...Reinforcement Strategies University of Phoenix Organizational Administration and Behavior AJS/512 March 19, 2013 Reinforcement strategies are utilized to motivate employees and are essential to the success of an organization. The elements they provide to the chain of command within and organization includes productivity, retention and moral. The type of business conducted at the organization determines the strategies used. In the criminal justice system, reinforcement strategies are especially crucial because it helps keep the officers and other personnel focused on achieving goals set by the department. It is important that reinforcement strategies are continuously conceptualized and implemented to sustain employee’s disposition toward work. It is important to understand how the implementation of both positive and negative reinforcement strategies and affect an organization. Examining the strengths and shortcomings of reinforcement strategies allows managers to determine what is most effective with staff. Also, determining whether a strategy is continuous, positive, or negative can allow supervisor to understand the tools available to work with and implement them more successfully. Employee Recognition Employee recognition is a vital part of any organization as it positively promotes and influences organizational behavior. Employee motivation is an essential aspect of the working environment as well as a basic need for individuals. Rewarding employees for hard work...
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...Comparison of Control and Conflict Theories Ben Lott CJA/542 March 26, 2012 Cheryl Reyes Comparison of Social Control and Conflict Theories Social Control Theory These two theories have been open for discussion for many years, and have become two of the major theories concerning crime. These two theories examine the inner portions of crime to family environments as well as the social aspects of crime. This paper aims to compare the two theories, and by opinion choose the one that I think directly relates to crime issues in the present state. Social Control Theory touches bases relating to social norms, such as social bonding, commitment, moral values, and beliefs as to regarding why people do not commit crime while also it believe that these same portions of the theory will cause the commission of crimes. Most people view this theory as an “motivational” while dismissing the motivational evidence as a leading contributor to crime. One more prominent Social Control theorists is Travis Hirschi. According to Hirschi (1969) viewed the motivations as so “natural to human beings that no special forces were necessary to explain law-breaking” (Hirschi, 1969, pg.1). Human beings are very busy objects, and they will run wild if not controlled by some form of social control or norms to curb their behavior. Supporters of this...
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...Operant Conditioning in the Criminal Justice System Christine Morton Psychology of Criminal Behavior CCJS 461 Instructor: David Bierie June 02, 2015 There are many theories of behaviorism that started in the year of 1920 and continued through the 1950’s. Behaviorism is a scientific study of behaviors when in the midst of thinking or feeling where explanations of behaviors are the focus. The main focus is to observe behaviors with a common denominator of stimulus-response for individuals to learn. John B. Watson is remembered for his views and theories of behaviorism. The focus for his study was on the behaviors alone and not combining the mind, body, or consciousness. John B Watson had theories that were referred to as “learning through stimulus substitution.” The theory of John B Watson was to use substitution of one stimuli for another stimuli. John B Watson believed that behaviors can be trained, measured, and changed regardless of personality or traits. He was the Father of psychology. Behavioral theories are behavior observations that are brought upon by conditioning which happens through human interactions with the environment. The most famous research study done by John B Watson was the study of enabling a child to fear the white rat. This was a conditioned experiment where a loud clanging noise would emit whenever the white rat was brought into notice. Edward Thorndike is famous for his study in psychology of learning that was...
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...Effective Communication CJA/304 Communication in criminal justice setting is one of the most important components. Communication in the criminal justice system consists of Verbal and nonverbal communication. Being able to know the difference into listening and hearing while performing any type of communication makes it easier to perform any type of task while on the line of duty. Communicating and listening make formal and informal channels of communication in a criminal justice organization easier to handle and control when times of difficulties. (Rosenthal, 2002)Unfortunately, not all times communication in an organization is possible due to barriers that effect communication. Even though there are strategies that may be implemented to overcome communication barriers in criminal justice organizations not every law enforcement individual takes advantage of the help given. (Wallace & Roberson, , 2009). In the criminal justice setting verbal communication consists of verbal communication. Information is passed on through memoranda and directives. In the criminal justice system verbal communication is not just the speaking but listening portion as well, it is highly important and should be explored. In order to understand what someone is trying to tell us it takes good listening skills. Verbal or spoken communication is dependent on certain factors and cannot be secluded from interpersonal skills that involve nonverbal communication skills, listening, clarification...
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...in the coursework and not quit because they feel the work is difficult. This is a real concern, which affects completion rates if students become disinterested in some aspect of the Criminal Justice curriculum. I accomplish both of the above tasks through current assignments that demonstrates realistic work the students would experience in the Criminal Justice profession. Since the Criminal Justice field requires law enforcement personnel to present before groups and testify in court, I conduct several mock trials and realistic scenarios to acclimate the students to the expectations of Criminal Justice work. I maintain current attendance of all students, whether on-line or in-class. Maintain a syllabus for each course so the students can see and know what the objectives of the course. Ensure assignments submitted are graded within a reasonable amount of time with feedback provided so the student can better themselves if they comply with the comments given. Keep more than the required office hours and assist with Skills USA and other club obligation along with any other community service projects. Constantly providing coaching for...
