...The concept of traits is used to account for personal characteristics that are Select one: a. biologically determined. b. relatively permanent and enduring. c. situation specific. d. shared by a group. Which of the following are stress-related illnesses? Select one: a. All of these b. Cancer c. Hypertension d. Heart disease According to Erikson, the failure to achieve intimacy during early adulthood is most likely to result in Select one: a. isolation. b. self-absorption. c. generativity. d. stagnation. Which of the following is a cognitive outcome of stress? Select one: a. Poor memory b. Heart disease c. Frustration and aggression d. Alcohol or substance abuse According to Erikson, the failure to achieve autonomy during childhood is most likely to result in Select one: a. generativity. b. isolation. c. stagnation. d. shame and doubt. Which of the following conclusions is most appropriate regarding the relationship between hostility and coronary heart disease? Select one: a. Coronary heart disease causes hostility. b. Hostile individuals have greater risk of heart disease than non-hostile people. c. Hostility causes coronary heart disease. d. Biological pre-disposition causes hostility, which in turn causes coronary heart disease. You have just encountered a snake on your walk through the bush. Your body automatically mobilises itself for action in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. Select one: a. exhaustion b. alarm c...
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...Psychosocial Development Through the Play Years Portland Community College Table of Contents Introduction 3 Stages of Psychosocial Development 3 The First Two Years 3 The Play Years 4 Psychosocial Developmental Challenges 6 Possible Causes: Maltreatment 6 Possible Causes: Family Structure 7 Possible Causes: Environmental Adversity 8 Influencers of Child Psychosocial Development 9 Teachers 9 Gender Roles 10 Child’s Play 11 Conclusion 11 References 13 Introduction Psychosocial development looks at the emotional and social development processes. There are many theories when it comes to how psychosocial development occurs, including the two most well-known theories by Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. For the purpose of this paper I will be focusing on Erikson’s psychoanalytic theory of development for children through the play years, or age six. In addition to theories of development I will take a look into developmental challenges and the factors that affect development and the possible effects they may have. I will do this by taking a look at applicable case studies presenting their findings. The possible causes of developmental challenges that I will focus on are maltreatment, family structure and environmental adversity. I will also look into the influencers of psychosocial development on children and the impact they have on a child’s psychosocial development...
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...Cameron Roney Lifespan Development Eight Stages of Man Interview General question on childhood: I interviewed a seventy year old woman named Virginia that I met while doing my community service. I asked her to think about her first ten years of life and to describe times that she can remember being cared for. She said that it was her grandmother that did most of the caretaking for her, especially when she was sick. She recalled one time when she had a really bad sinus infection that her grandmother helped her through. When I asked her if she could think of any time she was not very well cared for, the only time she could think of is when her father would come home bombed, which sparked some intense arguments in the family. She recalled feeling very lost during these times. Fun times in her childhood consisted of time with her family since she did not have any friends as a child. Specifically, she remembered having a lot of fun planting pumpkin seeds with her family. Trust vs. Mistrust: I asked her to describe her relationship with her parents. She said they were very close, and she went hunting with her father often. She got a lot of adult attention. She considered herself to be pretty self reliant and optimistic despite her loneliness. She feels that her seclusion from children her age was a big factor in developing her independence and self reliance. She was trustful of her parents and family, and trustful in herself to deal with most problems that arose...
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...Eric Erickson and Sigmund Freud both believed there are stages in personality development with few differences. The Erickson theory is composed of eight stages that a normal human will go through from birth until death or one lifetime. Each of these stages can be related to different characters so it is easier to relate to. Trust Versus Mistrust The first stage of Erickson’s theory is trust versus mistrust. This stage is from birth to one year old and is based on the baby’s environment and the baby’s primary care giver. During this period, the baby builds a feeling of basic trust. If the baby’s primary care giver is consistent, predictable, and reliable, then, most likely the baby will carry this trust into other relationships, hoping for the best, developing a sense of trust in the world around them. On the other hand, if the baby is subject to the opposite, in a relationship with the primary caregiver that has been unkind, fickle, and unreliable then the child will develop a sense of mistrust. This will lead the baby down a horrible path and will not have confidence in the world around them or in their abilities to influence events resulting in a sense of mistrust into other relationships. This can result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and have serious doubts in the world around them. A good example of this stage is Bam Bam Rubble, and Pebbles Flintstones from the popular television program, The Flintstones. This program ran on public television from 1960 to 1966...
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...Human Development 270 22JAN13 understanding human development wendy dunn the power of habit http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/Default.aspx character strength love caring temperance addiction power point 24JAN13 1859 origin of the species Darwin gene frequency modification generation by generation creates change species- groups reproductive members are compatible freud 1856-1939 psychoanalysis human nature motivated by innate biological inner dynamics id-primative hedonistic component ego- the conscious reality oriented component super-ego the ego ideal conscious plus morality principle death instinct- destructive aggressive impulses life insticts- impulses having to do with survival food water sex psychological stages oral stages- birth to 1.5 oral gratification anal stage- 1-3 stinginess and stubbornness fixation hung up in stage phallic stage 3-6 erogenous zone shifts to gentiles Oedipus electra complexes latency 5-12 sexual impulses are dormant genital 12 onward primacy of sexual impulses erik erikson 1902-1994 trust vs mistrust the world is safe autonomy vs shame 1-3 dress toilet move outside family initiative vs guilt 3-6 learn to cope with wider world industry vs inferiority 6-12 goes to school intimacy vs isolation development of sexual intimacy character learn to be good person choices from habit inhibitions satisfaction kagan standards for behavior formed in childhood. Guilt anger shame beauty by...
