...psychology C H A P T E R 1 Psychology and the Challenges of Life ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ OUTLINE Did you know that… Module 1.1: Psychology and Adjustment Module 1.2: Human Diversity and Adjustment Module 1.3: Critical Thinking and Adjustment Module 1.4: How Psychologists Study Adjustment Module 1.5: Psychology in Daily Life: Becoming a Successful Student CHAPTER REVIEW RECITE! RECITE! RECITE! REFLECT REFLECT REFLECT YOUR PERSONAL JOURNAL Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Did you know that… ❚ Multitasking while studying can damage your grades? (p. 6) ❚ Genetics influences many psychological traits and even our preferences for different types of occupations? (p. 8) ❚ White, Euro-Americans are now a minority in the nation’s most populous state? (p. 12) ❚ Women were once not permitted to attend college in the United States? (p. 13) ❚ You could survey a million voters and still not predict the outcome of a presidential election accurately? (p. 23) ❚ You are more likely to eventually get a divorce if you live together with your future spouse before getting married? (p. 27) ❚ Cramming for a test is not more likely to earn you a good grade than spacing your study sessions? (p. 33) Oleg Prikhodko/iStockphoto ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ B eth, 22, a fourth-year chemistry major, has been accepted into medical school in Boston. She wants to do cancer research, but this goal means another seven or eight years at...
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...Theories and practice in Psychology. Name Institution Subject Abstract Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the mind of the human being and the reasons for why people behave the way they do. The specialist who learns about the human mind and tries to justify why people behave the way they do is known as a psychologist. There are several theories that psychologists use in the course of their work. These are psychoanalytic therapy, Adlerian therapy, person centered therapy and cognitive therapy. Psychoanalytic therapy was developed by Sigmund Freud. It has since undergone a lot of adjustments and refinements since then. This theory involves treatment of someone who has mental problems by inquiring about their feelings and past, in order to try and discover what may be causing the setback. Adlerian theory was developed by Alfred Adler and, it primarily shows that a person’s individual lifestyle, social interests, circumstances surrounding their birth and inferiority or superiority complex is a major component of a person’s personality. Person centered therapy can also be person centered psychotherapy or client centered therapy. It provides clients with the opportunity to develop a sense of self where the patient finds out that their feelings and behavior have been negatively affected. The psychologist ensures that the patient achieves their real potential. Cognitive therapy is the development by Aaron .T. Beck. It helps patients to develop...
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...Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology Biology: the science that studies living organisms Botany: the scientific study of plant life Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry Entomology: the study of insects Environmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources Genetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms Geology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and history ...
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...satisfaction via personal involvement with others led Sullivan to characterize loneliness as the most painful of human experiences. He also extended the Freudian psychoanalysis to the treatment of patients with severe mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia. Besides making the first mention of the significant other in psychological literature, Sullivan developed the Self System, a configuration of the personality traits developed in childhood and reinforced by positive affirmation and the security operations developed in childhood to avoid anxiety and threats to self-esteem. Sullivan further defined the Self System as a steering mechanism toward a series of I-You interlocking behaviors; that is, what an individual does is meant to elicit a particular reaction. Sullivan called these behaviors Parataxical Integrations, and he noted that such action-reaction combinations can become rigid and dominate an adult's thinking pattern, limiting its actions and reactions toward the world as the adult sees it and not as it really is. The resulting...
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...approaches is "Psychodynamic." Terms such as: neurosis, conflict, attachment, object relations, unconscious, defense mechanisms, id, ego, superego, drives, libido, transference, counter-transference, and countless more have emerged from this approach. Some of the major approaches within the psychodynamic category are: Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud), Adlerian Psychotherapy (Alfred Adler), Analytical Psychotherapy(Carl Jung), Object Relations (Mahler, Winnicott, Fairbairn, Klein, Gutrip, Kernberg and others), and Self Psychology (Heinz Kohut). Freud's original theories were based on the conflicts that he believed were at the core of human existence. These conflicts emerge from attempts to reconcile our biological selves with our social selves. Aspects of these conflicts are unconscious and influence our behavior without our awareness. Psychodynamic therapies work to make the unconscious conscious so that we can have greater insight into our needs and behavior and therefore more control over how we allow these conflicts to affect us. His therapy explores the dynamic workings of a mind understood to consist of three parts: the hedonistic id , the rational...
