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Quality Managemet

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The seven management and planning tools are useful to managers who want to improve their management and planning processes. These tools were developed in Japanese businesses and popularized worldwide by Yoshinobu Nayati, Toru Eiga, Ryoji Futami and Hiroyuki Miyagawa in their book "Seven New Quality Tools for Managers and Staff." Managers should familiarize themselves with these tools in order to benefit from them. 1. Affinity Diagram * An affinity diagram is a brainstorming tool. It functions by drawing connections between a variety of ideas and information. By illustrating theses connections it is possible to understand how they are related.
Organizing Ideas Into Common Themes 2. In most projects, brainstorming is a common tool used to gather issues. As a mechanism for allowing a group of individuals to get ideas and issues on the table brainstorming is hard to beat – however all too often such sessions generate large quantities of issues and these can become complex toreview and difficult to interpret – it can also be challenging to highlight particular trends that the gathered issues may portray, finally following thebrainstorming session, themes and thoughts may be forgotten. 3. There are however a variety of methods available to analyze and group the outputs of such team meetings, in order that gathered ideas can be efficiently utilized. Of these methods, Affinity diagrams represents an excellent tool to both group ideas in a logical way and capture themes that have developed during the brainstorming. 4. Created in the 1960’s by Jiro Kawakita, Affinity diagrams allows large numbers of ideas to be sorted into groups for review and analysis. These, simple to produce, diagrams are particularly useful with large group where ideas which are generated at a fast pace require to be organized. 5. The process for producing the Affinity diagram is easy enough: 6. 1. Conduct a brainstorming meeting
2. Record ideas an issues on post-it-notes or cards
3. Gather post it notes/cards into a single place (e.g. a desk or wall)
4. Sort the ideas into groups based on the teams thoughts. Continue until all cards/notes have been sorted and the team is satisfied with their groupings.
5. Name each group with a description of what the group refers to and place the name at the top of each “group”.
6. Capture and discuss the themes or groups and how they may relate. 7. Whilst affinity diagrams are not complicated, getting the most from takes a little practice, for example
• Make sure that ideas/issues that have been captured are understood (brainstorming sessions have a habit of simplifying issues or agreeing without understanding the concepts being discussed.).
• Use an appropriate number of groups within the diagram, too many and it can become confusing and too few groups doesn’t allow for analysis – don’t use too many groups that it becomes unmanageable.
• Ensure that the brainstorming team all contribute to the affinity diagram groupings, this helps ensure that the diagram can be understood and that the information can then be utlised. 8. Step1: Gather all issues from brainstorming session

9. Step2: Group issues/ideas - describe each group. *
2Interrelationship Diagraph * An interrelationship diagraph is a tool that maps the cause-and-effect relationship between various factors. It can be used in extremely complex systems to illustrate the underlying order within an apparently chaotic system 3 Tree Diagram * The tree diagram is a tool for breaking down large issues into smaller, more manageable issues. It begins by taking a central issue and then dividing it into sub-issues which are then further divided. This process continues until the issues are small enough to be easily managed.
4 Prioritization Matrix * The prioritization matrix is a graph that allows managers to establish which issues are most important to the business and which should be prioritized. This allows managers to allocate limited resources to the most important firm issues.
5 Matrix Diagram * The matrix diagram is a diagram that measures the relationship between two items. One set of items is listed on a horizontal axis and the other set is placed on the vertical axis, with the relationship being plotted between the two axes. This diagram can be useful to understand how changes to one item will affect the other.
6 Process Decision Program Chart * The process decision program chart is a type of tree diagram that specifically deals with business processes. It divides the various processes of a business into a simple hierarchy so that they can be understood on their own.
7 Activity Network Diagram * The activity network diagram illustrates the sequence of tasks in a firm. By illustrating them it is possible to schedule them efficiently

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The seven new tools
[edit]Affinity Diagram (KJ Method)

This tool takes large amounts of disorganized data and information and enables one to organize it into groupings based on natural relationships. It was created in the 1960s by the Japanese anthropologist Jiro Kawakita. Its also known as KJ diagram,after Jiro Kawakita. Affinity diagram is a special kind of brainstorming tool.

[edit]Interrelationship Digraph (ID)