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...Theories of Development Amanda M. Glover Walden University There are dozens of developmental theories. There are theories that believe developmental a child learn behavior and other theories believe children are subjects of their environment. There is an age-old debate, dating back to the earliest Greek philosophers, of whether knowledge is innate-that is we are born with it-or whether it is learned through experience (Cohen, 2011). There is no proven scientific way to determine if nature or nurture controls a child’s behavior and how they develop. The developmental theories that I lean toward the most are as a Piaget’s cognitive stages of development, Freud’s psychosexual development, and Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Piaget’s cognitive stages of development suggest that at each stage of a person’s life they learn a new skill and as they process in age their skills progress. He has identified four major stages; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Sensorimotor occurs from birth to 2, at this stage the child is learning to use his or her hands, feet, and eyes. He or she learns to walk and crawl or use the bathroom. The next stage is preoperational occurs from 2-7, at this stage a child “engages in symbolic thought, but dominated by perception” (Perdue University , 2009). The third stage is concrete operational this occurs from ages 7 to 11. At this stage a child’s thoughts are more rational and logical. Children become...
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...Case Study of Human Development Development throughout life differs from individual to individual. Each person has their own agenda for cultural identity, growth, health, socioeconomic status, education, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and all inspire each person’s life story. Adulthood is frequently observed as when an individual is considered officially and developmentally prepared to hold responsibilities such as driving, voting, getting married, and entering the military. The course of becoming mature does not finish with adolescence but remains throughout adulthood as psychological, security and self-actualization requirements are met (Ehow, 1999-2011). Adulthood is separated into three categories, which are young adulthood, middle age and old age. In Erik Erikson's stages of human development, a young adult is an individual between the ages of 19 and 39. The early adulthood period in human development leads the middle adulthood phase. An individual in the middle adulthood stage is between 40 and 60 years old. An individual in their 60’s is considered late adulthood. During early adulthood the young adult phase includes the personal necessity for sex and intimacy. Isolation happens when an individual fails to achieve intimacy. The young adult finds out that love and compassion may help them to obtain what they desire. And when we don't find it easy to create satisfying relationships, our world can begin to shrink as, in defense, we can feel...
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...Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud's theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson's theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan (Dolgin, 37). In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Erikson's view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure (Dolgin, 38). Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development has helped me understand the individual I am today. “Conflict” has served has a major turning point in my life. This conflict being the sudden illness of my father. This tragic event quickly helped me mature and really understand the meaning of life. “That’s not fair” was my signature quotation as a little girl. A life full of Barbie’s, tea parties, and several rounds of Go-Fish card games was very demanding for a six year old. I could only assume the world revolved around which Barbie I wanted to be, what frilly dress I wanted to wear, and my pristine skills of winning every round of Go-Fish. As a little princess, fairness was vital to what made me happy. Being daddy’s little girl, I hate to say, I did acquire all the fairness a little...
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...Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development Theory MGMT. 8010 – Management in Human and Societal Development Winter Quarter, 2011 Dr. Kenneth C. Sherman, Professor Everett Cordy, everett.cordy@waldenu.edu Student ID Number: A00186883 Walden University December 9, 2011 Abstract In this exercise, I explore the Psychosocial Development Theory of Erik Erikson. An explanation is given as to why this particular theory was selected for focus, and why Erickson appeals to me, both personally and professionally. Lastly, five (5) scholarly resources (in APA format), that I will consult as I begin to explore Erickson, are appended. Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development Theory I chose Erik Erikson as the theorist to study. I chose Erik Erikson because his psychosocial development theory is applicable to a wide-range of management situations where understanding how personality and behavior are developed and manifested is valued. I am interested to find out if Erikson’s development model can be applied in my research fields of interests of Employment Law and Conflict Resolution Management. Please find attached hereto a list of five (5) scholarly sources that I will consult as I begin to explore Erik Erikson. References Cornett, C. (2000). Ideas and identities: The life and work of Erik Erikson/Identities architect: A biography of Erik H. Erikson, Clinical...
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...Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Erikson’s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure. The first stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (Trust vs. Mistrust) occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child’s caregivers. If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. The second stage...
