...Television and the Effects on a Childs reading ability Com/156 5-6-2012 Introduction According to the Leiden University of Leiden Netherlands, a two part survey was conducted in a three year stint. The survey was to establish to show the effects of television and a child’s reduction of his or her comprehension level. The survey was conducted in two parts, the first part was to show if the amount of time the children spent watching television would hinder their comprehension and the second part is to show what programs where watched when the children did watch television. The surprising thing was from both questions being answered, the one that made the most impact on the children was the time the children actually spent watching TV. Playing video games or doing anything in front of the television is time away from socializing with peers and family. Television and the Effects on a Childs reading ability The two part panel consisted of elementary children from second to fourth grade. These studies were conducted in a Dutch elementary school using 1050 students. The study was conducted to find out if television helped or harm children’s reading performance. THE amount of time spent watching TV The first part of the study was to understand if the amount of time children watched was effecting there reading or comprehension levels. The amount of time did have an effect on the children in a negative way. This statement automatically makes people...
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... One of the most controversial aspects of teaching is dealing with the many differences between students in the classroom (Reynolds, 2011), then (West and Muijs, 2009) observes that there is a need for personalization in order to offer education that is tailored to the learner, within systems responsive to learners’ needs rather than expecting the learner to adapt to the existing systems within the school. In order to address the differences in learning abilities teachers find themselves using the term streaming. There are a number of definitions of streaming. To begin with the Oxford English dictionary defines streaming as the policy of dividing school students into groups of the same level of ability. Daniel Muijs (2011), also defines streaming as a procedure where by students are segregated into different classes according to ability within their school. Likewise, in www.cea.ace.ca/factsoneducation it has been elucidated that streaming or ‘’tracking’’ means that students are placed into groups defined by their ability levels. Streaming policy has been a bone of contention among teachers and policy makers for many years. Carole Faithorn (2003) lists some of the...
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...1) What are the reasons consumers of music switched to digital? Streaming services pointed to the ability to discover new music, their free of charge tier of offerings and the ability to listen to music without needing to purchase individual songs. Majority of consumers who use pirate sites i.e. approximately 57% believe that there are good services available for legally accessing digital music. The significant factors which drive the popularity of downloads and streaming services. The first factor being Security and ‘ease of payment, the second being the guarantee that the service is legal and the third factor being the trust that the consumer has in the brand or company. 2) Can Spotify be profitable in the future? Yes, Spotify can be profitable in the future if * They pay less in royalties or perhaps pay less in record company advances * Watch the pennies very closely: If Spotify was dedicated or forced to pay its current royalty and distribution costs at the same level, then it is probably going to have to cut its spending elsewhere to become profitable. * Finally make free pay: Rather than cutting financial corners, it is most likely that Spotify will want to become a profitable company the hard way by raising its average revenue per user in future to the point that its large costs can’t hurt its bottom line. 3) Apple’s iTunes is the leading distribution of a copy of digital music which Spotify and Rhapsody are leaders in the streaming realm. Which distribution...
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...Some people contend that mixed ability classes are more beneficial for children’s development than streaming them on the basis of judgement about their academic abilities. However, from my perspective, I disagree with this contention. Admittedly, mixed ability classes provide a better environment for children’s all-round development. In such classes, children with different abilities study together and in turn they can learn from one another. From example, a student, who is good at academic study but weak in dancing or painting, can learn how to dance or paint form his peers. In this sense, mixed ability classes allow students to develop their abilities in different subjects instead of only academic abilities. Despite the argument above, I believe streaming students brings more benefits to teachers and students. As for teachers, separating children with better academic abilities from others facilitates effective teaching. This practice helps teachers to control their students more conveniently and easily. Compared with mixed ability in which teacher should consider students’ differences when they are using teaching methodologies, streaming makes this situation simpler. To be more specific, students are at the same level of academic ability in a class, and in turn teachers can use the same methodologies for them all. In this way, the narrower the spread of ability in the class, the more convenient the teaching can be. On top of this, steaming enables students to learn in an...
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...never performing to his maximum potential at any point in his academic career. The labeling theory resonates with the idea of tracking of students in the education system. Tracking in American education typically involves grouping and labeling sets of students as low-performing, average, or high-performing. Based on several previous studies in addition to the research carried out by the authors of the paper, The Economics of Tracking in Education, it is apparent that tracking “increases inequality without boosting efficiency.” In particular, one researcher stated that when comparing students categorized in the “upper group” in schools that utilize ability tracking, they outperformed similar students in other schools that did not use tracking. However, the same researcher also found that the students grouped into the lower ability category in the same schools that...
