...38 International Journal of Accounting and Taxation, Vol. 1 No. 1, December 2013 Budgetary Control as a Measure of Financial Performance of State Corporations in Kenya Kenneth Odour Adongo1 Ambrose Jagongo PhD, MKIM2 Abstract The importance of financial stability in enabling an organization to function efficiently and maximize the potential for service delivery cannot be underestimated. The quest for better service delivery under new public management in public organizations in Kenya necessitates the need for public organizations to have proper financial standing in order to run operations and motivate workers through better remuneration as well as improved working conditions. Critique of literature on factors affecting financial performance reveal that gaps remain on the influence of budgetary control on financial performance of public institutions. This study sought to investigate the relationship between budgetary controls and financial performance of state corporations in Kenya. The study sought to determine the salient features of budgetary controls in state corporations, establish the human factors within budgetary controls, establish the process of budgetary control in public organizations, and determine the challenges affecting budgetary control. A descriptive survey design was used to gather data from the state corporation’s managers of the sampled state corporations. 14 corporations were selected from the 138 to participate in the study. Purposive sampling was used...
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...the congress the rights to establish any budgetary legislation that contributes to the Federal budgetary process. The Budgetary and Accounting Act of 1921 has a statutory basis whereby the executive budget process demands that the President submits to the Congress a proposed budget for running the business of the Federal government annually (United States, 2017). This helps the president in doing his projects e.g. medical care and other responsibilities in the financial year. The General Accounting Office (agency in government accountability) is responsible for the budget allocation after approval by the Congress. The General Accounting Office is also responsible for provision...
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...According to CIMA terminology, “a budget is defined as the quantitative expression of a plan for a defined period of time. It may include planned sales volume and revenues, resource quantities, costs and expenses, assets, liabilities and cash flows.”(CIMA Official Terminology, 2005). This in other word means the set out of a company’s objective for a period of time for an organization and it is usually conveyed in figures term. A budget has its advantages and disadvantages; they help stimulate forward thinking, help in organise the various aspects of the business and encourages performance (Mclaney & Atril, pg.461). However, it can be time consuming, it cannot deal with rapid change and it focuses more on short term target rather than value creation. (Mclaney & Atril, 4th edition, pg.462) Budgeting Method and differences A fixed budget only takes account of budget data for just one volume of activity. The formal definition is “A budget which is normally set prior to the start of an accounting period, and which is not changed in response to subsequent changes in activity or costs/revenues. It serves as a benchmark in performance evaluation” (Costing, T.Lucey, 7th edition, Pg.420) according to CIMA, it is defined as a “budget which is designed to remain unchanged irrespective of the volume of output or turnover attained” a good example is a master budget. Fixed budgets are most efficiently when used for planning purposes (ICSA.org.uk, 2014) A flexible budget...
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...THE EFFECT OF BUDGETARY CONTROL ON EFFCTIVENESS OF NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN KENYA REBECCAH NYAMBURA KIMANI A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE FINANCE, SCHOOL OF BUSINESS, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI OCTOBER 2014 DECLARATION I declare that this project is my original work and has not been submitted for examination in any other university. Signed………………………………………Date…………………………………… REBECCAH NYAMBURA D63/71147/2014 This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the university supervisor Signed………………………………………Date…………………………………… MR. MIRIE MWANGI Lecturer, Department of Finance and Accounting School of Business University of Nairobi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am deeply indebted to all those who in their own way contributed to successful completion of this study. First and foremost I thank the almighty God, to whom all knowledge, wisdom and power belong for sustaining me in good health, sound judgment and strength to move on and complete my master’s studies. Special appreciation goes to my supervisor for his dedication, guidance, valuable suggestion and ideas throughout the course of this project. Without his enormous support this study would not have been successful. Thanks to my family who always inspired me in every step to accomplish this study. I am eternally grateful for your love, encouragement and support in all my endeavors. DEDICATION I dedicate this project to my...
