...topic in psychology from more than one perspective. Psychology is a subject which is based on theory and uses various scientific methods to both collect and analyse data. There are many different psychological perspectives adopted by psychologists who take different viewpoints from each other, even though the topic they are interested in is the same. This essay aims to address the question that there is a lot to be gained from studying a topic in psychology from more than one perspective, by looking at the topics of language and meaning from the perspectives of the social constructionists, evolutionary psychologists and cognitive psychology. And the topic of the psychology of sex and gender from the perspectives of social constructionists, evolutionary psychology, biological psychology and psychodynamic psychology. One advantage of studying a topic in psychology from various different perspectives is that each perspective has a different "object of knowledge” and therefore the questions that each perspective will pose, the evidence they collect and the methods they use to collect that evidence will be different. Which in turn causes each perspective either to conflict, coexist or complement each other? If we look at the topic of the psychology of sex and gender from a social constructionist perspective, the object of knowledge we would be concentrating or interested in is that of the social and cultural context of how sex and gender affect our lives, as social constructionists...
Words: 1477 - Pages: 6
...What’s on the MCAT2015 Exam? Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior What will the Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section test? The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section asks you to solve problems by combining your knowledge of foundational concepts with your scientific inquiry and reasoning skills. This section tests your understanding of the ways psychological, social, and biological factors influence perceptions and reactions to the world; behavior and behavior change; what people think about themselves and others; the cultural and social differences that influence well-being; and the relationships between social stratification, access to resources, and well-being. The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section emphasizes concepts that tomorrow’s doctors need to know in order to serve an increasingly diverse population and have a clear understanding of the impact of behavior on health. Further, it communicates the need for future physicians to be prepared to deal with the human and social issues of medicine. This section is designed to • • • • • test psychology, sociology, and biology concepts that provide a solid foundation for learning in medical school about the behavioral and sociocultural determinants of health; test concepts taught at many colleges and universities in first-semester psychology and sociology courses; test biology concepts that relate to mental...
Words: 6541 - Pages: 27
...symbol in our society. Explaining many different theories as too why our sociological mindset seems to be primitive when trying to justify the ideology that sexuality needs to be oppressed for females, when in contrast it is glorified for males. Theories also suggest that our brains are psychologically “wired” for male dominance, such as when observing our closes lineage on the dendrogram, chimpanzees and exploring their interactions based on gender and sexuality. While other theories suggest that it’s possible females physiologically aren’t made for as much sex as men are and that stimulates are needed to bring things to equilibrium, such as new clinical trial pills that will be the Viagra synonymous for women. Each perspective is thoroughly covered in this paper as all sides of the spectrum are hit to understand why such cultural stigma has been placed upon female sexuality, leading to the ultimate question; Will our primitive mindsets continue to be the oppressing weights females bare in society? Keywords: Sexuality, psychological, physiological, sociology Since the beginning of time woman have been viewed as the keepers of monogamy, vested with the responsibility of limited sexual desires and actions. Female sexuality had not even been referenced in the medical field as apart of the female psyche. In fact, in the Victorian Era there was the belief that hysteria would cause “wondering wombs” and in order to keep healthy females needed to be massaged until reaching “hysterical...
Words: 1499 - Pages: 6
...China. In other words, half of the Chinese population are men. It is believed that the motive behind gender inequality between Chinese males and females is due to their one-child policy . Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping has established the one-child policy in 1979 as a solution to limit China’s population growth. Although it was implemented as a ``temporary measure, `` the one-child policy still exists twenty-five years later. Luckily, in the era of 21st century, in North America, for example, there is no such policy that entails gender discrimination since both males and females have similar rights as well as privileges. However, even in the 21st century, China is still struggling with its enormous gap that exists between genders because males are more valued than women. Therefore, women are not expected to place in a inferior place as opposed to men and this is why Chinese families seek to have more boys first than girls. The aim of this paper will be to prove the gender inequality within the Chinese inequality, from different perspectives, Sociological, psychological and economical studies. Sociological Chinese gender discrimination persists everywhere, especially in the labour market since some women are being segregated in various occupational categories. Sex segregation refers to the chances of entering a certain occupation or industry for people of different gender. Consequently, the degree of inequality in units outside the system such as in coastal provinces is also...
