...Definition Legitimacy transpires when citizens trust and accept police decisions based on law enforcement’s ability to demonstrate fairness and integrity while executing their authority (Tyler, 2014, pg. 10). Research shows that procedural justice plays a crucial role in determining the effectiveness of police legitimacy (Worden et al. 2018, pg. 150). There are four vital components to procedural justice, namely transparency, voice, impartiality, and fairness which defines personal interactions between law enforcement and community thus determines people’s perception (Peterson et al. 2017, pg. 4). Procedural justice leads to legitimacy when citizens perceive respectful treatment and are confident that police decisions and justice will be served based on facts (Tyler 2014, pg. 33). Our study reviewed eight articles that focus on procedural justice theories attempting to assess the efficacy of police officers engagement with citizens to reduce crime. Police legitimacy has also been evaluated through survey questions in a community project. Theory From the study by Worden et al. (2018), the subjective experience of people’s interaction with the...
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...harsh punishment. Recent research has suggested that this is no longer the most desired outcome the victim wishes to achieve, with procedural justice being the most important aspect of the victims Criminal Justice process. Procedural Justice suggests that both parties (the victim and the offender) are to be treated fairly and consistently. Murphy and Barkworth (2014) have portrayed procedural justice by the following main ideas; Respect, Trustworthiness and Voice, with other researchers such as Miller and...
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...Fairness in Reward Allocation Name of the student: Name of the University: Course ID: Author’s note: Introduction The discussion of the essay is associated with the fairness in reward allocation that depends on various processes. Most of the organizations are facing the problem to implement the transparent process during the reward allocation because of the individual perception. The theory regarding the fairness also suggest to implement a structured way that will adhere to the policy of the organization so that no employees remain with the dilemma that justice is coming in the proper way. The theory is used to understand the behavioral aspect of the employees and their superior where researchers have given several feedbacks that influence the process (Lund, Scheer and Kozlenkova 2013). The argument is structured in such a way that helps to understand the several aspects of the importance of the organizational fairness in the compensation management, role of organizational fairness in reward allocation, factors that are influencing fairness in reward allocation, impact of reward distribution on employees and how fairness can be achieved within the process. All the processes are discussed with the view of several researches that establish the fact of issues and solutions of the reward allocation. At the end of the essay, every topic is summarized with the findings that could help to enhance the reward allocation. Discussion Operating an organization always needs fairness...
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...through which substantive justice is administered. They have the duty to enforce and interpret the law that is enacted by the parliament. In doing so, the courts have a duty to ensure that justice is administered within the quickest possible time to the satisfaction of the parties. In order to achieve this, the courts must pay less attention to the procedural technicalities at the expense of substantive justice. The objective of this legal paper is to discuss the effect of Article 118 (2) (e) of the constitution of Zambia (Amendment) Act No.2 of 2016 with regards to the delivery of justice in Zambia. To begin with, the paper will first define the various key terms such as substantive justice, justice, procedural law and substantive law. The paper will then differentiate substantive law and procedural law. It will further proceed to discuss the relevance of procedural (legal) technicalities and then later on discuss the problem of courts strictly adhering to the procedural technicalities at the expense of substantive justice. A comprehensive conclusion will then be deducted based on the discussion. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS The term justice basically means fairness in the manner in which justice is administered. It basically entails a moral ideal that the law seeks to uphold with regards to the protection of rights and the mode of punishment imposed on the offenders for the wrongs done. Justice means equality, fairness and equity. Substantive justice means justice that is administered...
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...INDEX Contents Introductory Note Court: Definition Functions of Court Environment Court • Definition • Constitution: • Purpose Power and functions of the Environment Court Practical Scenario of the Environment Court Legal loopholes and deficiencies of the Environment Court Act, 2000 Environment related court in other countries of Indian subcontinent: A comparative study • India: The National Environment Tribunal • Pakistan: The Environment Tribunal • Comparative study Recommendations Conclusion Introductory Note Environmental Law is a source and foundation of orderly response to Global and National environmental problems. International Environmental Law is the principal means by which community of nations builds and expresses international consensus on environment and development challenges. National Environmental Law is the most effective instrument for translating environment and development policies into action. Judiciary is a key mechanism for ensuring legal effectiveness of environmental law. A judiciary well informed of the rapidly expanding environmental law, can play a critical role: in interpretation, development and enforcement of environmental law, enforcing environmental rights, public access to judicial procedures, exchange of judgments, sharing information on environmental law, policy and environmental jurisprudence. The purpose of this assignment is to focus on the function of the Environment Courts of Bangladesh established...