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...Budgetary Analysis Heather Horning HCS/550 August 18, 2014 Elaine Bobo Budgetary Analysis The Medicaid program is one of the largest sources of health insurance in this country in addition to employer-based health insurance and Medicare. Medicaid delivers crucial medical related services to the most at risk populations in society. The importance of Medicaid's part in providing health insurance cannot be exaggerated; “the Medicaid program covers millions of low-income women, children, elderly people and individuals with disabilities” (U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). Funding for Medicaid is limited through various federal policies, leaving much of the program’s budget burdened on the individual states to make necessary spending cuts in order to provide the funds needed for the demand of the program. Budgetary decisions need to be thoroughly reviewed before any immediate action is taken as these decisions can create a domino effect on other programs and their participants as sections of this paper will describe. Medicaid Overview Medicaid is a cooperative federal and state program with a common goal to provide a vital service for the general public. “Medicaid is the largest source of federal revenue for states. Medicaid funds support health care providers, jobs and state economies overall” (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2013). Every state institutes its own eligibility criteria, benefits platform, payment rates and program organization under the broad federal recommendations...
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...Process of Budget Policy Shiram Sam Economics of Public policy (ECN4010) ANC/EDP 2014 DEFINING THE NATIONAL BUDGET The budget is the most important economic policy tool of the national government. Far from being a mere compilation of income and expenditure, it is the blueprint for a nation's socio economic policies for each fiscal year. The national budget is thus the fundamental indicator of what government proposes to do and what objectives it pursues. It presents the government's financial plans for an upcoming period and is a comprehensive statement of the priorities of the nation. Which sectors of the economy will be expected to pay for said activities; how government will respond to economic disturbances in the short term; and who will be the direct and indirect beneficiaries of public services? The budget is about people and should respond to their needs. It is a way of determining how the Government seeks to fulfill goals for the welfare of people as set out in a country's Constitution/Bill of Rights, in international instruments and standards (e.g. MDGs), and in government policy statements. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BUDGET The National Budget allocates resources, distributes wealth and income, and stabilizes the economy. The economic stabilisation function of the budget should be balanced against the need to ensure that there are adequate resources (including from external sources) to guarantee the delivery and development of essential services especially...
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...Budgetary control is the process by which financial control is exercised by managers preparing budgets for revenue and expenditure for each function of the organization in advance of an accounting period. It involves the continuous comparison of actual performance against the budget to ensure the plan is achieved or to provide a basis for its revision. The first disadvantage of budgetary control system is costly. The costs of compiling data and analyzing budgets are another disadvantage of the budgetary control process. Other forms of corporate control rely more directly on the opinions and judgment of senior officials. Budgetary control seeks to moderate this type of human judgment by introducing quantitative arguments, all of which come at a cost. When a business uses its existing operating budgets and financial statements to perform budgetary control, the cost is reduced. However, when leaders commission new financial reports, these costs rise, especially if they require hiring new employees to assist the accounting department. Another disadvantage of budgetary control is that it relies heavily on numerical data, sometimes at the expense of other useful information. For example, a department head who operates under her budget for the quarter may appear successful in a budgetary control analysis. However, if she saved money by reducing her staff and terminating skilled workers, the action may have a more negative, intangible effect on the business as a whole. Decisions...
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...Budgetary Overview Dawn Hammer EDA-535 June 2, 2015 Welcoming a new board member, superintendent, or school level administrator can be a difficult task when it comes to the budget aspects of any school district. Thus it is vital for any administrator or person involved in the various aspects of the budget examine the basis for budget making decisions and the key accounting principles to be followed by all school districts. These budgetary processes can be addressed with four keystone parts. In the first area of emphasis is to understand the school districts generally accepted accounting practices on which the budget is to be founded. From there it is also essential to identify the key roles of the superintendent in the budgetary process as well as the role of those sitting on the board as school board members. This paper will also examine the methods and accounting principals in place to ensure that the budget is balances as well as coordinated accurately. Finally we shall look at generally accepted timelines for a budget as well as projections for student enrollment and all necessary funding ideals that should be included. Generally Accepted Accounting Practices Regardless of the school, if there is to be a excellence in education, there is a requirement that the leaders have a vision and process for obtaining that vision (Bernhardt, 2013). The same can be said when designing a budget and working within the confines of the generally accepted accounting principles...