Pairwise generated Interrelationship Diagraph (PID) and traditional Interrelationship Digraph (ID)
Parwise generated Interrelational Diagraph (PID) is an enhanced version of the commonly used Interrelationship Diagraph (ID). The following points explain why PID is easier and better to use than the traditional ID. * PID has a number of benefits over ID. It has better accuracy because the relationships are generated using the pairwise analysis process. This process creates focused discussion and analysis for better understanding of the relationship. The tedious job of keeping track of diagram details and connections is done by the software as a result many elements can be used compared to the traditional manual process. The software also provides a real time drawing of the Diagraph for analysis at any time - this saves time because the need for physically creating the chart is eliminated. * An Interrelationship Digraph is used to analyze the cause and effect relationships that exist between ideas so that the key drivers and outcomes can be determined. An Interrelationship Digraph consists of circularly positioned ideas with arrows indicating the direction of influence of one idea upon another. Only the dominant direction of influence is drawn, therefore arrows pointing in both directions between ideas are not present in a traditional Interrelationship Digraph.(This limitation does not apply to PID) * An Interrelationship Digraph is used to analyze the cause and effect relationships that exist between ideas so that the key drivers and outcomes can be determined. An Interrelationship Digraph consists of circularly positioned ideas with arrows indicating the direction of influence of one idea upon another. Only the dominant direction of influence is drawn, therefore arrows pointing in both directions between ideas are not present in a traditional Interrelationship Digraph.(This limitation does not apply to PID) * An Interrelationship Digraph can be useful in combination with ISM, if the ISM contains many ideas with cyclic dependencies. For more detailed understanding of that section of the ISM, a separate Interrelationship Diagram can be constructed for those selected ideas. This will resurface the simplifying actions of ISM. The following figure shows a PID generated using ConceptStar software. * * Traditional method of creating an Interrelationship Digraph (ID) * The following steps show how a traditional ID is constructed. (PID does not require many of the steps described below due to computer assited construction) * 1. Define an issue or problem and collect the related ideas (5 to 25 ideas). * 2. Write the ideas on cards in large letters and arrange them in a large circular pattern on a wall or other surface such that arrows can be easily drawn between them. * 3. Work with one idea-pair at a time to determine the direction of the dominant influence and draw an arrow representing that influence. If the influence is deemed to be equal in both directions, the idea pair can be collapsed as one idea-set by putting the two cards together. * 4. Work through all of the idea pairs to draw the influence arrows. * 5. If there are a large number of ideas in the Interrelationship Digraph, select the ideas with the most in-arrows and out-arrows to construct a simpler final Interrelationship Digraph. * 6. The ideas or issues with a large number of out-arrows are the root cause or drivers, and the ones with a large number of in-arrows are the outcomes.

This tool displays all the interrelated cause-and-effect relationships and factors involved in a complex problem and describes desired outcomes. The process of creating an interrelationship digraph helps a group analyze the natural links between different aspects of a complex situation.

[edit]Tree Diagram

This tool is used to break down broad categories into finer and finer levels of detail. It can map levels of details of tasks that are required to accomplish a goal or task. It can be used to break down broad general subjects into finer and finer levels of detail. Developing the tree diagram helps one move their thinking from generalities to specifics.

Tree Diagram | | Tree diagrams can be a helpful way of organizing outcomes in order to identify probabilities. For example, if we have a box with two red, two green and two white balls in it, and we choose two balls without looking, what is the probability of getting two balls of the same color?P(same color) = P(RR or GG or WW)We use the tree diagram to the left to help us identify the possible combinations of outcomes. Here we see that there are nine possible outcomes, listed to the right of the tree diagram. This number is the size of the sample space for this two state experiment, and will be in the denominator of each of our probabilities.Each of these possible nine outcomes has a probability of 1/9, which we can find using the multiplication rule P(RR or GG or WW) = 3/9. |
Probability: Tree Diagrams
Page historylast edited by Andrea Grieser 2 years ago
Tree diagrams may be used in probability to help determine the number of possible events. For example, if we go to a restaurant and want to know the number of ways we can form a lunch that consists of a beverage, a bread choice, and a sandwich filling, we can use a tree. If there are 2 different beverages (soda or juice) and 3 different types of breads (bagel, rye, or white), and 4 different kinds of fillings (cheese, pastrami, roast beef, or turkey) then we could draw a tree diagram such as the one shown below:

We simply list each beverage choice. For every beverage choice there are three bread choices. For every bread choice, there are four filling choices. We draw a line to each possibility, and then list the possible combinations. If we count the number of possibilities, we see that there are 24 possible outcomes. There is another way to determine possible outcomes without having to draw a tree, which can quickly become cumbersome when there are many different choices. This is by using the fundamental counting principle. These class notes contain more examples of using tree diagrams. The tree diagram is a tool used to analyze and visualize the structure of a problem, very similar to the cause and effect diagram. Each branch of the tree is supported by limbs, which explode and explain the branch in greater detail. This Diagram can be constructed in Word 2007 by using:
Insert » Diagram » Hierarchy, using "Smart Art Tools."

[edit]Prioritization Matrix

This tool is used to prioritize items and describe them in terms of weighted criteria. It uses a combination of tree and matrix diagramming techniques to do a pair-wise evaluation of items and to narrow down options to the most desired or most effective. prioritization matrix | A simple tabular format for displaying a prioritization of projects based on a multi-criteria analysis. For example:A sample prioritization matrixMany project portfolio management tools use some form of a prioritization matrix to summarize project evaluations and rankings. While the matrix provides a compact way of conveying results, the quality of the tool depends on the quality of the multi-criteria method used to produce the results, including the logic for defining the criteria and the processes used to evaluate projects and assign weights. |

[edit]Matrix Diagram

This tool shows the relationship between items. At each intersection a relationship is either absent or present. It then gives information about the relationship, such as its strength, the roles played by various individuals or measurements. Six differently shaped matrices are possible: L, T, Y, X, C, R and roof-shaped, depending on how many groups must be compared.

[edit]Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC)

A useful way of planning is to break down tasks into a hierarchy, using a Tree Diagram. The PDPC extends the tree diagram a couple of levels to identify risks and countermeasures for the bottom level tasks. Different shaped boxes are used to highlight risks and identify possible countermeasures (often shown as 'clouds' to indicate their uncertain nature). The PDPC is similar to the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) in that both identify risks, consequences of failure, and contingency actions; the FMEA also rates relative risk levels for each potential failure point.

[edit]Activity Network Diagram

This tool is used to plan the appropriate sequence or schedule for a set of tasks and related subtasks. It is used when subtasks must occur in parallel. The diagram enables one to determine the critical path (longest sequence of tasks). (See also PERT diagram.)
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