...Introduction Ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface has increased significantly over the last 20 years from increased ozone depletion. UV radiation is a component of sunlight that is divided into three parts: UVA (320-400nm), UV-B (280-320nm) and UVC (less than 280nm) [25]. Wavelength determines the transmission of UV radiation through the Earth’s atmosphere. UVC is completely absorbed by the atmospheric gases; UV-B radiation is absorbed by ozone layer and only a small amount reaches the Earth’s surface while UVA radiation is hardly absorbed. The decreased UV-B-filtering capacity of the ozone layer due to pollutants like chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), methylbromide and halons has increased the amount of solar UV-B radiation that plant life is exposed to [2]. A thorough understanding of the UV-B radiation levels is especially important in agriculture as its effects on crop species is essential to design crops that can produce food and other raw materials for the increasing world population. Increased UV-B exposure has the potential to damage DNA, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disrupt cellular process in many plant species [10]. Specifically, the primary deleterious effects of increased UV-B occur on the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus and the reduction of photosynthetic genes. Damage to the thylakoid membrane and destruction of chlorophyll (Fig. 6) along with the decrease in the amount of photosynthesis are also attributed to over exposure...
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...Progeria Intro What is progeria? I. The name progeria stems from the Latin and Greek words pro and geraios and means literally, 'early old age'. The disease is also known as the Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome, after the physicians who first described it, Hutchinson in 1886 and Gilford in 1904. Children with progeria usually have a normal appearance in early infancy. At 9 to 24 months of age, affected children begin to experience profound growth delays, resulting in short height and low weight. They also develop a distinctive facial appearance characterized by a disproportionately small face in comparison to the head; an underdeveloped jaw; malformation and crowding of the teeth; a small nose; prominent eyes and a subtle blueness around the mouth. In addition, by the second year of life, alopecia develops, and the scalp hair may be replaced by small, downy, white or blond hairs. Additional characteristic features include generalized atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease and stroke, hip dislocations, unusually bulging veins of the scalp, loss of the layer of fat beneath the skin, defects of the nails, joint stiffness, skeletal defects, and/or other abnormalities. According to Steve Roach, author of Neurocutaneous disorders, individuals with HGPS develop premature, widespread thickening and loss of elasticity of artery walls, which result in life-threatening complications during childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. Children with progeria die of heart disease...
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...Mission “To provide business and residential customers a repair and maintenance service that is professional and reliable.” Vision “To become the preferred handy-man service providers in the twin cities within the next 3 years” The Need/Description/Value proposition Due to the changes in our social structure and economic-need fulfillment taking precedence, people are trying to juggle maintaining a balance between home and excruciatingly demanding careers. With these dynamics, home-repair tends to be neglected more often than it used to be because of the sheer amount of time and attention it requires. The need now is for timely services that are provided as requested and executed perfectly, reducing the physiological costs of the customer. Customer security is another issue that requires attention in these tumultuous times and a focus needs to be paid on getting the job done right the first time considering the demanding nature of lives today. “The Fix-Its” set out to do just that. Our customers will not have to loom around, catering to the demands of “Mr.Handy-Man” and can instead focus on other important issues that require their attention. Work will be efficiently broken down to maximize time utility and will be executed by highly skilled and professional individuals. Security-needs fulfillment will be insured by providing bio-data on the assigned handyman along with a sealed envelope that will be handed over by the professional upon arrival which will contain the...
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...monies for expanding our training/workshop and simulation room and replacing the old and outdating office equipment and furniture. We would purchase a new All-in-one printer, copier, scanner and fax machine that is needed for marketing and training. We will also purchase tables, chairs, dry eraser boards, a projector and ten (10) new computers, which will all be using during training classes. The training and workshops are for our volunteers and selected Lake County families. We will conduct classes on home repair, budgeting, banking, credit, savings, home maintenance, community involvement, energy efficiency, homeownership, and children’s success in school program for low-income homeowners in Lake County. The volunteers will also be trained on basic wiring, plumbing, masonry work and drying walling by professionals. Habitat for Humanity has utilized the non-profit’s existing construction and support services staff to grow the program, by adding an efficient process for home repair to the ongoing mission of building new affordable, energy-efficient homes for low and moderate income families. 8. What is the specific geographical area that will be served by this project? And what are the demographics of the population you expect to serve? (Be sure to include, Race, Age, Gender, etc.) The monies from the grant will service all low income families of Lake County Indiana. We will service all...