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...University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate School Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 6-1-2010 Effects of reading comprehension and fluency abilities on the N400 event-related potential Annie Hirt Nelson University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Nelson, Annie Hirt, "Effects of reading comprehension and fluency abilities on the N400 event-related potential" (2010). Graduate School Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1721 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate School Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact scholarcommons@usf.edu. Effects of Reading Comprehension and Fluency Abilities on the N400 Event-Related Potential by Annie Hirt Nelson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Childhood Education and Literacy Studies College of Education University of South Florida Major Professor: Mary Lou Morton, Ph.D. Jacqueline Hinckley, Ph.D. Jim King, Ed.D. Richard Marshall, Ph.D. Date of Approval: July 1, 2010 Keywords: syntax, semantics, ERP, N400, sentence structure, children, indexical hypothesis Copyright © 2010, Annie Hirt Nelson ...
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...realized that the United States had a very high illiteracy rate and major reading problem and how television had a major effect on an individual’s reading ability. He surmised that, television instilled learning of memorization by word association. Remember Sesame Street. His answer the issue was phonic or phonetics, with the understanding that comprehension would come later. Remember Hooked on Phonics. In America today, most children are beginning or trying to talk around the age of two years. This is a time when language skills are just starting to develop. Even though it usually too early of an age to expect a child to read, there is no reason why the parent cannot start the reading process by reading aloud to them. Instilling reading into a child’s life can prove to be one of the most valuable skills that they will ever learn. (http://www.mannmuseum.com n.d) William and Johnson conducted an experiment to test a hypothesis or theory as to whether perceptual skills training will enhance reading performance of adolescence in school age children. As a basis for their study these adolescence where placed into three experimental groups of different categories. They are as follows: 1st. Remedial reading instructions, 2nd Reading instructions with spatial skills training and 3rd untreated control group. The study infers that, although there is a potential suggested association between basic spatial abilities and higher order cognitive skills, the end results were somewhat inconclusive...
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...Dyslexia is a developmental reading disorder, that affects how well individuals can read and spell. (Huktquist 2006). These differences occur when individuals learn to read and process the written language (Martin, Carlson and Buskist 2013). Children and adults are mostly affected from this learning disability as it develops when growing up (Martin, Carlson and Buskist 2013). It has been estimated that 1 in 10 of the population potentially have dyslexia in the UK itself and varies across the world (Pennington 1990). Individuals are affected to different scales by dyslexia (Martin, Carlson and Buskist 2013) and it has been reviewed that irregular IQ scores are not linked to dyslexia in any form (Siegel 1989). A lot of research has been conducted in this field and researchers have looked into core problems of dyslexia. This essay is designed to explain and evaluate the magnocellular deficit theory of dyslexia, and the theory will be used to propose an appropriate intervention to benefit dyslexic children in primary schools. The Magnocellular deficit theory identifies that dyslexic individuals have a measurable disorder of the fast processing pathways of the visual system (Greatrex and Drasdo 1995). These pathways process the visual...
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...(Post graduate) Language Testing Testing Reading Comprehension Prepared by : Ahlam Alghrarri Supervised by : Dr. S. Balhoug Spring 2012 1.1 Introduction Reading is one of the major skills involved in language learning, usually conceived of a solitary activity in which the reader interacts with the text in isolation, and is a most important activity in any language class, not only as source of information and pleasurable activity, but also as a means of consolidating and extending one`s knowledge of the language; such reading presented to the student is designed primarily to strengthen one`s control of the oral /aural skills. Readings are generally based on the grammatical structures and lexical items, and content of the material is regarded as acquiring culture by comprehending the content of the text. Reading comprehension is the process of deriving meaning from a connected text. It involves word knowledge (vocabulary) as well as thinking and reasoning. Therefore, comprehension is not a passive process, but an active one. The reader actively engages with the text to construct meaning. This active engagement includes making use of prior knowledge. It involves drawing inferences from the words and expressions that a writer uses to communicate information, ideas and viewpoints, which can be done by testing the reader his comprehension that is what this paper will discuss. 1.2 What is reading? It is one of main skills of language system...
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...Reading as a Communication Process Reading can be consider as communication process, because the token or the symbols( litters or numbers) is not written, for as we will have to read, but it was wrote to deliver or to share our opinions or our emotions to whom who will read. Because of this, the writer or the discourse has a direct communication to reader through text he/she has been written. As we comprehend what has been written, we can emphasize what authors aim. So, we will have our reaction. Therefore, the reader and the writer has a communication to each other. That's why it called as a communication process. Language - is a code system used by humans to communicate. In language, there are certain characteristics that can evoke effective and positive reactions on man. ACTIVITY 1 Characteristics of a Language that are conducive to man's reading recognition and appreciation. 1. Clarity - The reader can more easily and immediately understand language when the code symbols are concrete rather than abstractions and generalizations. Example : * Many students attended the student council meeting. * Ninety-five college students attended Tuesday's student council meeting. 2. Simplicity - Complex wording written for the sake of verbal erudition is less easily understood, compared with what is expressed directly and to the point. Example : Compare these sentences. Shall we partake of our repast? | Shall we eat? | Mother's culinary dishes are...
