...Cause & effect One of the seven tools of quality, it shows the relationship of all factors (causes) that lead to the given situation (effect). It identifies major causes and breaks them down into sub-causes and further sub-divisions (if any). It is usually preceded by cause-and-effect analysis. Also called fishbone diagram (because of its resemblance to a fish skeleton) or Ishikawa diagram, after its inventor Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa (1915-89) of Tokyo's Mushasi Institute. flow chart a diagram of the sequence of movements or actions of people or things involved in a complex system or activity. Check sheets The check sheet is a form (document) used to collect data in real time at the location where the data is generated. The data it captures can be quantitative or qualitative. When the information is quantitative, thecheck sheet is sometimes called a tally sheet. Histogram a diagram consisting of rectangles whose area is proportional to the frequency of a variable and whose width is equal to the class interval. Pareto charts A Pareto chart, named after Vilfredo Pareto, is a type of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the line. Control charts The control chart is a graph used to study how a process changes over time. Data are plotted in time order. A control chart always has a central line for the average, an upper line for the upper control...
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...Seven Quality Control Tools 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Pareto analysis Flowcharts Check sheets Histograms Scatter diagrams Control charts Fishbone diagram 2 Vilfredo Pareto was an Italian economist who noted that approximately 80% of wealth was owned by only 20% of the population. This was true in almost all the societies he studied. 3 1. Pareto analysis Choosing the Most Important Changes to Make Pareto analysis is a very simple technique that helps you to choose the most effective changes to make. It uses the Pareto principle - the idea that by doing 20% of work you can generate 80% of the advantage of doing the entire job. Pareto analysis is a formal technique for finding the changes that will give the biggest benefits. It is useful where many possible courses of action are competing for your attention. 4 It is a statistical technique in decision making that is used for selection of a limited number of tasks that produce significant overall effect. It uses the Pareto principle - the idea that by doing 20% of work you can generate 80% of the advantage of doing the entire job. Or in terms of quality improvement, a large majority of problems (80%) are produced by a few key causes (20%). 5 Pareto analysis is a formal technique useful where many possible courses of action are competing for your attention. Basically, it consists of estimating the benefit delivered by each action...
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...………………………………………….………………………… 2 2.0 The Development of 7 Basic Tools…………………………………………….. 3 3.0 Data Figures ………………………………………..…………………… 3 4.0 Histogram ..………………...…………………………………………………… 5 5.0 Process Control Chart ..………………………….…………………………… 5 6.0 Patero Analysis …………………………………………………………….. 8 7.0 Cause and Effect Diagram ……..………………..……………….……….……. 9 8.0 Trend Analysis ……………………………………………………………………11 9.0 Scatter Diagram…...……………………………………………..………………. 13 10.0 Conclusion…….…………………………………………………………..……... 15 THE SEVEN BASIC QUALITY TOOLS Project Risk, Procurement and Integration Management 1. INTRODUCTION The last two decades have been a period of tremendous turmoil and change in the business environment. Competition in many industries has become worldwide in scope, and the pace of innovation in products and services has accelerated. These changes in business environment have resulted in organisations attempting to transform themselves to become more competitive. Since the early 1980s, many companies have gone through several waves of improvement programs, starting with Just-In-Time (JIT), then moving on to Total Quality Management (TQM), Lean Production, Six Sigma and many other various management programs. Implementing these programmes would require tools for data collection, measure and monitor. There are seven quality control tools which are: * Data figures * Pareto analysis * Cause-and-effect ...
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...Quality Management Tools for organizational Excellence MGT/449 July 14, 2012 Steven Kohorst Quality Management Tools for organizational Excellence It is important for business management to adopt the concept of total quality management. Total quality management is a business practice for companies to ensure quality in products and services. Companies can make business more effective and customer oriented using total quality management tools. This paper will discuss a case provided in chapter 15 of the book reading (Goetsch & Davis, 2010). Cignet Plastics for years has been featured and known as a favored supplier for major producers of model airplane kits. The company is a contract plastics die- casting house with a large amount of clients. Through audit findings there has not been any changes to the company process and defect rates have increased on the parts the company produces. Quality Assurance informs the president that the defects are some variation related to an assignable cause. The president to explain the situation has called me; he believes that the company process needs to be changed to eliminate the number of defects. In business today it is important for managers to employ process thinking for company success. Managers are constantly called for decisions and problems solving. Employees do not always analyze the situation or processes carried out and believe processes cannot be improved. Quality tools...