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...may mean that too much protein is made. Or that a protein is not made at all. For example, a signalling protein may be permanently switched on. Other proteins, whose job is to control and limit cell division, may be permanently switched off. Something that damages a cell and makes it more likely to be cancerous is called a 'carcinogen'. For example, there are carcinogens in cigarette smoke. There is more about this in the section about causes and cancer. Back to top Genes that are abnormal in cancer There are three different types of genes that are important in making a cell cancerous * Genes that encourage the cell to multiply (oncogenes) * Genes that stop the cell multiplying (tumour suppressor genes) * Genes that repair other damaged...
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...allows cells to recognize when they are under stress and prime the DNA repair machinery to respond to the threat of damage. Their findings are published in the current issue of Science. The scientists, led by biologists Vera Gorbunova and Andrei Seluanov, focused on the most dangerous type of DNA damage -- double strand breaks. Unrepaired, this type of damage can lead to premature aging and cancer. They studied how oxidative stress affects efficiency of DNA repair. Oxidative stress occurs when the body is unable to neutralize the highly-reactive molecules, which are typically produced during routine cellular activities. The research team found that human cells undergoing oxidative stress synthesized more of a protein called SIRT6. By increasing SIRT6 levels, cells were able to stimulate their ability to repair double strand breaks. When the cells were treated with a drug that inactivated SIRT6, DNA repair came to a halt, thus confirming the role of SIRT6 in DNA repair. Gorbunova notes that the SIRT6 protein is structurally related to another protein, SIR2, which has been shown to extend lifespan in multiple model organisms. "SIRT6 also affects DNA repair when there is no oxidative stress," explains Gorbunova. "It's just that the effect is magnified when the cells are challenged with even small amounts of oxidative stress." SIRT6 allows the cells to be economical with their resources, priming the repair enzymes only when there is damage that needs to be repaired. Thus SIRT6...
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...Internal Risk Assessment Tina Sams MGT488 Sept.11, 2011 S. Jeannette Guignard Internal Risk Assessment Introduction Home Depot was founded in 1978 by two individuals and they are Bernice Marcus and Arthur Blank. The two wanted to change the way people thought and took care of their home and their gardens. They created the do it yourself concept and that way of thinking has caught on and has spawn across the globe. Home Depot headquarters are in Atlanta, Georgia. Today Home Depot is the largest home improvement retailers. It has over 2200 stores throughout the United States and that also includes Puerto Rico, U.S, Virgin Islands, Canada, Mexico and even China. Home Depot employs 317,000 individuals in all off the stores. Home Depot sells anything from carpenter needs, carpet, appliances and most everything that a person would need to complete their do it themselves projects. Strengths and Weakness The Home Depot stores has a variety of areas where their strengths and weaknesses are greatly measured and used to help make their business and their stores strive and be successful. The first area that is going to be mentioned is the stores. To begin the strengths of Home Depot it has to start will all of the employees. It also builds it strengths around their merchandise that they carry. They want to make sure that they have everything that a do it yourself person to do their construction that they need to do. Projects are what people want to do to make the necessary...
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...Questions and Answers If You Are in Favor of Genetics in the Courtroom… Question 1: Why do you think that evidence of a defendant's genetic makeup should be allowed in a courtroom? Do you think that a person with genes that make him or her aggressive and unable to control his or her impulses is "less guilty" than someone who commits the same crime but has a normal set of genes? Yes but only if the behavioral genetic mutation has been peer reviewed by other medical scientists and there has been several cases of the mutation present. On the other hand, using behavioral genetic mutation as an excuse to decrease the severity of the punishment, could lead to more tax dollars put into someone that does society no justice, or purpose. I do not see the point on wasting money on someone that will just sit in jail and require extra attention. Extra attention means more staffing and with more staffing, leads to an increase in cost per inmate. Housing inmates has no return on this investment. This particular gene that creates the enzyme called monoamine oxidase- A would need to be measure in the “normal” human and the “mutated” human to compare the level of potency of the enzyme. If this person was a frequent drug user that caused the low level on MOAO, then the argument should not be valid, since they made the conscience choice to alter their body make up; however, if one was born with the lack of MOAO, I believe it would be okay. Genetics should not be allowed in the courtroom...
