...Epidemiology and Vulnerable Population NUR/408 January 14, 2013 Theresa White Epidemiology and Vulnerable Population This paper will define epidemiology and vulnerable population. The methods and steps involved in the epidemiology process will be discussed. The diseases of a specific vulnerable population and emphasis of one disease will be examined with cultural, ethical, and legal considerations. The epidemiology triangle is explained and evaluating the feasibility of prevention will be explored with definitive steps for prevention. Epidemiology and Vulnerable Population Stanhope and Lancaster (2012) states “epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in human populations and the application of this knowledge to improving the health of communities (p. 282). In many communities there populations at risk for to specific health care problems creating a vulnerable population. “Vulnerability is a general concept meaning “susceptibility,” and its specific connotation in terms of health care is at risk for health problems” (De Chesney, 2008, p. 3). As Stanhope and Lancaster (2012) identify “epidemiology is a multidisciplinary enterprise that recognizes the complex interrelationships of factors that influence disease and health at both the individual level and the community level; it provides the basic tools for the study of health and disease in communities” (p. 282). In every community there are vulnerable populations...
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...Epidemiology CHF NUR/408 April 1, 2013 Epidemiology Epidemiology is used to help better understand a diseases process, how they work, and how they are transmitted. This helps us to better treat the disease. The process of epidemiology is lengthy but must be followed accurately to ensure correct diagnosis and treatment. Epidemiology is used when a new disease is found and when a disease reappears in high numbers. A common disease in the elderly is congestive heart failure (CHF). The epidemiology process can be used to better understand the disease, what causes it and how to treat it. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems. Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations, such as surveillance and descriptive studies that can be used to study distribution and analytical studies are used to study determinants (WHO, 2011). Epidemiology tries to determine what causes disease and what people can do to prevent disease. Epidemiology was first used when scientists tried to discover causes of diseases, such as smallpox and polio (Cornell University, 1993). Epidemiology is no longer limited to transmissible diseases. Epidemiology usually cannot prove a cause of a disease; it can only show certain risk factors...
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...Epidemiology Paper According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics, "[By 1993] death certificates listed diabetes as the fifth leading cause of death for Blacks aged 45 to 64, and the third leading cause of death for those aged 65 and older in 1990” (Bailey, 2007, p. 1). These statistics show how serious the problem of diabetes has become in the black community. Epidemiological studies can focus the efforts of the healthcare community to effective interventions aimed at lowering the prevalence and incidence of diabetes among African Americans. Epidemiology Paper Roles This paper will explore the role of epidemiology in the surveillance of the incidence of diabetes in the morbidity and mortality of Americans of African descent. This paper will also discuss the definition and purpose of epidemiology, epidemiological methods, the epidemiological triangle and levels of prevention that is related with diabetes in the African American community. Definition and purpose of epidemiology in epidemiology paper The definition of epidemiology is very important if one is to use the definition to describe its purpose. “A common definition of epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations” (Savitz, Poole, & Miller, 1999, p. 1159). A better description of epidemiology is the analysis of the incidence and spread of disease within populations, with the aim of establishing...
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...Epidemiology Paper Monica Okoro Nur/408 Epidemiology: Global and Public Health September 10, 2012 Diane Campbell, DNP - PHN, FNP - BC Epidemiology Paper Public health nursing allows nurses to encounter various vulnerable populations on a daily basis. In particular, the elderly make up a large portion of the population, and their vulnerability to the environment and other physical factors is a very important aspect of public health nursing. Epidemiology allows the public health nurse to study and assess vulnerable populations, including the elderly, and create interventions that maximize the health potential of all members of the public. This paper will explore the role of epidemiology and also discuss the definition and purpose of epidemiology, epidemiological methods, the epidemiological triangle and levels of prevention that is related with influenza in the elderly community. Definition and Description of Epidemiology Originally, epidemiology was a term that was used to describe the spread of infectious disease. Over the course of time, that definition has expanded considerably in order to accommodate the complexity of ever-changing populations, their environments, and increasing occurrences of disease. Epidemiology is a branch of public health that studies of the frequency, distribution, and determinants of disease in human populations. It studies the patterns of diseases in human populations and how to control health problems associated with disease...