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...MASTER MINDS - QUALITY EDUCATION BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION 8. BUDGETARY CONTROL 1. DEFINE THE TERM BUDGET. Definition: Budget is a financial and /or quantitative statement, prepared and approved prior to a defined Period of time of the policy to be pursued during that period for the purpose of attaining a given objective. It may include income, expenditure and employment of capital. Features: 1. 2. 3. 4. Financial and/or Quantitative Statement. Futuristic prepared and approved prior to a defined period of time. Goal Oriented for the purpose of attaining a given objective. Components Income, Expenditure and Employment of Capital. 2. WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF BUDGETING/PERFORMANCE BUDGETING? The objectives of Budgeting are 1. To encourage selfstudy in all aspects of a Company's operations. 2. To get all members of management to “put their heads” to the basic question of how the business should be run, to make them of a coordinated team operating in unison towards clearly defined objectives. 3. To promote the planning process and provide a sense of direction to every member of the organization. 4. To force a definition and crystallization of Company policies and aims. 5. To increase the effectiveness with which people and capital are employed. 6. To disclose areas of potential improvement in the Company’s operations. 7. To stimulate study of relationship of the Company to its external economic environment for improving the effectiveness of its direction...
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...Budgetary Analysis Angel Lowe HCS/550 March 2, 2015 John Dean Budgetary Analysis Medicaid counts as one of the largest sources of public health insurance in the United States, and also in the whole world. It provides essential medical cover to vulnerable population within the United States. This population includes elderly individuals, expectant mothers, children, low income families and individuals with different physical disabilities and the disadvantaged in the American society. In 1965 President Johnson signed into law under the Social Security Act to improve the health care of the elderly with Medicare. Medicaid would provide improved health care for the poor, unwed mothers, children, and the disabled. The program involves a joint initiative between the states government and the federal government hence the two governments jointly fund the program and ensuring its success through putting up laws to guide its implementation. President Obama’s legacy will be protecting the health of the individual American. The health care policy rules, regulations, and legislations are the consequence of the policy procedure which involves legislators, all the decision-making branch leaders, and public also. The budget for Illinois starts when the Governor submits a bill each January to the House of Representatives. After the bill has been submitted by the Governor then the house is responsible for ways and means review then they budget and develop their own recommendations...
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...China’s budgetary system Year III Finance and Banking Balea Calin Dobrovolschi Natalia 2012 Content Introduction………………………………………………………………..pg 3 Traditional Budget Accounting…………………………………...……… pg 3 1.Taxonomy of Chinese Accounting……..…………….......................... pg 3 1.1 The Domain of Budget Accounting……….…………...………... .pg 3 1.2 Chinese units……………………………………………………... pg 4 2. Public Financial Management Process……………………..……….. pg 4 Conventional Budget Accounting …………………………………………pg 5 1. Overall and Unit Budgets…………………….…………………….. pg 5 2. Characteristics of the Chinese Budget Accounting System ….….…..pg 6 2.1 Accounting as a Budget Tool…………………….…………….. pg 6 2.2 Characteristics…………….…………………….……………… pg 7 The 1994 Budget Law………………………………..…………………… pg 8 1. Scope…….……………………………………………………….....pg 8 2. Institutional structure…………………………………………….....pg 8 3. Budget policy……………………………………………………….pg 9 3.1 General Policy…………………………………………………. pg 9 3.2 Separate Revenue System……………………………………....pg 9 3.3 Dual Budgeting System………………………………………...pg 10 3.4 Functional Classification of the Budget………………………...pg 10 3.5 Increased Budgetary transparency………………………………pg 11 3.6 Increased Effectiveness in resource utilization………………….pg 11 Further development………………………………………………………...
