...antagonistic individuals in positive circumstances to raise their morale and increase production. References Pryor, J. B., LaVite, C. M., & Stoller, L. M. (1993). A social psychological analysis of sexual harassment: The person/situation interaction. Journal of vocational behavior, 42(1), 68-83. Endler, N. S. (1975). A person-situation interaction model for anxiety. Stress and anxiety, 1, 145-164. Pervin, L. A. (1976). A free-response description approach to the analysis of person-situation interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(3), 465. Kahle, L. R. (2013). Attitudes & Social Adaptation: A Person-Situation Interaction Approach (Vol. 8). Elsevier. Joyce, W., Slocum, J. W., & Von Glinow, M. A. (1982). Person‐Situation interaction: Competing models of fit. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 3(4), 265-280. Schneider, B. (1978). Person‐situation selection: a review of some ability‐situation interaction research. Personnel Psychology, 31(2),...
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...How and why might organisations adopt a behavioural safety approach Peter Webb, HSEQ Manager, Basell Polyolefins UK Ltd., Carrington Site, Manchester, M31 4AJ, England. October 2003. Introduction It is widely accepted that within the broader scope of human factors, specifically human behaviour at all levels within an organisation influences the effectiveness with which risks are controlled. Behavioural safety approaches aim to promote behaviours which are critical to health and safety. This essay outlines why a behavioural safety approach might be adopted. Behavioural safety programmes vary significantly in their success. Some fail altogether. An overview is given of how to adopt such a programme. Some key barriers and enablers which have been shown to affect the outcome are highlighted. This essay will not go into detail about what behavioural safety is, except insofar as it is necessary to explain the “why” and the “how”. Why Organisations Might Adopt a Behavioural Safety Approach Safety performance in many organisations has tended to reach a plateau. This follows significant improvements which were achieved initially through technological approaches (better understanding of physical hazards, inherently safe design etc.), and subsequently systems approaches (implementation of HSE management systems, quality systems etc.). The term organisation was defined by W. J. Duncan as “a collection of interacting and interdependent individuals who work toward...
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...Sources of Motivation Motivational Process in Human Psychology Sources of Motivation Motivation also known as drive or incentive is a primary parameter that initiates human behavior. Humans are social animals; their need to be accepted and find groups to identify with is inescapable. The three main motives for behaviors are motives, biological needs, and the need for stimuli. In addition, there are both internal and intrinsic motivations and external or extrinsic motivations. Intrinsic motivation comes from within a person’s schema of self-image, biological need or emotional needs. Extrinsic motivation comes from a need to seek approval from outside oneself, such as in a course grade at college, or approval from one’s employer. The reasons a person maintains or initiates a behavior or action can be instrumental to identifying individual potential within a person. Motivation can be either positive or negative; positive motivation is inspirational such as that found in a church sermon, a truly effective leader or keynote speaker, pep rally or something similar. Negative motivation is fear based, such as the motivation to go to work to make the rent payment or to keep a car from getting repossessed (fear of poverty motivation). This is in contrast to motivation to improve a condition; behaviors that are negatively motivated are inspired to keep a situation from getting worse rather than improving the situation. Whether a behavior stems from positive...
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...Violence in Egypt Violence is the result of a combination of biological, social, and psychological factors (Firestone, 2012). Following the ouster of president Mohamed Morsi in Egypt, violence has been increasing dramatically all over the country; thousands of people have died. Pro-Morsi supporters and other Islamist are threatening Egypt’s national security by performing terrorist acts within the country. The military and police forces are doing their best to decrease these terrorist acts yet innocent civilians are being killed everyday. Meanwhile violence is affecting Egypt’s financial stability, the economy, safety and tourism. This issue became a main societal problem that Egypt is facing during its modern times. Even the Bedouins of Sinai have been suffering from severe state repression and have been posed as a security threat to the rest of the country (Mandour, 2014). Almost every year you hear a story of a church being bombed. There are many physiological solutions that can decrease violence acts within the country, there is nothing known in this world to be hopeless especially to psychologists. The media has to start finding efficient and effective solutions with social psychologist rather than projecting the responsibilities on officials. There are many innocent people that are between those violent people, thus the military or police are unable to use full power against them. It is very important to recognize the main issue behind the violence in Egypt. Male aggression...