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...Commissioner Of Wealth Tax, ... vs Sharvan Kumar Swarup & Sons on 22 September, 1994 Supreme Court of India Supreme Court of India Commissioner Of Wealth Tax, ... vs Sharvan Kumar Swarup & Sons on 22 September, 1994 Equivalent citations: 1995 ECR 425 SC, 1994 210 ITR 886 SC Author: V . M.N. Bench: M Venkatachaliah, S Agrawal JUDGMENT M.N. Venkatachaliah, CJ. 1. In these appeals and special leave petitions brought up by the Revenue the short but interesting question that arises is whether Rule 1BB of the Wealth Tax Rules, 1957 is a provision which affects and alters the substantive rights or is merely procedural. The further sequential and cognate question is whether the Rule is attracted to all proceedings pending at its enactment. The said Rule 1BB concerns the mode of valuation of house-property wholly or mainly used for residential purposes, for the purposes of ascertaining the net wealth under the Wealth Tax Act. 1957. 2. Section 3 of the Wealth Tax Act is the charging section. It seeks to bring to charge for every assessment year the net wealth on the corresponding valuation date of every individual, Hindu undivided family and company. The expression "net wealth" is defined in Section 2(m) of the Act. Section 2(q) defines the "valuation date". Section 4 enumerates the assets to be included in computing 'net-wealth'. Sections 5 and 6 exempts certain assets in India and outside from being included in computing the net wealth. 3. Section 7 - and this provision is of particular...
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...Data-Driven Entertainment/Education Friberger et al. defines data games as “games where gameplay and/or game content is based on real-world data external to the game, and where gameplay supports the exploration of and learning from this data.” They also use a taxonomy to explore the categories of such games. They propose to use open and linked data to procedurally generate game content. One of their examples was Open Trumps based on the popular card game Trumps. The data source for the game content is a UN database of countries and demographics indicators. However, procedural content generation entails some transformation of data into the game content. As the authors caution, we must be careful of transformations that “lead to an unacceptable loss of veracity in relation to the original source.” In our work, the game content is the original data [1, 2, 3]. Moreover, our perspective in this endeavor to foster understanding is general instead of a game focused. Thus, it is from this general point of view that we classify data-driven applications. The figure below illustrates the classification matrix: rows represent data velocity (static or dynamic) and columns the goals of the application. The first type of goals is informational: the application just provides specific information to the user usually through visualization; interaction with the data is minimal. The second type of goal focuses on interaction with the data for sensemaking; applications in this case are usually...
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...award recovery of court cost to any taxpayer who prevails against the United States. The recovery of court cost includes attorneys’ fees and taxpayer’s expert witness fees to the taxpayer(s) when [1] the IRS fails to establish that its position in an administrative or court proceeding was substantially justified and [2] when the taxpayer complies with all of the following 7430’s procedural requirements. It is assumed that the following requirements are pertinent to this case: •The taxpayer did not unduly prolong the litigation •The taxpayer pursued the case through IRS administrative appeals •The taxpayer then “substantially prevailed” in the Tax Court. The taxpayer has the right to request an award of attorneys’ fees and taxpayer’s expert witness fees within 30 days by formal letter or/and at the conclusion of the proceeding; failure to do so will disqualify/ make the taxpayer become ineligible for the award of fees. Based on the information presented above, the taxpayer requested the reimbursement within an adequate amount of time; therefore, the reimbursement should be considered. If the procedural requirements of 7430 are met, the taxpayer may recover a reasonable litigation cost from the United States for the court...
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...Programming paradigm is a fundamental style of computer programming , a way of building the structure and elements of computer programs. There are six main programming paradigms: 1. imperative programming, imperative programming, which is based on procedural languages, literate programming ,which structures programs as a human-centered web, as in a hypertext essay –documentation is integral to the program, and the program is structured following the logic of prose exposition, rather than compiler convenience. 2. declarative programming, declarative programming paradigms were developed. In these languages the computer is told what the problem is, not how to solve the problem – the program is structured as a collection of properties to find in the expected result, not as a procedure to follow. Given a database or a set of rules, the computer tries to find a solution matching all the desired properties. The archetypical example of a declarative language is the fourth generation language SQL, as well as the family of functional languages and logic programming 3. functional programming , Functional programming is a subset of declarative programming. Programs written using this paradigm use functions, blocks of code intended to behave like mathematical functions. Functional languages discourage changes in the value of variables through assignment , making a great deal of use of recursion instead. 4. object-oriented programming , object-oriented languages...
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...Semantic memory itself has been discussed extensively in the psychological literature. Specifically, it refers to particular memories that focus on meanings, understandings, and concepts. Unlike episodic memory, semantic memory focuses on things that are not specific to particular experiences. In other words, semantic memory would not include remembering what a person ate the previous day or what clothes someone was wearing. Instead, semantic memory would include things like remembering that dogs are animals and that desks are inanimate objects. These are both general, overarching concepts that people store in their semantic memory. On a larger scale, semantic memory is actually a subdivision of declarative memory and distinct from procedural or implicit memory. There are many functions of semantic memory. The main function is to allow people to put their experiences into perspective or into a context, so they know what is...