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...Development Theories Sara Nackowicz Psy : 104 Child and Adolescent Development Karen Williams 9/17/12 Page One Development Theories In this paper I will talk about three of the development theories which are personality structure, psychosexual development and psychosocial development. All three of these developments are very important in a child’s life and helps them become who they are and I will explain how and why in this paper. According to Sigmund Freud in our text, there are three essential components: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id stage is more of a selfish state where everything is about you and only you. For an example when you are an infant everything is about you and only you. According to Simply Psychology, “The id consists of all the inherited (i.e. biological) components of personality, including the sex (life) instinct – Eros (which contains the libido), and aggressive (death) instinct – Thanatos.” In an infant, their personality is nothing but Id and then when they become older is when the other two stages fall into place. You cry for a reason and most of the time it is either because you are hungry, dirty, sleepy or even just need to be comforted. So there for you cry because you want your caregiver to feed you, clean you, or even snuggle with you so you can fall asleep. The ego state comes around the age of two or three when as Freud states, “the job of the ego to satisfy the demands of the id and to have realistic...
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...CHAPTER TWO: A Child’s World: How we discover it. Questions to consider: 1. How are developmental theories influenced by the time in history and the society in which they develop? 2. Which developmental theories are most compatible with your intuitions about development? Two Controversial Issues 1. Are children active or passive in their development? The Organismic (active) view suggests development is internally initiated and occurs in a sequence of qualitatively different stages. It views development as bi-directional. The Mechanistic (passive) view suggests development is a passive predictable response to stimuli. 2. Is development continuous or does it occur in stages? Continuity or Discontinuity. The organismic approach emphasizes qualitative changes (discontinuous), while the mechanistic approach emphasizes quantitative changes (continuous). What is a theory? Definitions: A theory is a systematic formulation of principles explaining behaviour. It is a coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, describe, explain and predict data (p.22). Five broad theoretical perspectives: (p. 24/25) 1. Psychoanalytic 2. Learning 3. Cognitive 4. Contextual 5. Evolutionary/Sociobiological 1. Psychoanalytic theory The psychoanalytic perspective views development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behaviour. Freud’s psychosexual theory (p.23-25) Freud believed that people are born with biological...
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...Analyzing Erik Erikson Erik Erikson brought to the field of psychology a great insight development of person through ones lifespan with his well-known concepts, the Stages of psychosocial development, as well as his Identity crisis at each stage. For Erikson, his theories were influenced by his childhood and his obsession over his identity. It led to the development of his theories. Erikson was born June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany. He never saw his birth father or his mother's first husband. His young Jewish mother raised Erik by herself for a time before marrying a physician, Dr. Theodor Homberger. The fact that Homberger was not in fact his biological father was held from him for many years. When he finally did learn the truth, he was left with a feeling of confusion about who he really was. This early experience helped spark his interest in the formation of identity.(Erik Erikson) In his stages of Psychosocial development, at the stage of Identity vs. Role confusion, Erikson stressed that this stage is important for the adolescent as he is transitioning to adulthood. The individual wants to belong to a society and fit in. It is during this stage that the adolescent will re-examine his identity and try to find out exactly who he or she is. During this period, they explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations. Failure to establish a sense of identity within society ("I don’t know what I want to be when I grow...
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...Life Span Perspective The life span perspective of development provides intriguing information about the development of individuals through their lifespan, such as who individuals are, how individuals came to be who they are, and who those individuals will become. Psychoanalytic theories offer insight into life span development and explain the stages of development that individuals proceed through in their lifespan. The life span perspective of development also provides important information in regard to how the effects of heredity, and the environment may interact to produce individual differences in life span development. Life Span Perspective of Development To study human development the life span perspective is necessary because it does not just take into account the development that occurs in childhood or adulthood but every phases of life (Berger, 2011). The life span perspective is a view of human development characterized by multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, multidirectional, and plastic characteristics Development is multicontextual, therefore the several contexts, such as economic constraints, family patterns, and historical conditions embed the lives of humans (Berger, 2011). Development is multicultural; therefore several cultures affect the development of individuals. Development is multidisciplinary; therefore psychology and other disciplines, such as biology, neuroscience, education, economics, anthropology, sociology, religion...
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...An Observation of Middle Childhood Monica Thomas University of St. Thomas EDUC 5339: Human Growth and Development Dr. Tera Torres The following observation is of my own child. Isabel is seven years old and on this day she was playing with best friend at home. The other child is the same age, yet Isabel is quite taller and looks as if she is older. She wears glasses for her nearsightedness. Berger (2011) states is myopia – nearsightedness vision is the most common problem in middle childhood. The girls decided they would swim first. They changed into swim suits and came out ready to go. They did not bother to cover or hide themselves. They were very unware of their bodies in swimsuits. They did however, comment on each other’s suit. Isabel told her friend she got it the suit. Her friend replied “Cool, I like it.” Isabel replied by say, “You can borrow it next time.” When they finally entered the pool, Isabel immediately suggested they play a game. Isabel told her friend how they were going to play the game and the “rules.” I believe she was making them up at that moment. Her friend told her that she didn’t like a certain part and made a suggestion. Isabel told here that was good too but suggested they do hers first then they would play again using the friend’s rule. The two clearly have agreed friendship. Berger (2001) explains that friend or peer relationships are formed when both individual have like each other’s personal qualities & respond to one...
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