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...Promoting Wellness and Resilience in the LGBT Community Lisa J. Ware Capella University LGBT is a minority group that continues suffering from inequalities, discrimination, and acts of hate crimes, in addition to, being faced with the challenges that causes mental, emotional and health problems. The sexual orientation of LGBT was once known as a mental illness, however, the individual that classify as having same-sex attraction and/or sexually attract to both male and female, experience great levels of minority stress that result in mental and emotional problems. Minority stress, if experienced in severity over long periods of time will contribute to mental and physical illness. Therefore, individual in this community has developed modifiers to help cope with stressors. A mental health counselor will work with these individuals by informing on how to deal with stress through intervention planning and preventative education, that will last through out the lifespan, as a practice, when stress arrive. The Wellness and Resiliency Model The wellness model in counseling is based from research that help form the evidence bases for practice in the counseling field. The wellness approach used by mental health counselor involves a perspective that promotes a holistic approach of the mind, body, and spirit that emphasize empowerment, wellness, normal development, intervention, and prevention. Within this approach, the therapeutic goals, when working with the client, are to improve their...
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...Space (and Time) for Culture Organizers Andrea Bender (bender@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de) Sieghard Beller (beller@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de) Department of Psychology, Freiburg University, Germany Presenters Giovanni Bennardo (bennardo@niu.edu) Dep. of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, USA Kirill V. Istomin (istomin@eth.mpg.de) MPI for Social Anthropology, Halle, Germany Niclas Burenhult (Niclas.Burenhult@mpi.nl) Olivier Le Guen (ompleguen@gmail.com) Lund University, Sweden, & MPI for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands CIESAS, México DF, Mexico Thora Tenbrink (tenbrink@uni-bremen.de) SFB/TR8 Spatial Cognition, Bremen University, Germany Lisa Hüther (lisa.huether@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de) Department of Psychology, Freiburg University, Germany Space is a fundamental domain for cognition, and research on spatial perception, orientation, referencing, and reasoning addresses core questions in most of the disciplines that make up the cognitive sciences. Consequently, space represents one of those domains for which various disciplinary interests overlap to a substantial extent. For instance, the question of whether and how spatial cognition and language interact has been one of the core questions since early on (e.g., Clark, 1973; Miller & Johnson-Laird, 1976), and yet, consensus between psychologists and linguists is difficult to achieve (e.g., Li & Gleitman, 2002, vs. Levinson et al., 2002). Perhaps most controversial...
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...Running head: PROMOTING PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH PSYCHOLANALYSIS' CONTRIBUTION TO THE FIELD OF MENTAL HEALTH NAME COURSE INSTRUCTOR DATE Psychoanalysis is a method of understanding mental functioning and the stages of growth and development. Psychoanalysis is a general theory of individual human behavior and experience, and it has both contributed to and been enriched by many other disciplines. Psychoanalysis seeks to explain the complex relationship between the body and the mind and furthers the understanding of the role of emotions in medical illness and health. In addition, psychoanalysis is the basis of many other approaches to therapy. Many insights revealed by psychoanalytic treatment have formed the basis for other treatment programs in child psychiatry, family therapy, and general psychiatric practice (Farrell, 1981, p. 202). Sigmund Freud was the first psychoanalyst and a true pioneer in the recognition of the importance of unconscious mental activity. His theories on the inner workings of the human mind, which seemed so revolutionary at the turn of the century, are now widely accepted by most schools of psychological thought. In 1896, Freud coined the term "psychoanalysis," and for the next forty years of his life, he worked on thoroughly developing its main principles, objectives, techniques, and methodology. Freud (1949) defines the qualities of the psychical process as being conscious, preconscious, or unconscious (p. 31). Ideas considered to be conscious...