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...Biff Eddington Anthropology 4467 24 April 2011 What is life history theory? What is a primate life history pattern? What is the relationship between brain size and life history? Life history theory is a branch of biology that analyzes the selective forces that have managed the evolution of the schedule and duration of key events in an organism’s lifetime related to investments in growth, reproduction, and survivorship (Bogin, O’Rourke and Stinson 547). The reason that there are differences between major events in species related to growth, maintenance, and reproduction is because each species employs different evolutionary strategies to increase reproductive fitness. Each species has a unique life history; this is a pattern of how it distributes its finite energy between five different phases: Growth, development, raising its young, staying alive, and reproduction. The assumptions that underlie life history theory are not complicated, but are simple and impactful: There is limited time and there is limited energy, so this energy must be distributed among growth, reproduction, and survivorship recognizing the trade-offs that cannot be avoided. Primates have a unique life history pattern that is different from other orders of mammals. Relative to other mammals primates have: a longer gestation period, fewer offspring overall, more care given to each individual offspring, infants that are born developmentally advanced, a longer period of parental dependency, a strong...
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...Beneficial and Harmful Mutations among Humans Mutation A gene mutation is an irreversible change in the sequence of DNA which a gene is made up of. After mutation, the sequence becomes different from that found in most human beings. Mutations are a result of damage to DNA during replication or to the genomes of RNA usually caused by chemical mutagens or radiation. Mutations in genes can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Mutations can also occur in non-genic regions. Mutations in sex cells can be transmitted to the next generation; mutations in other cells cannot be transmitted. The effects of mutation may be beneficial, harmful or neutral. The DNA fails to copy correctly thus leading to gene mutation. Harmful Mutations Harmful mutations result in severe consequences on the health of the person. Some examples of harmful mutations are as follows: 1. Sickle Cell Anemia It is an example of natural harmful mutation existing in human beings. It is a serious disorder in which the body makes crescent shaped red blood cells instead of the normal disc shaped ones. Sickle cells contain abnormal hemoglobin and are sticky and stiff. They block the flow of blood in the body organs and limbs thus causing pain and organ damage. Sickle cell anemia is an inherited and lifelong disease. The people having this disease are born with it. They inherit two genes for sickle hemoglobin, one from each parent. 2. Progeria...
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...Breast Cancer… Is Genetic Screening the Answer? By: Wendy Wilburn Biology 2020 – Biology II Dr. Robinson April 25, 2015 The Great Genetic Screening Debate ABSTRACT Within the past thirty years, researchers have found strong evidence that our DNA or genetic material may be a predictive factor for disease probability. This has lead to the development of genetic testing after the isolation of certain candidate genes. Although predictive genetic screening is only available for a selective number of diseases, its ramifications have become hot topics for debated issues in a broad range of arenas from governmental agencies to religious applications. (1). This debate began in 1993 when researchers isolated the BRCA1 gene, which is associated with the increased risk of developing breast cancer (1). The discovery of this gene leads to hope and speculation for development of a predictive genetic test that could identify women at risk for developing breast cancer. The purpose of my paper is to delve into the positives and negatives of predictive genetic testing, as it is applied to breast cancer precursors. INTRODUCTION Before I go into details about how these genetic tests were developed, I want to first discuss how certain genes can trigger an inactive disease. The human body requires the actions of many proteins working together. For a protein to work properly, an intact gene must be encoded for a specific protein. A mutation describes a gene which has genetically...