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...B.A. Program: B.A. Course: Psychology Semester III & IV (As per Credit Based Semester and Grading System with effect from the academic year 2012–2013) 2 Programme – Bachelor of Arts (B. A.) Credit Based Semester and Grading System S.Y.B.A. Psychology Syllabi To be implemented from the Academic year 2012-2013 Semester III Course Course Code Title UAPSY301 Social Psychology: Part I UAPSY302 Developmental Psychology: Part I Units 1. The Field of Social Psychology 2. Social Cognition 3. Social Perception 4. Attitudes 1.Introduction - Beginnings 2.The Start of Life; Birth and the Newborn Infant 3.Physical Development in Infancy 4.Cognitive Development in Infancy Credits 3 Marks 100 ( 60 +40) 100 ( 60 +40) 3 Semester IV Course Course Code Title UAPSY401 Social Psychology Part II Units 1. Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination 2. Social Influence 3. Aggression 4. Groups and Individuals 1. Physical, Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years 2. Cognitive Development in Pre-school years 3. Physical, Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood 4. Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Credits 3 Marks 100 ( 60 +40) UAPSY402 Developmental Psychology: Part II 3 100 ( 60 +40) UAPSY 301 Semester III. Social Psychology: Part I (Credits = 3) 3 lectures per week; 45 lectures per Semester Objectives: 1. To impart knowledge of the basic concepts and modern trends in Social Psychology 2. To foster interest in Social Psychology as a field of study and research...
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...Central elements of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic Personality Structure Instincts in Psychoanalysis Other Psychodynamic Theorists (Social-) Learning Theories Dollard/Miller's Stimulus-Response Theory B. F. Skinner and Personality as Behavior Bandura and Social Learning Self-Growth Theories Carl Rogers and Person-Centered Theory Maslow's Holistic Theory A Modern Theory of Personality: Big Five USING PSYCHOLOGY: What Determines Your Personality -Heredity? Environment? USING PSYCHOLOGY: What Determines Your Personality -Heredity and Environment REVIEW ACTIVITIES INTERESTED IN MORE? Personality: Theories WHAT'S THE ANSWER? "I'm really jealous of my sister. Here I am about to graduate, and I only made it into the Student Association this year. Sis's a freshman -- a frosh -- and she's already been elected." "Wilma, I know what you mean. My older brother was the same way. You know what your sister and my brother have in common? They've both got a lot of personality. Your sister kind of just radiates charm -- even for a first-year student! And Kirk's the same way: Everywhere he goes, people smile with him. He gushes at the right time, gets serious when he needs to, and always has a good word for everybody. He's just got a PSYCHOLOGY: Exploring Behavior Personality: Theories magnetic personality." here? 430 How is the term "personality" being used "I'll never forget that cookie jar. When we were real young, every time we visited my grandmother I used to scheme with my twin...
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...poverty, unhealthy living conditions and a negative home life. Some behavioral issues are a direct cause of mental health problems, but for this study, we will not look at the mental health issues that cause behavior issues. A growing body of research has examined the cause of youth violence, among peers and parental relationships. The world we are living in today is full of violent images; from video games to movies, even much of today’s music can promote a violent message. There are other external influences that can also influence many children’s behaviors; such as impoverishment, inferior living conditions, inadequate housing, which often leads to illicit activities; such as drug and alcohol abuse and other criminal activities. In this research study, we will try to answer several questions the effects of violent images, or video games may have on our youth today. We will also examine if coming from a broken home has any direct correlation on the behavior of the child or children? This paper will examine several studies on this subject in the hopes of discovering the possible solutions to the questions raised in this paper. * Do violent images, video games, etc. influence children’s behavior? * Does coming from a broken, or abusive home, etc. influence children’s behavior? * Do children raised in a typical two parent household have an advantage over those raised in single family households? * Can coming from an urban area influence bad behavior in children? ...
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...Chapter 1 notes: What is Psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Some people might think that psychologists are interested only in problem or abnormal behaviors. In fact they are interested in every aspect of human thought and behavior. Perhaps the best way to introduce psychology is to look at what topics interest psychologists. The Fields of Psychology Two major organizations American Psychological Association (APA), founded over 100 years ago, and the American Psychological Society (APS), founded in 1988. Developmental Psychology Development psychologists study human mental and physical growth from the prenatal period through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Child psychologists focus on infants and children. Adolescent psychologists, who specialize in the teenage years. Life-span psychologists, who focus on the adult years. Physiological Psychology Physiological Psychologists investigate the biological basis of human behavior, thoughts, and emotions. Neuropsychologists are primarily interested n the brain and the nervous system. Psychobiologists specialize in the body’s biochemistry and in the way that hormones, psychoactive medications (such antidepressants), and “social drugs” (such as alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine) affect people. Behavioral geneticists investigate the impact of heredity on both normal and abnormal traits and behavior. Experimental Psychology Experimental psychologists conduct...
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...causes and consequences in which it affects children, parents and entire families. There is data that has been collected where it indicates the reasons why there has been an increase and the impact that it has on children and adolescents. There are ways single moms overcome challenges. II. Introduction to Challenges Single Mom Face According to DeBell( 2008), about half of American children will spend part of their childhood in a single- parent family. DeBell stated that the absence of a father in a child’s home, the most consequential trend of our time, leads to social disaster(Pg. 427). Goldenberg (2008), states that a dysfunctional family, by definition, has failed to fulfill its purpose of nurturing the growth of its members. Single-parent families are more common in today’s society and are usually referred to as a broken home or dysfunctional families. Single-parent families have doubled since 1970 and are rapidly increasing. According the U.S. Census Bureau, around 30% of American families are headed by only one parent. There are 22 million children that live with a single parent—83% of those parents are moms. III. Types of Challenges Faced by Single Mom a- Emotional &...