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...1 COM 802: Communication Research II Spring, 2007 - Syllabus Professor: Gwen M. Wittenbaum, Ph.D. Office Location: 559 Communication Arts Bldg. Office Phone: 353-8120 Email: gwittenb@msu.edu Office Hours: Tuesdays and Thursdays, 1:30 – 2:30 p.m., and by appointment Class Meets: Tuesdays and Thursdays, 10:20 a.m. – 12:10 p.m. in room 474 COM. Required Readings Crano, W. D., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). Principles and methods of social research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Articles and book chapters are posted on Angel (http://angel.msu.edu) Course Description This course provides in-depth coverage of research design and measurement. As a companion to its precursor, COM 801, this course outlines how to measure constructs of interest and design research to test issues of theoretical importance. Students will learn a variety of research methods, such as experimental and survey designs, laboratory and field research, and methods of studying individuals and groups. The course exposes students to measurement issues (e.g., reliability and validity) and approaches (e.g., self-report measures, behavioral observation and coding). Students will practice evaluating the design and measurement of research articles and reporting their own research. Course Objectives 1. To understand and implement a variety of research designs. 2. To understand and implement a variety of measurement techniques. 3. To practice critical evaluation of research articles. 4. To...
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...emotional neglect resulted in an insignificant number of 0.17, 0.22 and 0.21 (Glassman et al., 2007). According to the study, it was evidently shown that comparing to other types of childhood trauma, sexual abuse was significantly correlated with the presence of non-suicidal self-harm. The second study maintained the fundamental idea of examining the crucial role of childhood sexual abuse in non suicidal self-destruction from the previous study; however, instead of comparing between the multiple types of childhood trauma, the research by Boudewyn and Liem (1995) was completed by assessing between people with and without childhood sexual abuse history. The participants were 438 college students with 173 men and 265 women whom were enrolled in introductory psychology courses at two urban college campuses (Boudewyn & Liem, 1995). The age and racial diversity among the participants were reported as the sample ranged from 16 to 65 with a mean age of 24.87 and 66% of the student were Caucasian leaving the rest 34% as ethnic minorities. Among the students, 16% of the men and 24% of the women were authenticated as experiencing a history of childhood sexual abuse. The procedure was then organized by asking the participants to complete the The Life Experience Survey (Boudewyn & Liem, 1995) to investigate participants’ personal background accompanied by The Kelley Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale (CSD) (Kelley et al., 1985), a scale purposed to employ chronic self-injurious behaviors...
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...making last minute changes and plans and he felt he was only falling more behind in his work. He had a friend who seemed to be so productive, so Charles wanted to learn how to be productive like him. He also wanted to share his finding with audience to help them become more productive, too. Audience: He is writing to all the people who have struggled with productivity just like him and to the people who haven’t realized that they struggle with productivity yet but can learn from this book. Purpose: To inform all people about the tricks behind living a more productive life To help people realize that they are not as productive as they should be To uncover the reason why the tricks that make us more productive work (the psychology and brain activity that makes us act a certain way) Subjects: Brain activity Dynamics and behaviors of people Motivation Focus Team dynamics Goal setting Manging others Decision making Innovation Absorbing data Tone: Optimistic: The tone is optimistic because throughout the entire book, the author is encouraging a positive outlook on not only productivity, but our own capability to achieve this quality.: “There are people who have learned how to succeed with less effort” (8). “There are leaders who transform the people around them” (8). “We can all become more productive” (285). Informative: the tone is also informative because it is full of facts and information to help people seeking a more productive life. [This book] is...
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...Transformational change in organisations: a self-regulation approach Transformational change in organisations 143 Purpose – The purpose of the present paper is to advance a testable model, rooted on well-established control and self-regulation theory principles, explaining the causal links between change-related sensemaking, interpretation, readiness and subsequent behavioural action. Design/methodology/approach – Following a review of the two motivation theories and clarification of change-related sensemaking, interpretation, and readiness concepts, the paper proposes a series of research propositions (illustrated by a conceptual model) clarifying how these concepts interact with self-regulating mechanisms. In addition, the feedback model exemplifies how cognitive processes triggered by new knowledge structures relate to behavioural action. Findings – The model expands upon other existing frameworks by allowing the examination of multi-level factors that account for, and moderate causal links between, change-related sensemaking, interpretation, readiness, and behavioural action. Suggestions for future research and guidelines for practice are outlined. Practical implications – The variables and processes depicted in the model provide guidelines for change management in organisations, both for individuals and for groups. By eliciting important self-regulating functions, change agents will likely facilitate sensemaking processes, positive interpretations of change, change...