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...WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE? Quassim Cassam 1 What would a good answer to this question - call it (WK) - look like? What I’m going to call the standard analytic approach (SA) says that: A) The way to answer WK is to analyse the concept of knowledge. B) To analyse the concept of knowledge is to come up with non-circular necessary and sufficient conditions for someone to know that something is the case. Is the standard analytic approach to WK the right approach? If not, what would be a better way of doing things? These are the questions I’m going to tackle here. I want to look at some criticisms of SA and consider the prospects for a different, non-standard analytic approach (NA) to WK. Here is one objection to SA: the concept of knowledge can’t be analysed, at least if analysis is understood in the way that (B) understands it.[i] (B) assumes a reductive conception of analysis, according to which analysing a concept is a matter of breaking it down into more basic concepts. Let’s say that a concept C1 is more basic than another concept C2 just if one can grasp C1 without grasping C2 but one can’t grasp C2 without grasping C1. Proponents of SA tend to assume that concepts like truth, belief, and justification are in this sense more basic than the concept knows and that that is why they can be used to specify non-circular necessary and sufficient conditions for knowing. If it turns out that such conditions can’t be given, and therefore that the concept of...
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...Topic: How to write a Check and a deposit slip Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the advantages of knowing how to properly fill out a check and deposit slip. Thesis: Many people were never taught how to properly fill out a check or deposit slip so today I am going to teach you how. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: How many of you would know how to write a check if you were asked right now? B. Central Idea: Today I’m going to show you how to properly fill out a check and a deposit slip C. It is very important that everybody knows how to properly fill out a check and deposit slip D. I fill first be showing you how to fill out a check and explain why it is important that everyone knows how to fill one out. I will then tell you how to fill out a deposit slip and explain why it is important to know how to fill one out. II. Main Point 1: How to fill out a check and why it is important Sub-point 1. Payee Line a. Cashing a Check? b. Depositing into someone else’s account? Sub-point 2. Amount and Signature a. Make sure amount on line equals amount in box b. Always sign the front of the check c. If the check is made out to you sign the back of the check Transition: Now that you know how to fill out a check, let me show you how to fill out a deposit slip. III. Main Point 2: How to fill out a deposit slip and why it is important ...
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...Attaining Expertise Marinda Thomas Psych/640 1/18/2016 Mr. Wilson Chu Attaining Expertise Learning is an extraordinary thing that we as a human can do every day of our lives. Learning is a part of our nature, and we must have knowledge and to be able to take in all that we can obtain. We often will pursue and research material that we don’t know about diving into the unknown, for example, scientist their research and discovery are because people desire to learn, obtain knowledge, and expertise in the areas where they yearn to learn about. In the professional field that we have is built of mostly employees that range from average to above average performers, and those who don’t perform as well. Their performance is varied even if they are doing the same workload, some perform better. The question is what do the performers have that you may not have? What can we learn from their talents and success? This instructional paper informs you of ways to obtain expertise in what we already do in our everyday lives. So, let’s begin and become outstanding and earn your way to the top. Reaching Goals In order to attain expertise in this field, you have to practice and have reachable and obtainable goals. What is it you are thinking to yourself “what is the goal?” A goal has been identified and thought out in order to be successful, and your expertise improved. The importance of identifying a goal must not be unreachable, but it has to be clear you can do the job. But when you...
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...Unit 16: Procedural Programming Procedures Procedures are a collection of instructions which might be ordered into many unique steps, this could allow programmes to observe the needs of the developer. Procedures consist only in little sections of the source code and in python before you use a procedure, you'll want to offer it a fixed name. Procedures are useful as it can assist to reduce the amount of times a programmer writes the same source code. Procedures can even use their very own variables, and those cannot be used inside the code. For instance, the procedure of an car no longer starting would be: Car won’t start Try again check fuel Did it start Yes end Functions A...
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...The normal functioning of a human is largely dependent on the behaviours which relates to the central nervous system; hence behavioral techniques have been used in both animal and human model to further understand the central nervous system. These tests have been widely used to look at the pharmalogical efficacy and the mechanism of depression, anxiety, addiction, memory other mental complications. These techniques are relatively more cost efficient, simple, and easy to conduct, therefore it is widely used. The aim of this paper is to review the advantages, and disadvantages of such techniques and what have been discovered using such techniques. DEPRESSION Depression is a growing concern around the world, and anti-depressants available are not always effect for each individual. In addition, the therapeutic effect of all anti-depressant can be only seen only after a few weeks after administration, therefore having a much delayed therapeutic effect (Lopex-Rodriguez et al., 2004). Hence the forced swim test (FST) is used in numerous studies in expectation to help improve the efficacy and development of antidepressants. The FST, also known as the “behavioural despair test”, due to its ease of use, and inter-lab reliability and specificity, it is very common technique to assess depression and assess efficacy of antidepressant in animal models, typically in rodents. In a FST, a rodent is placed in a pool filled with water which rodents cannot escape from. Data observed are usually...
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