...Containment Pear-shaped Dry-Well en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browns_Ferry_Nuclear_Power_Plant Torus-shaped Wet-Well nucleartourist.com The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011 The Fukushima Daiichi Incident 1. Plant Design " Service Floor The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011 The Fukushima Daiichi Incident 1. Plant Design " Lifting the Containment closure head The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011 The Fukushima Daiichi Incident 1. Plant Design " Reactor Service Floor (Steel Construction) " Concrete Reactor Building (secondary Containment) Spend Fuel Pool Fresh Steam line Main Feedwater " Reactor Core " Reactor Pressure Vessel " Containment (Dry well) " Containment (Wet Well) / Condensation Chamber The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011 The Fukushima Daiichi Incident 2. Accident progression " 11.3.2011 14:46 - Earthquake Magnitude 9 Power grid in northern Japan fails Reactors itself are mainly undamaged " SCRAM Power generation due to Fission of Uranium stops Heat generation due to radioactive Decay of Fission Products • After Scram • After 1 Day • After 5 Days ~6% ~1% ~0.5% The...
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...Nuclear Reactor Power Plant Control Systems Mechatronics Professor 13 October 2013 Table of Contents Heading Page # Introduction History Safety Control Systems Coolants Pressurizer Moderator Control Rods Regulations Disposal Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Control systems are an integral part of the nuclear reactor and without the implementation of an effective control system along with constant monitoring and maintenance catastrophic accidents will occur. This report will introduce the important control systems found in many of the most common nuclear reactors along with an explanation on how they work and how they're implemented. First we must go back into the histories to gain a better understanding of why these control systems are so important and consequences that resulted when control systems are not implements or not used properly. History To know the history of nuclear power plants, one must first understand what a nuclear power plant is. A nuclear power plant is very similar to that of any other steam-electric power plant, in that water is heated and the steam from the water turns turbines, thus creating electricity. The major difference is how the power plant generates heat. The source of the heat from nuclear power plants comes from nuclear fission, rather than from coal, oil or gas. In 1934, a physicist by the name of Enrico Fermi conducted the first experiments that resulted...
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...Pumping Iron at Cliffs & Associates The Circored Iron Ore Reduction Plant in Trinidad 09/2004-5041 This case was written by Christoph H. Loch, Professor of Technology Management at INSEAD, and Christian Terwiesch, Associate Professor of Operations Management at the Wharton School, as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright © 2002 INSEAD-Wharton, France/USA. Revised Version, copyright © 2004 INSEAD-Wharton, France/USA. N.B. PLEASE PERMISSION. NOTE THAT DETAILS OF ORDERING INSEAD CASES ARE FOUND ON THE BACK COVER. COPIES MAY NOT BE MADE WITHOUT 1 5041 “There are worse places in the world to be in December than Trinidad,” thought Ed Dowling, as he spotted the first white beaches from his seat on the Miami-Trinidad flight. “Look, Steve, we are flying close by our plant,” he said to Steve Elmquist, pointing at a significant landmark on the coastline below them (see Exhibit 1). Dowling was executive vice-president for operations at Cleveland Cliffs Inc., and Elmquist was the general manager of Cliffs and Associates Ltd. (CAL), which was co-owned by Cleveland Cliffs and Lurgi Metallurgie GmbH, the German process technology company, following a recent joint venture. Neither had said much since starting their journey some eight hours before in Cleveland, Ohio, where they had reported to the board members of Cleveland Cliffs on the status of...
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....Legal Analysis When considering the engineering of a molten salt reactor (MSR), which is a class of nuclear fission reactors in which the primary coolant, or even the fuel itself, is a molten salt mixture. No Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors (LFTR) have been built to date, a revolutionary liquid reactor that runs not on uranium, but thorium. Although LFTR power plants have not yet been built, one can look at the issues that have arisen out of the manufacture and application of alternative nuclear reactors in the past, and the courts’ rulings on those issues, to determine what hazards exist. Obviously, in the case of an LFTR power plant, the most important issue to consider is what kind of hazards exist, and what kind of liability is ascribed, in the event of a failure of the LFTR power plant. When considering the legality of engineering and constructing an energy-producing reactor, there are a variety of applicable fields of law that can be utilized to analyze the potential issues that arise from the construction of a liquid fluoride thorium reactor power plant. However, the most prevalent applicable law would be tort law and the application of strict liability to the engineering and utilization of such a power plant. Strict liability, generally, speaking imposes negligence upon an individual, regardless of fault, when that individual engages in an abnormally dangerous activity. See Rosenblatt v. Exxon Co., 335 Md. 58, 69-70 (1994). When engaging in abnormally dangerous...