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...* * * * * Issues of Social Development in Adulthood Yvonne Gonzalez University of Phoenix PSY/201 Foundations of Psychology Tracy S. Ramos, Faculty April 7th, 2013 * * * * * * * * * I found this article to be very interesting. Surprisingly, it was difficult to locate a credible article that discussed women in their midlife; which it is why I really liked this article. Life Course Transitions and Depressive Symptoms among Women in Midlife, discusses about different issues that has accrue in adult women through midlife. It also discusses how midlife in adult women can affect their social development. This article will provide you with transitioning stage of midlife in adult women, as well as some of the consequences that can occur as women transition into midlife. It gives you step by step as to how each transition will affect her. This study was done on women from the ages 50-59 to show midlife transition and depression will affect the women. It will also tell you things about the male midlife transition and how they will react differently than women in their midlife transition. * Yes, I find that this article would be a great choice as a main source for a research paper. I say this because; it provides you with credible information and statistics on social development in women transitioning through midlife. It also provides you with information on how to overcome the issues that...
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...CHAP TER Introducing Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning life, and “logos,” meaning explanation. Psychology is a popular major for students, a popular topic in the public media, and a part of our everyday lives. Television shows such as Dr. Phil feature psychologists who provide personal advice to those with personal or family difficulties. Crime dramas such as CSI, Lie to Me, and others feature the work of forensic psychologists who use psychological principles to help solve crimes. And many people have direct knowledge about psychology because they have visited psychologists, for instance, school counselors, family therapists, and religious, marriage, or bereavement counselors. Because we are frequently exposed to the work of psychologists in our everyday lives, we all have an idea about what psychology is and what psychologists do. In many ways I am sure that your conceptions are correct. Psychologists do work in forensic fields, and they do provide counseling and therapy for people in distress. But there are hundreds of thousands of psychologists in the world, and most of them work in other places, doing work that you are probably not aware of. Most psychologists work in research laboratories, hospitals, and other field settings where they study the behavior of humans and animals. For instance, my colleagues in the Psychology Department at the University of Maryland study such...
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...• Question 1 2 out of 2 points Figuring out where the vending machine is broken internally is an example of ______. Selected Answer: d. reasoning with a mental model Answers: a. deductive reasoning b. reasoning with a mental model c. syllogistic reasoning d. inductive reasoning Response Feedback: Page: 291 Reason: A mental model is a visual, spatial, or content-based representation of a problem or situation. Topic: 8.4 Reasoning 0 out of 2 points • Question 2 Considering whether to invite the president to speak at your college graduation ceremony is an example of a ______. Selected Answer: b. mental set Answers: a. decision b. problem c. mental set d. judgment Response Feedback: Page: 286 Reason: Decisions involve thinking that requires a choice among alternatives. Topic: 8.3 Decision Making 0 out of 2 points • Question 3 A bias in problem solving is ______. Selected Answer: a. irrelevant information Answers: a. irrelevant information b. unnecessary constraints c. mental set d. All of the above. Response Feedback: Page: 284 Topic: 8.2 Problem Solving 0 out of 2 points • Question 4 Deciding that, “if all dogs are pets, and all pets are owned, then all dogs must be owned” illustrates ______. Selected Answer: d. deductive reasoning Answers: a. syllogistic reasoning b. deductive reasoning c. inductive reasoning d. reasoning with a mental model Response...
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...Abstract There are approximately three million people serving in the Armed Forces, and there are about 1.8 million children that are part of military families. With over a decade in war, multiple and prolonged absences of the military parent have taken a toll on the military youth. With deployments and Temporary Duty (TDY) separations have become a way of life for these families. Although it may seem they are accustomed to these separations, recent studies have found increased emotional and behavioral difficulties associated to the military deployment cycle for youth of all ages. Adolescents, who are naturally going through a period of marked changes in their lives, and as they are trying to find their identity and learn to be independent, parental separation due to the military can impact their development. This paper includes research and a literature review on adolescents and the military life, how being part of a military family affects their social, emotional, cognitive and physical development, as well as the findings from an informational interview with a School Counselor. Introduction The United States military force consists of more than 2.2 million voluntary service members (Department of Defense; DoD, 2011). In 2007, approximately 1.88 million US Children had at least one parent serving in the military (Reed, Bell, & Edwards, 2011, p. 1676). The experience of being part of a military family is unique and rewarding, but at the same time is filled with sacrifices...
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