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...PARETO ANALYSIS Category: Analysis Tools ABSTRACT Pareto Analysis(G) is a statistical technique in decision making that is used for the selection of a limited number of tasks that produce significant overall effect. It uses the Pareto Principle (also know as the 80/20 rule) the idea that by doing 20% of the work you can generate 80% of the benefit of doing the whole job. Or in terms of quality improvement, a large majority of problems (80%) are produced by a few key causes (20%) KEYWORDS Pareto Analysis, Pareto Paradigm, Pareto Chart(G), Pareto Principle, Quality Control, organizing data, frequency of impact of problems, process improvement OBJECTIVES A Pareto chart has the following objectives: Separate the few major problems from the many possible problems so you can focus your improvement efforts. Arrange data according to priority or importance. Determine which problems are most important using data, not perceptions. FIELD OF APPLICATION Pareto diagrams could be applied in: designing of medical processes in order to identify errors, faults, incidents or in the construction of a system that reduces the risk of medical care. analyzing performance data in health organizations. RELATED TOOLS Fishbone diagram, Scatter Diagram, Run Charts, Flow Charts DESCRIPTION The Pareto diagram is named after Vilfredo Pareto, a 19th-century Italian economist who conducted a study in Europe in the early 1900s on wealth and poverty. He found that...
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...Case Study 8.1: Sour Grape Ice Cream Kelly Epps Reyes Grantham University Case Study 8.1: Sour Grape Ice Cream There are seven common quality tools that the Quality Ice Cream Company could use to understand and improve processes during a production run with the Sour Grape Ice Cream. Flow Chart, Run Chart, Process-Control Chart, Check Sheet, Pareto Diagram, Cause-and-Effect Diagram, and Scatter Diagram. Each of these tools helps to identify sources of variation and aids in the analysis, documentation, and organization of the information, which will leads to process improvement. The company should start with a flowchart or process map to visually represent relationships among the activities and tasks that make up a process. At high levels, process maps help you understand process complexity. At lower levels, they help analyze and improve the process. This will give the company a better idea of what is causing the rejections form happening. A scatter diagram should be made from the data, collected by the production operator. This will show the relationship between the run time and the viscosity of the ice cream. This will also help in finding out how long the ice cream should be mixed for to keep the ice cream from being too soupy or too stiff. From the data collected over the 10 days, it seems like it is not run for enough time, most of the time, resulting in a too soupy product. (Sower, V. 1996, pg. 201-202) After the best run time is determined, they...
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...Tools and Decision Making for Ongoing Performance Management Scenario Worksheet Paul Boyle, Tamrica Brancatella, Sonya Frazier, Jessica Ives, Kraig Morgan, Rita Riley, and Kelli Simpson HCS/451 February 20, 2012 Roger Arbuckle Tools and Decision Making for Ongoing Performance Management Scenario Worksheet | What kind of information will each tool provide? | Under what conditions is this tool applicable? | FEMA | failure modes and effects analysisis a procedure in product development and operations management for analysis of potential failure modes within a system for classification by the severity and likelihood of the failures. A successful FMEA activity helps a team to identify potential failure modes based on past experience with similar products or processes, enabling the team to design those failures out of the system with the minimum of effort and resource expenditure, thereby reducing development time and costs. It is widely used in manufacturing industries in various phases of the product life cycle and is now increasingly finding use in the service industry. | When a process, product or service is being designed or redesigned, after quality function deployment. When an existing process, product or service is being applied in a new way. * Before developing control plans for a new or modified process. When improvement goals are planned for an existing process, product or service. When analyzing failures of an existing process, product or service. * Periodically...