Words: 957 - Pages: 4
...English 300 February, 9,2016 The He Syndrome There are central associations with gender identity and how one relates to the physical, psychological and sociological surroundings. In "The He Hormone" by Andrew Sullivan, there are specific equations that define gender identity from the biological and sociological perspectives. Sullivan relates the gender relationships that are created and magnified in society to the biological differences in men and women. He points out the physical and psychological differences, based on scientific reasoning, while expanding into the differences in gender that are created from infancy. While Sullivan is able to point out gender identity factions, there are many assumptions...
Words: 1031 - Pages: 5
...CHAPTER 12 Feminist Therapy Co-authored by Barbara Herlihy and Gerald Corey INTRODUCTION History and Development KEY CONCEPTS View of Human Nature Feminist Perspective on Personality Development Challenging Traditional Roles for Women Principles of Feminist Psychology THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS Therapeutic Goals Therapist’s Function and Role Client’s Experience in Therapy Relationship Between Therapist and Client APPLICATION: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures The Role of Assessment and Diagnosis Techniques and Strategies The Role of Men in Feminist Therapy FEMINIST THERAPY APPLIED TO THE CASE OF STAN SUMMARY AND EVALUATION Summary Contributions of Feminist Therapy Limitations and Criticisms of Feminist Therapy FEMINIST THEORY FROM A MULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Contributions to Multicultural Counseling Limitations for Multicultural Counseling WHERE TO GO FROM HERE RECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS 340 SOME C O N TE M P O R ARY FEMINIST T H E R AP I STS Feminist therapy does not have a single founder. Rather, it has been a collective effort by many. We have selected a few individuals who have made significant contributions to feminist therapy for inclusion here, recognizing full well that many others equally influential could have appeared in this space, Feminist therapy is truly founded on a theory of inclusion. member of the board of trustees of the last two. In recent decades...
Words: 19529 - Pages: 79
...The Gender Politics of Narrative Modes I want to challenge two linked assumptions that most historians and critics of the English novel share. The first is that the burgeoning of capitalism and the ascension of the middle classes were mainly responsible for the development of the novel. The second is that realism represents the novel's dominant tradition. [note 1] I want to propose instead that, as surely as it marked a response to developing class relations, the novel came into being as a response to the sex-gender system that emerged in England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. [note 2] My thesis is that from its inception, the novel has been structured not by one but by two mutually defining traditions: the fantastic and the realistic. [note 3] The constitutive coexistence of these two impulses within a single, evolving form is in no sense accidental: their dynamic interaction was precisely the means by which the novel, from the eighteenth century on, sought to manage the strains and contradictions that the sex-gender system imposed on individual subjectivities. For this reason, to recover the centrality of sex and gender as the novel's defining concern is also to recover the dynamism of its bimodal complexity. Conversely, to explore the interplay of realist and fantastic narratives within the novelistic tradition is to explore the indeterminacy of subjectivities engaged in the task of imposing and rebelling against the constraining order of gender difference. ...
Words: 5434 - Pages: 22
...A foremost feminist Ann Oakley distinguishes between sex and gender where she says, ‘‘sex’ is a biological term: ‘gender’ a psychological and cultural one. Common sense suggest that they are merely two ways of looking at the same division and that someone who belongs to, say, the female sex will automatically belong to the corresponding (feminine) gender. In reality this is not so. To be a man or a woman, boy or a girl, is as much a function of dress, gesture, occupation, social network and personality, as it is of possessing a particular set of genitals.’ (Oakley, 1972:158). Sex as Oakley said refers to the biological difference of being a male or female which can be usually fixed, while gender is the cultural differences between men and women in the society and it can change over time. In societies women and men are expected to behave in ways which are usually expected of them. The differences with sex and gender yet, the perception have different connections. This means despite the fact that sex is biological and gender is social, social definitions are often given to biological attributes, and indeed, most social connotations arise from biological attribute. For example, the reference to women as the weaker sex has a biological base their possession of less physical strength relative to men. Analysing the statement made by Marchbank and Letherby (2007) which says, ‘Sex is deemed to be natural whereas gender is seen as the social expression of natural, biological differences...
