...Paul D Staudohar, (1997) in the article, “Compensation and Working Conditions: Baseball’s Changing Salary Structure” mentions about how professional baseball player’s salary changed from past to present days. There are two systems why player’s salary increases. One is the Major League Baseball League Association formed in 1952. Then players tried to improve their playing conditions. Another accepted free agency systems in 1976. MLB teams tried to recruit the best player at that time to use the money. This article is very important to understand the Black Sox Scandal because article shows players’ salary at that time. According to Haupet, Ty Cobb earned the highest salary, which was only $20,000 in 1919. In addition, Charles Comiskey, who was...
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...Nichols College | Sport Seminar Final Research Paper | Professor Hendrick | | Sean Fleming | 4/29/2014 | | Abstract This is my final research paper in conclusion to my studies in the Sports Management program at Nichols College. This is a research study on the use of professional athletes from American sports leagues in the Olympic Games. Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….page 1 Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………………………………page 2 List of Tables and Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………….page 3 Chapter I: Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………page 4 Chapter II: Review of Literature Chapter III: Research Methodology Chapter IV: Results Chapter V: Discussion and Conclusions References Appendices Tables and Figures Chapter I: Introduction This purpose of this study will pertain to whether the use of professional athletes from American sports leagues in the Olympic Games is a good or bad idea. Currently, players from the National Hockey League (NHL), National Basketball Association (NBA), Major League Soccer (MLS), Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) and the Professional Golfers Association (PGA TOUR) are allowed to participate in the Summer and Winter Olympic Games by their respective leagues. There are many problems that have arisen from the allowance of professionals in the Olympics. They range from injuries to star players, financial impacts on the leagues, shutdown of schedules...
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...(2014). We Walk the Line: An Analysis of the Problems and Possibilities of Work at the Sport Psychology-Sport Sociology Nexus. Sociology Of Sport Journal, 31(2), 162-184. This is an attempt to join two fields of psychology by the use of an integrated experiment where the uses of sports psychology and sports sociology come together, thus bringing to light the dividing lines between academic departments in the two respective fields of sports social science. Thus, we might be wise to work more closely to carve out a space that is both professionally viable and socially relevant (Butryn, LaVoi, Kauer, Semerjian & Waldron, 2014) This journal will not only aid in my attempt to show the correlation between real world application and the need for commingling between forces. But, also showing how the future of this field can not only take sports psychology to a new respected...
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...Throughout the last 10 years the discussion regarding traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussions has been inflamed within the media. Prior to this time little research was conducted regarding various forms of TBI, concussions, and enduring consequences of experiencing a TBI. As a result of the many soldiers returning from the continuing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan with TBI diagnosis, much research has been directed toward this field. A sizeable contributor in the media recognition of the significant impact of TBI and concussions is the popularity of the National Football League (NFL) and college football. Players in various professional and college football leagues have long been experiencing TBI as a result of the contact nature of the...
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...reviewed is “Demand for Sport” done by Jeffery Borland from the University of Melbourne. The article discusses several issues such as, the sources and determinants of the demand for professional sports and the evidence of key determinants of attendance. The several determinants are the consumer preference, economic setting, quality of viewing, and the sporting contest itself (Borland and MacDonald, 2002). The consumer preferences are made up of team loyalty, conspicuous consumption (for example a desire for other in game entertainment) and being encouraged by other fans to go as well. Economic reasoning is where the fan is financially—for example if the fan does not have the finances for tickets or concessions. The make-up quality of viewing can be the facilities, the weather, the timing of the game, etc. The last determinant is the sporting contest itself, meaning how entertaining is the game going to be (Borland and MacDonald, 2002). The demand of attendance is based on “a standard consumer-theory model (Borland and MacDonald, 2002). The participants in the study are several different ones: the product itself—which in this case professional sport, the fan themselves—meaning the level of “fan interest” that they carry, international literature—that is thoroughly reviewed (Borland and MacDonald, 2002). Method...
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...are at a definite weakness but what if i told you some people fought over that disadvantage and are now pro athletes and olympic gold medalist. In this research paper i will explain an event that changed the game for sports prosthetics the oscar pistorius case of 2007-2008. In sports like track all evidence points back to those prosthetics being advantages in the paper i will give you a few reasons why from world renowned scientist and college professors Due to the significant evidence, I believe that prosthetics give runners in sports an advantage for many reasons some of which I will tell you why I believe. In...