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...Costs of Quality 1. What are the three costs of quality? Explain each. GOOD Appraisal – Costs of activities designed to ensure quality or uncover defects; during the process Prevention – Costs of preventing defects from occurring; prior to manufacturing product BAD Failure - costs caused by defective parts or products or by faulty service Internal – failures discovered during productions (i.e. increases costs, material and products losses, scrap, downtime) External – failures discovered after delivery to the customer (i.e. returned goods, reworking costs, liability claims, loss of goodwill, penalties- loss of customer, warranty costs 2. What is the point at which costs associated with improvement are no longer warranted? 3. What is the costs of customer dissatisfaction? Quality Tools 1. Flowcharts - identifies the sequence of activities or the flow of materials and information in a process. a picture of the steps needed to accomplish a task. Compares and contrasts actual versus ideal flow of a process. Allows a team to reach agreement on process steps and identify activities that may impact performance. Serves as a training tool 2. Check sheets - special types of data collection forms in which the results may be interpreted on the form directly without additional processing. An organized method of recording data. Hash marks 3. Distribution Repair time (minutes) Frequency Distribution Repair time (minutes) Frequency Histograms...
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...these rejects have increased and as a result the company decided to act as soon as possible. This report defines the investigation done to find the problem by studying the supply chain starting with the production floor in the winding department and then going to the packaging department. In the winding department, no one knows what the problem is or how to correct it. In the packaging department, many windings are found to be defective and require reworking before they can be packaged. This is consuming a lot of time and rework. The report then gives the results found and the recommendations suggested for the problem. Problem analysis: Using some of the TQM tools, we will try to find the cause of the problem. 1. Flow chart Produce by machine #1 Produce by machine #2 Produce by machine #3 Quality Control inspection Inspect electrical pieces Problem ?? Send for packaging Rework The first step is to get an idea on the current workflow. No YES 2. Fish bone The next step is to try to figure out where the problem could be. 3. Data Summary We try to make use of the data received from the company No. of Reject Units by Cause | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Failed | | | No. | | Bad | Twisted | Broken | Abraded | Wrong | Wrong | Electrical | | Date | Inspected | Winder | Wind | Wire | Leads | Wire | Core | Wire | Test | Total | 1 | 100 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | | 100 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS Situational Analysis 3 Alternatives 7 Decision Criteria 11 Action Plan 12 In 1910, Black & Decker was founded by two 23 year olds S. Duncan Black, and Alonzo G. Decker in Baltimore. 73 years after receiving its first patent, Black & Decker was the world’s largest producer of power tools, power tool accessories, electric lawn and garden tools, and residential security hardware. The brand has also made its successful foray into households with products such as the DustBuster, and Spacemaker amongst other things. The franchise also holds nearly 30% of market share overall in the US power tools market. With strong segment shares in the professional industrial and consumer market at...
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...Executive Summary Black & Decker had always been a market leader in the power tools industry. Many changes took place that helped out in the company in the short run, but hurt in the long run. In 2000 Black and Decker Corporation was still reeling from the financial and strategic problems stemming from the company's acquisition of Emhart Corporation in 1989. In late 1998 Black & Decker management celebrated the completion of an almost decade-long effort to divest nonstrategic business gained through its 1989 acquisition of Emhart Corporation and expected the company to enter a long-awaited period of growth as its entire management refocused its attention on its core power tools, plumbing, and security hardware business. Archibald believed that "This portfolio restructuring will allow us to focus on core operations that can deliver dependable and superior operating and financial results." However the portfolio restructuring did little to improve the market performance of the company's securities. Yet Archibald and the management continued to express confidence that the company's streamline portfolio would allow Black & Decker to achieve revenue and earnings growth that the market would find impressive. So far the 1998 divestitures have not produced steady increases in the company's stock price, but look promising for the future due to the efforts to refocus efforts on the successful power tools line. Strategic planning team evaluation Over the years, Black & Decker...