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...old age aetiology, 369 clinical features, 370 treatment, 370 in old age, 369–370 mixed state with depression, 255 sensations in, 6 stroke and, 344 stupor in, 31 manic states, 15–17 Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome, 206, 338 Marijuana Anonymous, 239 marital status, and suicide, 454 masculinity drunkenness and, 428 sense of, 395 Massachusetts Male Aging Study, 402 Massachusetts Women’s Health Study (MWHS), 442 masturbation, 396 McNaughton Rules, 558 McNaughton, Daniel, 558 m-CPP 435 , MDMA (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; ‘ecstasy’), 328 medial temporal lobe volume in Alzheimer’s disease, 359 MRI for detecting, 75 medical conditions anxiety disorders in, 170 depression treatment, 521 detection of psychiatric illness, 483 feigned illness, 530–531 mental disorders due to, 327 anxiety disorders, 333 cannabis and psychosis, 330 catatonia, 332 cognitive disorders, 334 delusions, 329 depression and Parkinson’s disease, 332 general principles, 327 hallucinations, 328 mood disorders, 330 personality disorder, 333 psychotic disorder, 328 stimulant psychosis, 329 mental disorders due to, 326–335 relationship to affective change, 270 suicide risk and, 455 medically unexplained symptoms, 523 biological mechanisms, 526 epidemiology, 523 biological mechanisms, 526 epidemiology, 523 biological mechanisms, 526 epidemiology, 523 biological mechanisms, 526 epidemiology, 523 biological mechanisms, 526 epidemiology, 523 biological mechanisms...
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...Canyon University NRS-433V Introduction to Nursing Research October 11, 2015 Research Critique Part 1 2 Purpose of the Research This paper will perform a research critique on a qualitative research study published in the Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, March 2013, Vol. 34, No.3. The study was presented with contributions from multiple individuals, Dr. A. Gaur, Dr. D, Bundy, C. Gao, PhD, Dr. E. Werner, Dr. A. Billett, Dr. J. Hord, Dr. J. Siegel, Dr. D. Dickens, C. Winkle, RN., and Dr. M. Miller. The research was to identify the host and organism characteristics of the hospital-acquired condition, central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in pediatric hematology/oncology patients. Problem Statement CLABSIs increase the risk for increased mortality and morbidity, extended hospital stays, and raises the overall cost of healthcare. Children’s Hospital Association Hematology-Oncology Quality Transformation Collaborative Project (CHAHQTCP), was a qualitative research project that began on November 1, 2009 and ended July 31, 2011. This project was initiated to identify the contributing factors to blood stream infections (BSI) in pediatric hematology patients. The goal of this research was to reduce CLABSIs by 50%. To be included, the CLABSI needed occur 48 hours after being hospitalized or within 48 hours of discharge. By identifying the organism and the time surrounding the reported symptoms, and by incorporating standardized central...
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...are an epidemiologist, and have been asked to speak at Career Day for Myers College, a community college in your area. The theme of this year's Career Day is "Little Known Health Science Fields." Epidemiology has been identified as one such field, and you have been tasked with introducing the science to the students. In 500-750 words, address the following: 1. Define epidemiology. 2. Identify five objectives of epidemiology. 3. Identify and explain three subspecialties within epidemiology. Refer to the "Areas of Epidemiology" resource. You are required to use a minimum of two scholarly resources. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin. Areas of Epidemiology If you need a review of the areas of study in Epidemiology view the resources below. • View the Epidemiological Specialties Interview on the Videojug website at http://www.videojug.com/interview/epidemiological-specialties-2 • Explore the About...