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...‘Roiding Up a Good Paper Steroids have been a problem in sports for over 50 years now, and show slim signs of stopping. Sure, you do not hear about them as much, but it does not mean that it is not happening. Athletes are striving to be the best of the best, and the athletic effects the drug shows are overwhelming, but the negative consequences surely outweigh the positives. The paragraph above is just a little taste of what an introductory statement may look like. A research paper on steroids would have a more in-depth, fact spilling introduction. Clearly the topic chosen is steroids and their negative effects. But to be more specific, I would like to find these effects for the Major League of Baseball (MLB). I chose this because I do NOT want to bore everyone, including myself, by writing two papers on accounting and the topic has always been very interesting to me. I am a huge sports fanatic and steroids are problems that arise in professional sports somewhat frequently. People always say, “Everyone knows of the negative side effects of steroids,” but if that is the case, then why do people still take them? The process of a research paper can be lengthy and sometimes stressful, but can be shortened if a proper approach is taken. The obvious start is research. Look up ESPN articles and blogs and other books where steroids are the main topic of discussion and weed out the ones that support your view and have reliable information. Doing this may be tough with...
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...opportunities? Answer the same questions for USAToday.com. By conducting research and analysis Gannett determined that there were two trends/opportunities that he could take advantage of; one was that an increasingly short attention span among a generation nurtured on television and the other was that there was a growing hunger for more information. With this information Gannet made the newspaper’s primary mission to provide more news in less time. Research suggested that this paper should target achievement-oriented men in professional and management positions who were heavy newspaper readers and frequent travelers. Unlike the other companies/competitors who targeted upper America, Gannett’s company would target middle America- young, well-educated Americans who were on the move and cared about the news and current events. Gannett listened to what the readers wanted and ensured that USA Today would market just that. With this information in hand, Gannett capitalized on it by putting together a team of news, advertising, and production personnel staff from his daily news who developed, edited, published and tested different prototypes. From those prototypes three 40-page versions were sent out to about 5,000 professional people along with a response card for feedback. Marketplace feedback showed that readers liked the prototypes so the Board of Directors voted unanimously to launch the paper starting in the Washington and Baltimore areas. In September 1982, 155,000...
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...Cassidy Hanson (W0495976) PSYC 101 SEC 1 Sport Psychology Sport psychology is simply the psychology that goes with athletic activity and exercise. This subfield of psychology is used mostly with athletes and coaches to test the athletes speed, agility and improve his or her motivation. This paper will provide some insight on how this subfield of psychology came to be, some examples of certain topics discussed and researched as well as some examples of research still used today. First let us begin on the history of sport psychology. Sport psychology is a relatively new subfield of psychology dating back to the 1920s. A psychologist by the name of Coleman Griffith organized the first American sport psychology laboratory at UIC. After a few years, in the 1930s the laboratory got shut down due to insufficient funding. This did not stop Coleman Griffith when he consulted with professional sports teams like the Chicago Cubs. Meanwhile three men from Stanford University, B.C. Graves, Walter Miles and football coach Glenn Warner, all created and experiment to find the fastest way to get the offense to run together once the center hikes the ball. Miles created a durable chronoscope to...
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...University In this research paper, you will read about the LPGA (Ladies Professional Golf Association) and all the things they have accomplished through the years. This organization is not only for professional but for amateurs and young girls learning the fundamentals of the sport. It also has ties to the communities through its charity work. In this paper, you will also read about the LPGA Foundation. Marketing Mix Analysis Overview The LPGA is one of the longest running women’s professional sports associations in the world. It was founded in 1950, and has grown from playing in tours to a non-profit organization. The organization along with the LPGA Teaching Club Professionals has become the backbone of the sport today. The headquarters for this organization is in Daytona Beach, Florida. Product According to our textbook, product is defined as anything that can be offered to the market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy the need or the want. With the LPGA, they represent the women’s side of the golf industry. The LPGA is not just an organization that has women play the game, but they also have a nonprofit foundation called the LPGA Foundation. It was founded in 1991. This foundation has four goals: develop and maintain junior golf programs across the country; develop and maintain scholarship programs for junior golfers; maintain a financial assistance fund for those in the golf industry; and conduct research and develop educational...
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...Role of Sports in Popular American Culture Our group will cover the world of sports and its effects on pop culture. The sports that will be focused on are the NBA, NHL, MLB, And the NFL. In our discussion we will cover why athletes are considered role models and if they should be. Also we will discuss the debate of why many athletes make millions of dollars before even playing a game and if they are actually being overpaid. Throughout the paper we will explain how pop culture effects why these players get paid what they do by ratings and popularity of the sport. We research why teams take risks on players risking millions of dollars when that money could go back to the fans. In looking at major sports in America in referencing professional athletes as role models . Yes, we know how much money they make and what type of endorsement deals they get; what types of clothing they wear in to the locker rooms before/after the games and to press conferences; if they have of the field incident it is known to the public via media outlets; These athletes are looked up to for the skills possess during the sporting event. These people are great athletes again they are not recognized for what they do off the field of play. Most of Americans all ages that compete in sports copy some type body movement; buy a piece of equipment; develop a swagger that is influenced by professional athletes through which is seen during the time the time competition. These athletes are not recognized for time...
