hepatitis B, genital herpes, syphilis, chlamydia, gornorrhea, genital warts, pubic lice and HIV/AIDS (WHO, 2006). STDs are diseases that you get by having sex (intercourse, oral or anal) with someone who already has a sexually transmitted disease (Dehne and Riedner, 2005). Although there are diversity in culture and practices of different practices among different nations of the world, hthe attitude to human sexual relationships seems to be almost similar among all men. Moreover geographical barrier does no longer effectively separate interactions among the diverse people of the world. THe prevalence and pattern of infections are not different among all men who have similar diposition to acquiring diseases. Sexually transmitted infections and the causative agents are commonly prevalent prevalent in all parts of the world. According to Child Trends (2013), there are more than 25 kinds of STIs, acquired primarily through...
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...understanding cervical cancer, prevalence of the disease, diagnostic tests, treatment modalities, nursing care, possible complications of the disease and the disease outcome. Description of the Condition Cervical cancer has been known to affect women worldwide and is labeled as the third most common cancer in women. Globally, the yearly statistical incidence of newly diagnosed cervical cancer reported by the World Health organization was about 530, 000 and 275000 cancer deaths. The large percentage of cervical cancer death occurs in developing and undeveloped countries (Mcgraw, & Ferrante, 2016). As far as the United States registry in the year 2013, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016) reported an incidence of 11,955 and 4,217 cases of death. Regionally, the cervical cancer incidence rate in Washington State is 6.7 while the death rate is 2.0 per 100,000 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). Human papilloma virus (HPV) is sexually transmitted and of the hundreds varieties of HPV, eighteen types are directly linked to cervical cancer. The HPV 16 and 18 strains are the most carcinogenic HPV and have the highest percentage in the development of cervical cancer. Other than the high-risk HPV types infection, there are also other contributing risk factors that predispose an individual to the disease, which include multiple sexual partners, early initiation of sexual intercourse (5 years) of combined hormonal oral contraceptives and tobacco use...
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...transmitted diseases Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) amongst adolescents are a worldwide growing health problem. Approximately one million people contract sexually transmitted infections every day and 50% of them are adolescents aged 15-24 years (Lazarus, Sihvonen-Riemenschneider, Laukamm-Josten, Wong & Liljestrand, 2010). STDs include many different sexually transmittable infectious diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, genital herpes, human papilloma virus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis. An STD is transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sexual contact as well as through blood products. STDs can also be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth. Untreated chlamydia and gonorrhoea can lead to salpingitis for women and to epididymitis for men, which can affect fertility and in worst case lead to sterility. Hepatitis B, genital herpes, HPV and HIV are still incurable infections. HPV can lead to cervical cancer and HIV to premature death. The only way to protect oneself from contracting an STD is consistent condom use (Vårdguiden, 2011). Another term that is used in the literature is STI (sexually transmitted infection), which refers to the infection itself, whereas STD, which is the term that will be used in this paper, refers to the disease caused by an infection (TeenHealthFX, 2009). 1.2 Knowledge of STDs among adolescents A study based in Northern Thailand by Paz-Bailey et al. (2003) showed that Thai adolescents’ knowledge on HIV...
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...Lecture Paper: INB 574 AEC Opportunities and Challenges Public Health on HIV PreExposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Issue. Brief introduction of PrEp PrEP is a short name of Pre Exposure Prophylaxis or giving the anti-virus medicine to those who has yet infect by HIV Virus, to prevent and protect the body in virus pre-exposure status. PrEP can be given by pills or in gel through anus or vagina. PrEP were originally from the concept of pathogenesis post exposure for instant after been touch the virus, the semen ware actually stay where it had been touch but yet spared to the whole body for 1-3 days. Found that PrEP can be block the spreading process but the problem is that usually the patient are come to the doctor and get the pills too late. It is because the high risk for the patient. The Food and Drug Administration of the United States has approved the medicine called Tenofavir (TFD) 300 MG. and Emtricitabine (FTC) 200 MG. since year of 2012. By taking the pill once a day and everyday either with or without any sexual intercourse. The effective of PrEP are 44-73% among men who have sex with men cases and 62-75 % in straight couple. Somehow this depends on how regularly of taking pills. How safe and the side effect of PrEP are not really big issue such as getting vomit or loss weight at the beginning of taking the pills but in a long term are so far haven’t found any major side effect issue or less than 5% making problem with kidney. The challenges of pre-exposure prophylaxis...
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...Behavioral factors Children’s tendency to poor hygiene Poor hand washing Spread of respiratory bacteria from hand to perineum Inadequate cleansing of the vulva after voiding or after bowel movements Children’s tendency to explore their bodies Irritants against the vulva Vaginal Discharge in the Prepubertal Girl Approach to Evaluation • Evaluation always begins with a very thorough history-taking (given by the parent, caregiver, or the older child herself) • In general, ask if there is any concern regarding sexual abuse (usually an unvoiced worry) Vaginal Discharge in the Prepubertal Girl Approach to Evaluation • Ask about: duration of illness use of medications hygiene techniques use of hygiene products infections in other household members skin disorders urinary and bowel habits masturbation (genital exploration) types of...
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