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...159 billion(US Dollar) 3.Annual growth for the period 2007-12 is -2.8%. 4.It came to existance post world war ii intensifying price competition and the continued dominance of the industry's top players keep profit down. 5.This industry includes stores that sell a broad range of home repair and maintenance goods like hardware, tools and electrical goods, as well as lumber and structural material for construction and renovations. Stores that focus on a specific area like flooring or wall coverings are excluded from this industry. Operators purchase goods from domestic and international manufacturers and wholesalers and sell them to end-users, such as do-it-yourself consumers and professional contractors. 6.Home improvement is the process of renovating or making additions to one's home. Often, a professional handyman is hired to perform the improvements but, typically, most improvements are done on an amateur DIY basis by the homeowner. 7.Several major retailers, such as Home Depot and Lowes, specialize in selling materials and tools for DIY home improvement. These stores even host classes to educate customers how to do the work themselves. 8.U.S. Census data show a boom in home repair and improvement between 1982 and 1992: a 115% increase, the largest of any 10-year period 1975-2001. 9.With housing markets still weak and consumer spending falling generally, the 10.The industry is slowly trying to regain composure, as more people continue to invest in renovations...
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...Sean McDede 12/3/15 Professor Gallagher Strategic Management Built From Scratch by Bernie Marcus and Arthur Blank Built From Scratch: How a Couple of Regular Guys Grew the Home Depot from Nothing to $30 Billion, tells the story of Bernie Marcus and Arthur Blank, and how they are responsible for one of the biggest entrepreneur successes in recent history. This novel shows, first hand, how they became leaders within the home improvement industry. This was no easy task, but these two had experience. Bernie’s parents immigrated to America, and he grew up in a poor neighborhood, Newark, New Jersey. He dreamed of working in medicine, but could not afford the kickback he needed to pay Harvard Medical School to circumnavigate the quota they had at the time for people of Jewish ancestry. Bernie soon graduated from Rutgers, Newark, and worked as an intern in a pharmaceutical company. One day a customer came in that forever changed his life. Bernie was introduced to the world of discount stores when he met a man named Danny Kessler. A few years later Bernie worked alongside Arthur blank within one of the most successful home improvement chains at the time, Handy Dan’s Home improvement center. Bernie became the President and CEO, and Arthur was the vice president of finance. They were eventually fired, and faced legal trouble due to a false accusation. It was at this time that they decided to open up their own home improvement store, one that captured their...
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...A strange scientific debate that has gone on for the better part of the century, right alongside why men have nipples, may have been solved: why are humans the only species with a chin? Researchers at the University of Iowa delved into the question, comparing modern human jaws with the jaws of early humans and Neanderthals. One theory has our chins developing due to mechanical forces, such as chewing. But lead researcher and assistant professor in the Department of Orthodontics Nathan Holton explained in a paper published in the Journal of Anatomy that mechanical forces actually discouraged chin growth. Analyzing 40 people from toddlers to adults and using facial and biomechanical analyses, they found that chewing simply did not give enough...
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...25 years and older have placed maintenance and remolding repairs back on top of their to do lists . Owning a home comes with required structural upkeep. However, knowing where to begin with home repairs is very important to the home's return on investment value. Some recommended repairs homeowners should not over look include foundation stabilization, uncontrolled flowing water, pest infestations, and the appearance of the structure inside and out. Some homeowners have problems deciding where to begin their household maintenance. Regardless to any home make-over, homeowners should analyze all key parts in the investment makeover. Furthermore, knowing the estimated cost of repair and material, knowing how the task will get completed and have an expectation for quality of work are significant. According to the text, "Critical thinking is the process of gathering information, analyzing it in different ways, and evaluating it for the purpose of gaining understanding, solve a problem, or making a decision" (Carter, 2007, p. 78). In completing home repairs, a homeowner should know the current appraised value of the property and which repairs will add return on investment value. The text points out a seven step process to solving a problem. In using these steps, a homeowner will analyze the property and gather information about the home in its current state. Create a possible strategy plan to complete repairs. Evaluate each strategy solution proposed. Select the best...
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