Words: 1761 - Pages: 8
...Papers Series When Does Gender Matter in Negotiation? Hannah Riley and Kathleen L. McGinn September 2002 RWP02-036 The views expressed in the KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the John F. Kennedy School of Government or Harvard University. All works posted here are owned and copyrighted by the author(s). Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. 1 When Does Gender Matter in Negotiation? Hannah Riley John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University 79 JFK Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 496-4717 Kathleen L. McGinn Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University Soldiers Field, Boston, MA 02163 (617) 495-6901 The authors thank Linda Babcock, Max Bazerman, Jim Sebenius and the reviewers of the 2002 Academy of Management meeting for their helpful comments on this paper. 2 3 Abstract We propose that two situational dimensions moderate gender effects in negotiation. Structural ambiguity refers to potential variation in a party’s perception of the bargaining range and appropriate standards for agreement. Gender triggers are situational factors that make gender salient and relevant to behavior or expectations. Based on a review of field and experimental data and social psychological theory on individual difference, we explain how structural ambiguity and gender triggers make negotiations ripe for gender effects. 4 Gender often appears to have economically...
Words: 8018 - Pages: 33
...society has documented homosexuality. Within our culture, homosexuality has been largely condemned. In looking at the historical perspective of homosexuality, the responses were different with each society that was dealing with it. The Greeks were okay with it due to their belief that some of their mythical gods were engaging in homosexual behavior. Christianity denounced those sexual associations and made their belief and intentions clear that this behavior was not to continue. The legal system became intertwined with the Christian belief that homosexuality was sinful and would punish inappropriate sex acts as criminal offenses (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005). Heritage is another perspective to consider. Traditionally, in many cultures, there are specific roles for men and women. When family is the "primary social unit" as we find in the Latin American culture, anything outside of the designed gender roles are not acceptable (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005). Interestingly enough, men can be sexual with other males without being considered gay (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005). However, women cannot be sexual with other females as these are seen as a threat to the traditional male dominance in this culture. Women are also expected to be virgins when they marry, therefore, any sexual acts before marriage are prohibited. Specific gender roles in many cultures around the world lay the basis for what is consider correct and incorrect for males and females regarding...
Words: 821 - Pages: 4
...on a physical and psychological level, it also can have its benefits. It depends on how prepared you are, going in to this stage of life. In most cases, the economical status of an individual can be a major factor in being prepared for this event. As human beings, we are not able to depend on our own selves and that is where psychological stress may impair our vision of retirement should be. Now, I ask, why do we retire? Obviously, to enjoy what we have achieved from all the hard work that have had to endure. For some it may come easy; for others it becomes a difficult stage where independence becomes dependence and that is where anxiety and depression come in to play. In this paper, I will discuss the findings psychologists that have studied the effects of this life stage. First, let’s review the psychological perspective of retirement. As stated by Kenneth S. Shultz and Mo Wang, “Retirement is an interdisciplinary topic studied by researchers in psychology, sociology, social work, demography, economics, and organizational sciences…” Because of this, literature on retirement has grown a great deal and has research has taken many different forms. The basic conclusion is simple; retirement is a process that older individuals go through and it does not consist of only a single event. We must understand that this process is different for each individual and this has made researchers get a better psychological perspective of the study of retirement...