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...The Adjustment of Returning Missionaries to Their Native Country Mercedes Andersen Utah State University The Adjustment of Returning Missionaries to their Native Country Introduction Missionaries travel to many countries all over the world to share knowledge of salvation and humanitarian aid to those in need (Walling et.al., 2006). There are many different religions that send out missionaries in order to aid in the happiness of others. According to one church, a missionary is defined as “one who is called and sent with the intention of naming Jesus where he has not been named, preaching the gospel and the kingdom where they have not been preached, and gathering the community of the church where this has not been done” (Reilly, 1980, p. 435). One statement has been made is that the missionary “is sent not to a place so much as the people” (Reilly, 1980, p. 435). They are asked to labor among the people they serve in order to improve their overall quality of life, even if they do not hold the same beliefs. With the increase of technology and modes of transportation, the opportunity for individuals to participate in...
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...Adoption in the Middle School Years Introduction To adopt a child means to take another’s child and raise him/her as one’s own. The process of adoption will have numerous rewarding experiences as well as difficult ones. When it comes to adopting a child in the middle school years, more challenges will present themselves than in any other age group. During this age, children begin to develop a sense of identity and begin to question their life experiences and their biological parents. School-aged children at this age go through numerous significant developmental changes. Much of their identity is derived from their family and peers in their lives. However, for adopted children, developing an identity is more complicated than non-adopted children. They have to assimilate two separate families and biological backgrounds as they explore how they fit in and the person they are growing up to be. Many of these children often face self-esteem issues and self-worth, and that is what makes them different from other children. A majority of adopted children have difficulty building social relationships with those around them and this can lead to depression, low academic performance, and even aggression. It is clear to see why adopting a younger child would be much simpler, but older children need homes, as well. Research 1 For many decades, adoption has become a highly successful solution for many adults who cannot provide for their children. Although adoption is viewed as a solution...
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... Ego psychology embodies a more optimistic and growth oriented view of human functioning and potential than do the earlier theoretical formulation. It generated changes in the study and assessment process and led to an expansion and systemization Of interceptive strategies with individuals. It fostered a re-conceptualization of the clinic worker relation ship, of change mechanisms, and of the interventive process. It helped to refocus the importance of wok of with the social environment as well as work with the family and the group. Moreover, it has important implications for the design of service delivery, large-scale social programs, and social policy. DEFINITION OF DEFENCE MECHANISM Ego-defense mechanisms are learned, usually during early childhood and are considered to be maladaptive when they become the predominant means of coping with stressors. What is EGO psychology? Ego psychology comprises a related set of theoretical concepts about human behavior that focus on the origins, development, structure, and functioning of the executive arm of the personality _the ego_ and its relationship to other aspects of the personality and to the external environment. The ego is considered to be a mental structure of the personality responsible for negotiating between the internal needs of the individual and the outside world. The following seven propositions characterize ego psychology’s view of human functioning. 1. Ego psychology views people...
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...Running head: INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY CASE STUDY 1 Individual Psychology Case Study of Tyler Marks A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Lori Masters Liberty University INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY CASE STUDY 2 Abstract Key components of Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology Theory are presented and applied to a case study and treatment plan for an adolescent boy. Individual Psychology therapy techniques are utilized to help the adolescent develop insight into his struggles and assist him in developing strategies for change to increase his interest in being a part of his family and society. Credibility of Adler’s theory, from a Christian perspective, is discussed. Conclusions are drawn as to the effectiveness of this theory in assisting the adolescent boy in coming to terms with, and changing his negative behaviors, so that he can live more harmoniously with his family following the divorce of his parents. Keywords: strive for perfection, ‘lifestyle’, significance, sense of community, communal life, social interest, love, private logic, birth order, masculine protest, ‘basic tasks’, tasks of life’, movement, faulty logic, faulty goals, faulty ‘lifestyle’, goals, social contribution, ‘acting out’. Individual Psychology Client’s Presenting Concerns Tyler Marks is an 11year old Caucasian boy. He came to counseling at the request of his parents to address problem behaviors that are affecting his relationships at home and in school. Since...
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...single mothers provide a child with “more economic resources or greater economic flexibility in the form of a higher income; more assets or wealth; larger private or social assistance payments; better access to health insurance and child care; availability of employment; access to goods and services; and opportunities to save and borrow” (13). The author highlights specific economic opportunities for the child of a single mother, including more financial resources, an increased amount of wealth and federal payments, and accessibility to health care. Ultimately, Ribar contends that single motherhood benefits a child’s future by providing economic and financial opportunities. Secondly, Angie D. Wilson, a graduate from the department of psychology, counseling, and special education, provides actual success stories of a variety of single mothers who have raised prosperous men further proving Ribar’s claim. In the article, “The Lived Experiences of Resilient Single Mothers Who Raised Successful Black Men,” Angie D. Wilson mentions a man named Anthony who was raised by a lone mother. Anthony is a 28-year-old father and has a master’s degree. According to Wilson, “He...
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