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...For 85 years, the Williams Machine Tool Company had provided quality products to its clients, becoming the third largest U.S.-based machine tool company by 1990. The company was highly profitable and had an extremely low employee turnover rate. Pay and benefits were excellent. Between 1980 and 1990, the company’s profits soared to record levels. The company’s success was due to one product line of standard manufacturing machine tools. Williams spent most of its time and effort looking for ways to improve its bread-and-butter product line rather than to develop new products. The product line was so successful that companies were willing to modify their production lines around these machine tools rather than asking Williams for major modifications to the machine tools. By 1990, Williams Company was extremely complacent, expecting this phenomenal success with one product line to continue for 20 to 25 more years. The recession of the early 1990s forced management to realign their thinking. Cutbacks in production had decreased the demand for the standard machine tools. More and more customers were asking for either major modifications to the standard machine tools or a completely new product design. The marketplace was changing and senior management recognized that a new strategic focus was necessary. However, lower-level management and the work force, especially engineering, were strongly resisting a change. The employees, many of them with over 20 years of employment at Williams...
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...Excel diagram analysis Institution: Name: The Risk Pareto The risk pareto diagram represented different levels of risk. The low, average and the highest risk were represented in this table. The low had value of 202, the average had a value of 311 while the highest had a value of 355. The cumulative line in the graph revealed total of 868 at the end. The risk pie chart represented the risk levels in percentages. The low risk had a percentage of 23%, the average had a percentage of 36% while the high had a percentage of 41%. Histogram return 2006 The histogram for the 2006 was drawn to find the normality of the data. Since the data revealed a bell-shape histogram, the data was normally distributed. The highest frequency was at the bin of 19 with the lowest being at the 3 bin. Three year return The 3 year also revealed a bell-shaped histogram which was an evidence of normally distributed data. The highest value was at the bin rage of 12.1 with the lowest value on the -5.9. Five year return The five year return on the other hand revealed a bell-shape histogram showing that the data was normally distributed. The highest value was at the bin range of 12.4 with the lowest being at the -11.6 bin range. Contingency table The large cap revealed a total of 450 with 251 being on the “No” and 199 on the “yes”. On the mid cap, the total value was equivalent to 174 with the “no” having a value of 97 while the “yes” had a value of 77. The small cap had a total value...
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...Personal Responsibility as a Development Tool Arquímedes Cedeño University of Phoenix, Puerto Rico Campus GEN/200 February 14, 2012 Lic. Lopez-Rivera Personal Responsibility as a Development Tool In the society, the persons require a high degree of personal responsibility to be considered as a successful person in life. If they want to be successful must take responsibility as a habit necessary to create, without it, they are predetermined to fail. As Tracy says in his study: The more responsibility you take, the more in control you are. And the freer you are, especially in your own mind, to make decisions and to do the things you want to do. So there’s a direct relationship between responsibility, control, freedom and happiness. The happiest people in the world are those who feel absolutely terrific about themselves, and this is the natural outgrowth of accepting total responsibility for every part of their lives (p. 1). What is Personal Responsibility? Personal responsibility is the ability to determine one’s own decisions, choices, and actions (What is personal responsibility?, 2012). Are those actions that help us improve our quality of life, our relationship with people and the environment around us. Complying with the rules imposed by our society and enforces them through the rest of it. Responsibility is not a burden, it's a blessing (Gallozzi, 2012) How we acquired it? We acquired it through the teaching of our parents, early education. Those little...
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...1 Refocusing Mission Tool & Mfg., Co. Dale Reynolds DeVry University Refocusing Mission Tool & Mfg., Co. 1. The Subject Mission Tool & Mfg., Co. (MTM) has an internal problem which I believe could be resolved by a propose solution. MTM can benefit with this proposition, as well as resolve its many financial issues that it’s facing with the bad economy and still trying to compete in the manufacturing business without spending an arm and a leg. MTM has an overall IT costs that are too high to be spent on while trying to gain profit and stay in the manufacturing competition. With this proposition MTM could also make employees work more users friendly and the company can gain independency by not being dependent to local company’s network. With this MTM can be more efficient by getting rid of all the paper work that is cluttering and hard to organize to be found by any employee or personnel that needs documents. 2. Company Background Mission Tool & Mfg., Co. Mission Tool is a business specializing in precision stamped and machined components. They have capabilities to suit every need, ranging from those of a start-up company through to the demands of a thriving corporation. The plant is located in Hayward, CA and is based on nearly 40 years of experience, Mission Tool utilizes the talents of a dedicated staff coupled with the latest in high-technology machining, stamping and manufacturing equipment to provide consistent, high-quality manufacturing solutions...
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