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...SODIUM-COOLED FAST REACTORS THE ASTRID TECHNOLOGICAL DEMONSTRATOR th DECEMBER 2012 SUSTAINABLE RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF JUNE 28, 2006: RESULTS OF RESEARCH CARRIED OUT ON THE SEPARATION AND TRANSMUTATION OF LONG-LIVED RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS, AND ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW GENERATION OF NUCLEAR REACTORS 1 4th GENERATION SODIUM-COOLED FAST REACTORS THE ASTRID TECHNOLOGICAL DEMONSTRATOR 1 2 FOREWORD The objective of the Generation IV International Forum (GIF), in which France is actively involved, is to prepare the future nuclear sector in an international framework by jointly developing the R&D of 4th generation reactors, based on clearly identified objectives: achieve sustainable development of nuclear energy by optimising the use of natural uranium resources and by reaching the highest levels of nuclear safety; minimise the production of the most radioactive waste, in particular long-lived waste; ensure high resistance to nuclear proliferation; develop applications of nuclear energy for other uses than production of electricity. After an analysis phase carried out jointly by the founding partners, the GIF selected six concepts of nuclear reactors and their cycles4 which exhibited the most promising potentials to achieve the abovementioned objectives: SFR: Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor; GFR: Gas-cooled Fast Reactor; LFR: Lead-cooled Fast Reactor; SCWR: Supercritical Water-cooled Reactor; VHTR: Very High Temperature Reactor; MSR: Molten Salt Reactor. Except...
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... Many military and some civilian (such as some icebreaker) ships use nuclear marine propulsion, a form of nuclear propulsion. 3. A few space vehicles have been launched using full-fledged nuclear reactors: the Soviet RORSAT series and the American SNAP -10 A. 4. Both Fission and fusion appear promising for space propulsion applications, generating higher mission velocities with less reaction mass. (Due to the much higher energy density of nuclear reactions: some 7 orders of magnitude (10,000,000 times) more energetic than the chemical reactions which power the current generation of rockets). 5. International research is continuing into the use of nuclear fusion, and additional uses of process heat such as hydrogen production (in support of a hydrogen economy), desalinizing sea water, and for use in district heating systems. What is Nuclear Reactor? A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction. Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for generating electricity and in propulsion of ships. Heat from nuclear fission is passed to a working fluid (water or gas), which runs through turbines Nuclear generated steam in principle can be used for industrial process heat or for district heating. Some reactors are...
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...Pumping Iron at Cliffs & Associates The Circored Iron Ore Reduction Plant in Trinidad 09/2004-5041 This case was written by Christoph H. Loch, Professor of Technology Management at INSEAD, and Christian Terwiesch, Associate Professor of Operations Management at the Wharton School, as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright © 2002 INSEAD-Wharton, France/USA. Revised Version, copyright © 2004 INSEAD-Wharton, France/USA. N.B. PLEASE PERMISSION. NOTE THAT DETAILS OF ORDERING INSEAD CASES ARE FOUND ON THE BACK COVER. COPIES MAY NOT BE MADE WITHOUT 1 5041 “There are worse places in the world to be in December than Trinidad,” thought Ed Dowling, as he spotted the first white beaches from his seat on the Miami-Trinidad flight. “Look, Steve, we are flying close by our plant,” he said to Steve Elmquist, pointing at a significant landmark on the coastline below them (see Exhibit 1). Dowling was executive vice-president for operations at Cleveland Cliffs Inc., and Elmquist was the general manager of Cliffs and Associates Ltd. (CAL), which was co-owned by Cleveland Cliffs and Lurgi Metallurgie GmbH, the German process technology company, following a recent joint venture. Neither had said much since starting their journey some eight hours before in Cleveland, Ohio, where they had reported to the board members of Cleveland Cliffs on the status of...
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...Pumping Iron at Cliffs & Associates The Circored Iron Ore Reduction Plant in Trinidad 09/2004-5041 This case was written by Christoph H. Loch, Professor of Technology Management at INSEAD, and Christian Terwiesch, Associate Professor of Operations Management at the Wharton School, as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright © 2002 INSEAD-Wharton, France/USA. Revised Version, copyright © 2004 INSEAD-Wharton, France/USA. N.B. PLEASE PERMISSION. NOTE THAT DETAILS OF ORDERING INSEAD CASES ARE FOUND ON THE BACK COVER. COPIES MAY NOT BE MADE WITHOUT 1 5041 “There are worse places in the world to be in December than Trinidad,” thought Ed Dowling, as he spotted the first white beaches from his seat on the Miami-Trinidad flight. “Look, Steve, we are flying close by our plant,” he said to Steve Elmquist, pointing at a significant landmark on the coastline below them (see Exhibit 1). Dowling was executive vice-president for operations at Cleveland Cliffs Inc., and Elmquist was the general manager of Cliffs and Associates Ltd. (CAL), which was co-owned by Cleveland Cliffs and Lurgi Metallurgie GmbH, the German process technology company, following a recent joint venture. Neither had said much since starting their journey some eight hours before in Cleveland, Ohio, where they had reported to the board members of Cleveland Cliffs on the status of...