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...Executive Summary This assignment outlines the practices of effective budget in two entirely different businesses and the importance of effective working capital management in a manufacturing company. The first part of this paper describe that how the budget is exercised in two businesses where one of the business operates in a static market place and another one business operates in a very dynamic environment. Traditional approach of budgeting and budgetary control is still widely used by most companies throughout the world despite of limitations but In current very fast innovative modern environment, traditional budgeting approach is not only budgeting model there are some effective alternatives budgeting models that business are using to fulfill the modern requirements of company’s strategy such as: activity based budgeting, zero based budgeting and beyond budgeting approaches. I describe each of budgeting method that how can such models help the modern company more efficiently with their budgeting and budgetary control. The second part of this paper describes how a working capital cycle plays an important role in a manufacturing business and how each of cycle can be improved individually such as inventory, trade debtors, trade creditors and cash to achieve optimal profit for the company. Budget and Budgeting “A budget is a plan which is expressed in financial and or more general quantitative terms that extends forward for a period into...
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... European Public Policy PO 886 Schneider Second essay 4612 words (excluding references) Why does the EU find it difficult to reform its policies? Answer with reference to two policy areas of your choice. UNIVERSITY OF KENT 2007-2008 There is something strange about European Union policies: they are always reformed and they always need to be reformed further. This is due to the fact that these reforms concern mainly the form and not so much the content. The seven objectives of the regional policy have been replaced by three objectives in the 2000-2006 budgetary perspective, which have themselves been converted into three principles for the 2007-2013 period but it did not leqd to any revolutionary change. The CAP has been reformed in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1999, and 2003, but the principle of protecting agriculture from market forces remained intact. Scholars, especially economists, often criticise this inertia claiming that real reforms are necessary to avoid huge economic costs and to ensure a long-term development. Why is it so difficult to reform EU policies? What are the factors encouraging these reforms and those leading to their lack? We have chosen the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the regional policy to tackle this question because...
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...used in the Corporation are Bureaucratic Control, Budgetary Control, Financial Control, and Concurrent Control. Bureaucratic Control Bureaucratic controls are control higher up the chart of an organization, have authority to dictate policies and procedures. This control starts with the board of directors, followed by the Chief Executive Officer, vice presidents, and continues as necessary. Starbucks’ bureaucratic manages through policy rules and number of operating procedures, which helps to determine the behavior of divisions, functions, and individuals. The essential of Bureaucratic Controls, the profit motive on a larger-scale enterprise tend to help the business grow and achieve a higher level of profit. The stock market valuation of the firm is the influence by expectation of future sales and profit, produce negative growth. The cost motive the economics of scale could have an effect of increasing the productive capacity of the business, and help increase the profit margins. The market power object can increase job market dominance and increase pricing power. The risk concept provide the business expansion by stimulation with diversify production and sales, this resolution calls sales to fall in one market and rise in another (Growth Firm). Budgetary Controls Starbucks budgetary controls would begin with what is sold and expected income from that sale. The advantages of formulating budgetary controls are to reduce cost to maximize profits...
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...Report on the US Government Budgetary Systems and Saudi Arabia Government Budgetary Systems Budgetary process of the US and Saudi Arabia are different from each other in many aspects. Budgetary systems of the US are based on the budget and Accounting Act of 1921 and Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. Whereas budgetary systems of the Saudi Arabia are based on the rules and regulations devised by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Budgetary system of the Saudi Arabia is not disclosed to the general public. National budget in Saudi Arabia compiled by the Ministry of Finance is approved by the Royal institution and then it is allowed to be published in the Official Gazette. Budgetary Systems of the Saudi Arabia was made on the basis of the Hijri year but in 1987 its basis was changed to the Gregorian calendar. In US budget is prepared when president submits a request to the congress for the preparation of the budget. Then Office of Management and Budget carries out the formulation process of the budget. Budget is prepared for all the institutions of the state from federal executive departments to the independent agencies. Budget Control Act of 2012 also plays its role to in the formation of the different provisions of the budget and controls it. Different resolutions related to the budget are also approved by the congress, House and Senate. Authorizing committee is capable of resolving any issues related to the budget process. Categories of the different types of...
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