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...Analysis of Business Specialties Paper Analysis of Business Specialties Paper Analysis of Business Specialties Paper TD Sports Consultants (Essie) This paper will describe the consulting firm that was chosen by team D and address several issues or problems that the consulting firm may encounter. It will also give a description of the services that will be offered by TD sports consultants. Finally, the paper will explain the why the consulting firm is well suited to the skills of the team D’s members. The team members agreed on the name TD Sports Consultants. This particular name was chosen because it was inclusive of all the team members’ and their skills and ideas. Because most of the team members are sports fans, it was suiting that we named a sports consulting firm after the founders. The purpose of the consulting firm is to help sport teams locate sponsors that can come up with innovative ideas and advertisements to promote their products. The firm will produce results that are not being filled by marketing companies. The strategy of TD Sports Consultants is to find out why other companies are not getting the desired results and to fill the gap by providing the needed services to the teams. Description of the TD Sports Consultants (Wally) Sports marketing is an industry worth billions (Kuriloff, 2007) in the US annually. Franchises have marketing departments to improve the perception of their team as well as advertising salespeople to...
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...Funding Professional Sports Stadiums Kayla Thompson MBA 578 SB FT Managerial Economics April 13, 2013 ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to address the issue of the public (taxpayers) funding the construction and/or renovation of privately owned sports stadiums. The use of public funds has skyrocketed since the early 1980s. Why has there been an increase in the trend and what is really going on behind the scenes? Through my research, I have found six articles that deal with many questions surrounding this hot topic issue. First, I will examine how the sports teams and the local governments deal with the public when proposing the funding of the sports teams’ stadiums. After the public agrees to back the construction of a stadium, the next step is to find out where those funds are coming from. I will take a look at how the increase in taxes are being implemented and just exactly how much debt these taxes are trying to pay off. Once all of this information is determined, it is easy to get to the real question of this research paper: Is funding the construction of a new sports stadium worth it for the taxpayers of that city? Does the revenue outweigh the debts, or will it never pay off? The answer to this might just change the readers’ minds next time they are sitting at their home stadium watching their favorite team play. INTRODUCTION Taxpayers funding sports stadiums has become more and more prominent since the 1980s. Now, most professional sports stadiums...
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...evolution, and research Donald Getzà Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, 2500 University Ave. N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 Received 24 April 2007; accepted 31 July 2007 Abstract This article reviews ‘event tourism’ as both professional practice and a field of academic study. The origins and evolution of research on event tourism are pinpointed through both chronological and thematic literature reviews. A conceptual model of the core phenomenon and key themes in event tourism studies is provided as a framework for spurring theoretical advancement, identifying research gaps, and assisting professional practice. Conclusions are in two parts: a discussion of implications for the practice of event management and tourism, and implications are drawn for advancing theory in event tourism. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Event tourism; Definitions; Theory; Research 1. Introduction Events are an important motivator of tourism, and figure prominently in the development and marketing plans of most destinations. The roles and impacts of planned events within tourism have been well documented, and are of increasing importance for destination competitiveness. Yet it was only a few decades ago that ‘event tourism’ became established in both the tourism industry and in the research community, so that subsequent growth of this sector can only be described as spectacular. Equally, ‘event management’ is a fast growing professional field in which tourists...
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...de Siegfried Gudergan, University of Technology Sydney, Siggi.Gudergan@uts.edu.au Abstract Fan satisfaction is with services is a key element to successfully compete in the soccer industry. In this paper we examine the antecedent factors that explain the variations in overall service satisfaction judgements. We draw on service an activities put in place by soccer clubs to illustrate these effects. Based on a literature review, interviews with both soccer fans and an industry expert, we develop a measurement approach for satisfaction which we test subsequently using a large-scale sample among soccer fans. An analysis of the impact-performance implications of antecedent drivers shows that stadium features, team characteristics, and fan-based support for the club and its management are the most important factors that influence overall satisfaction. Keywords: customer service, satisfaction, service experience, service providers ANZMAC 2009 Page 2 of 8 Satisfaction with Services: An Impact-Performance Analysis for Soccer-Fan Satisfaction Judgements Literature review on the relevance of fan satisfaction for soccer clubs Soccer is a multibillion dollar business that represents a vital and weighty factor in national, regional and local economies. With the growth of the sports business sector’s importance over the last few years, the professionalisation of soccer clubs’ structure and management has increased correspondingly. As a result, the terms of business in this industry...
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