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...acceptability criteria in developing and developed countries. (30 marks) 2. Figure 1 shows a schematic layout of the safety cooling system for the AP1000 pressurised water nuclear reactor. Figure 1. The reactor system is contained within a 'passive cooling' containment vessel (Figure 2) which is intended to provide natural and permanent cooling in the event of a loss of cooling event in the reactor loop. Figure 2 Containment vessel for AP1000 cooling A comprehensive description of the overall system is provided by Schulz (1) and is available on the University Mole system for CPE6001. A brief description of the safety cooling system would comprise the following : The safety system incorporates four sources of passive water management following a loss of coolant accident : - two accumulator vessels (ACC) provide high flow for several minutes - two core make-up tanks (CMT)provide moderately high flow for a longer period - an in-containment refuelling water storage tank (IRWST) provides lower flow for a much longer time - large scale recirculation containment for decay heat removal The ACC and CMT responses are activated by a significant drop in system pressure - activation devices are not dependant on AC power supplies, but on springs, stored pressure and batteries. Failure of heat removal from the reactor via the steam...
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...Excelsior College Pressurized Water Reactor Steam Generator Material Problems Solutions to Prevent Capacity Loss and Extend Lifetime Matthew T. Spire NUC320 Materials Professor James Mathus January 01, 2012 Abstract Steam generators are a necessary component in PWR. Material issues that affect steam generators reduce the capacity of a nuclear power plant to generate electricity and minimize the lifetime of the steam generator, with both consequences resulting in a loss of profit to the operating utility. Specific problems associated with steam generator materials that are discussed include denting, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), phosphate thinning, as well as vibration and mechanical problems. A connection is established between material issues that affect steam generators and capacity losses as well as decreased lifetime. Finally, solutions are discussed to prevent decreases in capacity and diminished lifetime. Introduction Steam generators are a critical component of PWR. The function of a steam generator in a PWR is to serve as a heat exchanger between the primary and secondary. The heat exchange that occurs between the primary and secondary creates steam, the steam turns a turbine, the process of which generates electricity. The generation of electricity for profit is the purpose of nuclear power plants, therefore...
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...Introduction Zirconium metallurgy has been developed essentially due to the nuclear industry. They are used as a structural material in nuclear industry mainly because of good corrosion resistance in water at high temperatures, resistance to radiation damage, optimum mechanical properties and low cross-sectional absorption of thermal neutrons. Four elements satisfy the last two conditions but Zirconium is the only sufficient choice for core components of nuclear reactors. The other elements such as Beryllium (Brittle and chemically toxic), Magnesium (chemically reactive and cannot be used in water cooled reactors), Aluminum (low melting temperature hence only used in research reactors) are not chosen. Important Characteristics of Zirconium-Nuclear Structural Material 1) Low thermal neutron absorption cross section (0.185 barns), 2) Allotropy, the high temperature body centered cubic (β) phase transforming into the hexagonal close packed phase (α) at 1135 K, 3) Anisotropic thermal and mechanical properties leading to unequal thermal expansions along different crystallographic directions and formation of strong crystallographic texture during mechanical working 4) Hexagonal close packed structure of the a phase with a c/a ratio of 1.593, which is less than ideal, making the prismatic slip on {I 0 1 O} planes most predominant, 5) High reactivity with oxygen, nitrogen and carbon and high solubility of these interstitial elements in the α phase, necessitating special care...
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...Experiment 3-5 Design a continuous bioreactor and the growth kinetic of Zymomonas mobilis in continuous culture. Submitted to Dr. Tatsaporn Todhanakasem Faculty of Biotechnology Assumption University In partial fulfillment of the requirement of the course BT3014 Microbial Physiology by Syed Zia Nayeem 5045215 Date of experiment: 25 June, 2012 Introduction: Continuous cultivation of microorganism are open systems which features addition of nutrients at a constant rate and simultaneous with drawl at the same rate. This mode of cultivation is particularly useful as it results in significant improvement in productivity of fermentation. Also it is rather easy to implement process control for these systems. However some disadvantages of this cultivation e.g, development of mutants and contamination free cultivation for longer time limits its common usage. However it is a best tool to study the physiology of cultivation as there is a perfect steady state cultivation condition at a particular dilution rate (= sp. growth rate) in the bioreactor. The overall response of any continuous cultivation can be simulated by the mathematical model however it is rather interesting to see the culture behavior in transients in cultivation (Shift up / Shift down in dilution rates) It has been observed that Monod model is unable to perfectly simulate the transients in Continuous cultivations because the model assumes dependence of growth on the instantaneous value of substrate concentration...
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