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...How Language Abilities and Deficiencies Impact Literacy Development Ashanti Gordon Grand Canyon University: ECH 515 December 12, 2012 How Language Abilities and Deficiencies Impact Literacy Development Multnomah County had a survey done for kindergarten teachers. The results suggested that 19.4% of their students were not headed toward literacy success, due to a lack of necessary language and pre-reading skills. There is a 90% probability of a child that is a poor reader in first grade, still being a poor reader three years later, in fourth grade (http://www.co.marion.or.us). As Early Childhood Educators, we must help our students. Creating literacy rich environments for our students will assist them in the literacy process. Early language abilities make a positive impact on literacy development. Language and literacy both have many definitions. This paper will refer to the following interpretations. Language is a method used to communicate. This may be in written or verbal words that are routinely arranged. Literacy is simply the ability to read and write (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary). This paper will discuss language as it relate to the development of literacy. Language in Literacy During the first few years of life, language and literacy development begins. It is linked to our first encounter with books and stories. It is linked to the “baby talk” from our caregivers and the noises that a babies makes in return. Language is learned...
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...including syllables and rhyming words. Phonemic awareness is the ability to identify and manipulate the smallest units of words otherwise known as phonemes. In the English language there are 41 phonemes and they are used to form larger units such as syllables and words...
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...write at a level appropriate age level skill for that student. Students should develop or have developed appropriate volume level to speak at. To have the ability to pronounce words and have the ability to use the tongue and lips to produce speech sounds. Students should speak in a controlled tempo this means they should be able to talk at a pace that is easy to understand not to fast as people will have trouble understand or to slow where people get bored of listening. Students should have an appropriate vocabulary when understanding when listening, reading, speaking and how to communicate effectively. Writing help develop strengthen fine motor skill, and when students are writing they need to have developed skills that support the thinking process on coherence and...
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...Traditionally, literacy has been thought of 'as a largely psychological ability - something true about our heads' (Gee, Hull & Lankshear 1996: 1). That is, to become literate is to have something done to our brains, so that we achieve a special kind of cognitive 'faculty' or inner capacity. This view reflects the domination of psychology in educational theory and research throughout this century. Being literate has been seen as a matter of cracking the alphabetic code, word-formation skills, phonics, grammar, and comprehension skills. According to this view, encoding and decoding skills serve as building blocks for doing other things and for accessing meanings. For instance, once people are literate, they can get on with learning through the medium of texts - by studying subjects in a curriculum, or by other print-mediated means. When people are literate, they can use 'it' (the skill repertoire, the ability) as a 'tool' to pursue all sorts of 'goods' (employment, knowledge, recreational pleasure, personal development, economic growth, innovation). But to 'get literate' in the first place is seen from this perspective as a matter of inserting the necessary skills into people's heads. There are debates about how best to achieve this (for example, phonics, letter recognition, 'letter chunking'), but those debating the most effective way all share the idea of literacy as basically a 'head thing', a psychological ability. By contrast, understanding literacy as sociocultural practice...
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...readingA day spent without reading what? And a day wasted for whom? And if a day spent without reading SOMETHING is wasted for SOMEONE, then how does reading turn a wasted day into a useful and fruitful one? Without answering these questions, the topic statement seems very harsh and one sided. Reading can be associated with books, newspapers, self-written work, brail, musical notation, expressions, text messages, information on a computer, on websites, electronic books, and essays. Reading can also be divided into even smaller categories, such as reading advertisements, notes, memos, names, dates, and so on. In a nutshell, reading is about everything that is written down by any means of writing, whether it is electronic, handwritten, or digital. So taking this definition of “reading” into account, a day spent without reading will be useless. How can someone spend a day without reading anything? It is possible if the person is illiterate and cannot read, or if he’s blind, but then it is not his/her fault and the person’s day will not be considered as wasted, because they can still indulge in other activities. But if a completely normal, educated person decides to spend one day without reading anything…it will be impossible, and if somehow he/she succeeds to avoid every form of writing, then yes, their day will be wasted. Now keeping in mind an illiterate individual who cannot read, then would it plausible to conclude that every single day of his life has been a waste because...
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