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...Epidemiology Study Guide Introduction to Epidemiology History * John Graunt * Published Bills of Mortality in 1622 * Analysis of weekly reports of births and deaths in London by sex, age, and time. * Discovered that births and deaths of men occurred in excess; high death rates of infants; and seasonal pattern with highest mortality in winter. * John Snow * Conducted one of the first observational studies in the neighborhoods of 19th century London and discovered that contaminated drinking water was the cause of cholera. * Carefully documented what he called a “natural experiment” in which neighbors received water provided by different companies and had differing rates of disease. * Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill * Conducted groundbreaking studies on cigarette smoking and lung cancer in the 1950s. * James Lind * Conducted one of the earliest experimental studies, which was the treatment of scurvy among sailors. * Using sound experimental principles, he found that the consumption of oranges and lemons were the most effective remedies for scurvy in this population. * William Farr * Compiled the Statistical Abstracts in Great Britain from 1839 through 1880. * He pioneered many activities encompassed by modern epidemiology, including the calculation of mortality rates using census data for denominators. Definitions * Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and determinants...
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...Epidemiology: Global and Public Health Jennifer Nurse NUR408 January 2011 Nancy Nurse, EdD, RN, PHN, LSN Epidemiology: Global and Public Health According to the Centers for Disease Control, “diabetes affects 25.8 million people, 8.3% of the U.S. population” (Center for Disease control and Prevention, 2012, par 1). Twice as many African Americans are likely to develop diabetes than Caucasian Americans. These statistics represent how serious diabetes has become for the black community. Epidemiology can focus healthcare efforts and interventions to help lower the incidence of diabetes of the African Americans. This paper will focus on the role of epidemiology in the observation of the frequency of diabetes in the morbidity and mortality of American of African decent. This paper will also include the definition and description of epidemiology, epidemiological methods, the epidemiological triangle, types of epidemiology, and prevention that is related with diabetes in the African American community. Definition and Description of Epidemiology Epidemiology is defined as, “the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems.” (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012, p. 243). Epidemiology has provided an understanding of the factors...
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...Epidemiology by definition is the study of the distribution and patterns of health-events, health- characteristics and their causes or influences in well-defined populations. It is the cornerstone method of public health research, and helps inform policy decisions and evidence-based by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive medicine. Epidemiologists are involved in the design of studies, collection and statistical analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review).Major areas of epidemiological study include outbreak investigation, disease surveillance and biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on a number of other scientific disciplines such as biology (to better understand disease processes), biostatistics (to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions), and exposure assessment and social science disciplines (to better understand proximate and distal risk factors, and their measurement). I would like to discuss elderly patients as my vulnerable population. There is no set age at which a person maybe under the care of a geriatric physician. The physician aims to promote health by preventing disease and disabilities in geriatric adults. A gerontologist specializes in the aging process. Adult medicine differs from the geriatric patient because the focus is on the elderly...
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...pathophysiology? • How are etiology and pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations and response to therapy? • How are normal and abnormal physiologic parameters defined? • What general factors affect the expression of disease in a particular person? • What kinds of information about disease can be gained through understanding concepts of epidemiology? http://evolve.elsevier.com/Copstead/ • Review Questions and Answers • Glossary (with audio pronunciations for selected terms) • Animations • Case Studies • Key Points Review Pathophysiology derives from the intersection of two older, related disciplines: pathology (from pathos, suffering) and physiology (from physis, nature). Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids. Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Together, as pathophysiology, the term refers to the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings. Pathophysiology seeks to reveal physiologic responses of an organism to disruptions in its internal or external environment. Because humans exhibit considerable diversity, healthy structure and function are not precisely the same in any two individuals. However, discovering the common and expected responses to abnormalities in physiologic functioning is useful, and it allows a general prediction of clinical progression, identification of possible causes, and selection...
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...Epidemiology: HIV Tomekia L. Dinham, RN Grand Canyon University Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-427v Dr. A. Cline-Owens, RN, Ph.D. December 14, 2015 Epidemiology: HIV Epidemiology is the science of studying the history, causes and treatment of diseases and infections. Epidemiological information is used by nurses to identify high risk populations with preventable health conditions (Maurer & Smith, 2013). Human Immunodeficiency Virus, also referred to as HIV, is a preventable sexually transmitted disease that requires persistent monitoring by healthcare professionals. Community health nurses play a pivotal role in supporting efforts against HIV by understanding and exploring the epidemiology of HIV through collecting, reporting and analyzing data related to the determinants of health. Simply put, HIV is a virus that attacks a person’s immune system. It specifically affects CD4 cells which are also called T cells. These cells are what the body uses for an immune response. HIV destroys the T cells that fight infection leaving the patient susceptible to immune system compromise. This results in the patient being open to opportunistic infections that lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS, as it is commonly referred as, is a progression of HIV after the CD4 count falls to 200 or less (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). HIV is transmitted by bodily fluids such as blood, semen, breastmilk, and vaginal secretions. Anal sex carries...