Words: 1590 - Pages: 7
...Coping with the Psychological Trauma of Cancer LaHoya Blount COM/172 November 15, 2011 Cassandra Baker Abstract After reading this research paper, it is understood how both men and women cope with the diagnosis of cancer as well as the psychological trauma they experience. Both positive and negative coping styles that patients experience are explained in this paper. Information is given that compares and contrast upon gender concerning patients’ posttraumatic stress disorder and the psychological trauma they face. Sources and coping styles are included that may become helpful in handling the emotional and physical trauma patients may have. Psychological Effects of Cancer Many Americans are diagnosed with various forms of cancer every day. Once diagnosed with cancer the patient go through some form of psychological trauma. Psychological trauma also known as post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with a specific medical illness in this paper it is cancer. Depending on the gender of the patient, the news of having been diagnosed with cancer takes each patient through some difficulties. Although all patients have to deal with being diagnosed with cancer, there are differences and similarities in each gender when dealing with the psychological trauma of cancer (Hagger & Orbell, 2006; Hampton, 2000). Men and women face emotional and physical trauma during treatment of cancer. Both men and women go through depression and anxiety. Men deal with the diagnosis...
Words: 1523 - Pages: 7
...Comparing and Contrasting Essentialist Approaches to Social Psychology with Social Constructionist Approaches to Social Psychology. A widely recognised definition of social psychology is “an effort to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others” (Allport, 1985). However, how to measure this, the research methods to be used and what constitutes useful evidence has caused much debate in the history of social psychology. This essay will compare and contrast the two epistemologies of essentialist and social constructionist approaches to social psychology and the research methods of quantitative and qualitative used in each approach. Essentialists’ view of the world is that the properties possessed by a group are universal in that group and do not depend on context. However, a member of a group may possess other characteristics that are not required to include it as a group member but, it must not have characteristics that preclude it from being a member of the group (Burr, 1995). For example, essentialists believe that personality consists of a number of traits and personality of an individual is established by the level of each of these traits. Essentialists also believe that these traits remain more or less stable over time and it is our personality that influences behaviour (Maltby, 2010). As essentialists are able to classify groups as such, they use quantitative research...
Words: 3936 - Pages: 16
...Self-Consciousness, Gender vs. Depression Samantha Sanchez Boston University Course unit name July 22nd2015 Author Note This paper was prepared for course unit, taught by Instructor name Self-Consciousness, Gender vs. Depression Current research provides a wide overview of both founding and the present appreciation of the dispositional construct of self-consciousness. Several studies have established the significance of gender and its psychological implications such as mortality concerns and self-consciousness as important factors in determining depression levels in human beings. Understanding the impact of these psychological implications on the emotional vulnerabilities especially in the adolescents has been a major subject of interest in most research work on self-consciousness. This paper presents an analytical study of the influence of psychosocial variables. For instance, age, self-esteem, self-attention, self- consciousness, and the extent to which an individual identifies with the societal stereotype of masculinity. In conducting the research several hypothesis were outlined, females in our sample will score higher on all parts of the self-consciousness questionnaire than males. Individuals with higher self-consciousness will show a preference for Invisibility over Flight when given their first chance to indicate their Superpower choice. Finally it is hypothesised that all participants will shift their...
Words: 841 - Pages: 4
...Female Leadership Styles Abstract Leadership styles differences in men and women have been attributed to upbringing, gender, environment, and development. Women were determined to have faster brain development than men. Societal norms suggested being raised differently because of gender caused differences in leadership styles. Some studies concluded innate traits cause males to be more aggressive versus a female’s nurturing nature. Still, others claim environmental factors, more specifically a male dominated workplace, are responsible for the difference in how male and females’ leader. The issue is many women are not reaching the upper levels of management based on the perceived notions mentioned above. Is there one specific reason that causes the difference between male and female leadership styles? Is there one determining (controlled) factor to bring the two leadership styles to conformity? During the research process the causes of leadership style differences were explored in detail by the use of questionnaires, surveys, and interviews to ascertain what workers, at all levels, in the business community perceived to be the determining factor. Overall, these findings propose psychological or physiological differences in males and females as the cause of different styles when using uncontrolled factors. My choice of a methodological perspective as a qualitative research method, to include the use of surveys, questionnaires, and a group interview will be used to gather...
Words: 3699 - Pages: 15