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...OVERVIEW OF VETERINARY EPIDEMIOLOGY The veterinary profession faces many challenges …… Rapid movement of disease Climate change Today’s challenges require population health approach to investigation and solving problems WHAT DOES VETERINARY EPIDEMIOLOGY HAVE TO OFFER? Veterinary Epidemiology is concerned with efforts to describe, explain, predict and prevent/control disease (& other healthrelated outcomes) in animal populations. Description Identifying cases of diseases in order to calculate the relative frequencies of the diseases within population subgroups. Explanation Identifying causal factors and modes of transmission Prediction Estimating the likely number of cases that Identifying patterns of will develop in the disease occurrence future Prevent/Control Applying epidemiological knowledge to prevent the occurrence of new cases of disease, eradicate existing cases, and prolong the lives of animals with disease Taken together, epidemiology provides the data that will improve our understanding of how diseases develop over time and the factors that relate to disease distributions. These in turn will lead to application of interventions to reduce disease impact. - What it is Epi - "upon“ demos - "the people“ logos - "study of". Veterinary Epidemiology " The frequency, patterns and the factors that influence health, disease & other healthrelated states in animal populations and its application anddisease prevention & to...
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...person will have for the rest of their life, because the human body can never completely get rid of the virus (AIDS, 2015). There is currently no cure for HIV, but if properly treated, it can be controlled. HIV is caused by a virus that specifically attacks CD4 cells. These cells are responsible for the immune system. When left untreated, HIV attacks these cells, leaving the human body unable to fight off infection or cancers (AIDS, 2015). There are three stages of HIV. The first is the acute infection stage where there is a large amount of the virus being produced in the body. A person may not even know they have HIV in this stage. The second stage is the clinical latency stage where very low levels of the virus is being produced because a person may be receiving treatment. A person can live in the clinical latency stage for years, even decades. The final stage of HIV is known as AIDS and this is where a person is susceptible to opportunistic infection. (AIDS, 2015). There are several symptoms of HIV, but the only way to be certain that one has HIV is through testing. Early symptoms include fatigue, muscle aches, fever, chills, swelling of lymph nodes, night sweats, and ulcers in the mouth (AIDS, 2015). Some people may be infected with HIV but not know it for an extended period of time. It is important for people to get tested if they may have been exposed to HIV even if they do not exhibit any signs or symptoms. There are 1.2 million people living with HIV...
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.../HIV but there are medications to slow the progression of the disease. “HIV can be prevented by screening before pregnancy, protected sex, use of sterile syringes or needles, and screening of blood before transfusion” (Daar &Mark, 2012). A person infected with HIV develops flu-like symptoms within a month or two after the virus enters the body. These symptoms may last for several months to several years till person becomes symptomatic. The early symptoms are swollen lymph glands mainly on neck ulcers on the mouth or genitals, sore throat, and joint pain. The HIV infection, if not treated, can progress to AIDS in about 10 years. The clinical manifestations of AIDS may affect other organs in the system, including more serious infections, fatigue, fever, diarrhea, weight loss, fungal infection of nails and malignancies (Daar & Marks, 2012). Epidemiology evidence indicates that HIV is transmitted through blood, body fluid, seminal fluid, amniotic fluid, breast milk, and vaginal secretions. HIV can be mainly transmitted by unprotected sex with an infected person, blood transfusion and sharing of infected needles among drug users, from an infected mother to the fetus and sometimes even accidental exposure in hospitals and clinics. If not treated, a person with AIDS/HIV often develops symptoms and signs of unusual...
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