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...Truancy 1 Running head: STUDENT TRUANCY Student truancy: Why should I go to school? Kevin Floress Indiana University Truancy 2 Abstract Various school personnel, parents, community members, and juvenile justice officials among others are consistently concerned with the issue of truancy in schools. Truancy highly correlates to problem behaviors such as academic failure, dropping out of school, and criminal behavior (Giacomazzi, Mueller, & Stoddard, 2006). Perhaps the most pertinent question then is: What is causing students to be truant from school and what can be done to improve school attendance? This report will begin by examining the multifaceted implications of student truancy. After a review of the far-reaching effects of truancy, research-based interventions aimed at alleviating truancies will be explored. Truancy 3 Student truancy: Why should I go to school? Introduction to Truancy Truancy defined Without explanation it is not entirely clear what is meant when a student is said to be “truant.” For purposes of clarification, it is important to distinguish the term truant from the term absent. According to Teasley (2004), absenteeism can be defined as any event when a student does not attend school. Absenteeism can be affected by any number of factors such as lack of community support, dysfunctional family life, severe weather, personal illness, family illness, physical limitations or any other reason why a student may not attend school on a given day (Teasley). Truancy...
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...Intervention 1 Focusing on Effective Intervention Brandi Steiger CRJ 201 Introduction to Criminal Justice Instructor Erick Funn February 04, 2013 Intervention 2 Focusing on Effective Intervention Effective intervention is very important when it comes to reduced reoffending. Principles of effective intervention is what psychologists developed and became organizing concepts of community corrections. The “what works” movement in corrections include four principles of the intervention which are risk principle, criminogenic need principle, treatment principle, and fidelity principle. The following paragraphs will discuss the importance and conclusioin of effective intervention. The first general principle is known as the risk principle. This includes and targets high-risk offenders. Programs usually are done with the use of risk-assessments for programs to be effective. “Once offenders’ levels of risk are known, programs can target those at the greatest risk of reoffending for the most intenstve treament” (Wright, J., 2012). Research proves that targeting low-risk offenders is less effective than targeting high-risk offenders. Based on risk level, matching treatment to intervention and treatment is the bane of corrections. As a result of an individual subjected to intensive intervention with low-risk, the offender’s behavior can worsen. Behavior can worsen when high-risk offenders and low-risk offenders are...
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...Community Corrections has been a big part of the criminal justice system. It is used as an alternative to imprisonment. The United States costs have risen in the last twenty years, these costs have come from building more jails and prisons. Policy makers needed to come up with a solution that could help cut these costs, and also stop overcrowding in prisons. Many states are on community- based corrections now. So the question is how can evidence-based practices in community corrections effectively manage offenders without compromising safety? To be able to meet this challenge it requires correction leaders to the use the most effective resources and focus on giving services that prove to reduce offender recidivism. Some examples of community corrections are parole and probation. Both systems watch convicted offenders and sometimes use the same sanctions and rehabilitation programs, but work differently. For instance, offenders on probation serve their sentencing in the community instead of being incarcerated. On the other hand, an offender on parole served time in prison but was granted to be let out in the community; due to maybe good behavior or time served expired. As policy makers now focus to have community- based corrections, probation agencies are stepping up to the plate as a leader. Probation higher ups are having the challenge to help lower these pressures by handling the growing number of offenders within the community. Instead of sending these offenders to prison...
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...1 Competing Theories of Corrections in The Criminal Justice System Nicole Yaniero AIU Online Running Head: CORRECTIONAL THEORIES 2 Abstract In today’s system, there are several competing theories for what approach should be taken to improve the correctional system. Certain strategies, such as punishment and rehabilitation, have different goals. These goals, in most cases, are different from each other. People all over prefer one strategy to the other, and compelling evidence can be brought into perspective for each. Aside form the usual, non traditional aspects and approaches to fixing the corrections system are also talked about today. This paper will discuss all elements of corrections theories, its goals, its effectiveness, and the rating of completion of academic and vocational programs offered to inmates in prison. Running Head: CORRECTIONAL THEORIES 3 Competing Theories Of Corrections In The Criminal Justice System In today’s day and age, many views and criticism take place of the Criminal Justice system. In specific, the correctional aspect of the system receives much of this criticism. There are two strategies particularly that come into play most often when speaking of corrections. These two strategies are punishment, and rehabilitation. Each of these strategies have its own set of goals and its own set of skepticisms from outsiders...
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...Final Final As we look at the juvenile justice system today, it is very different from what it once was. Juveniles today have more access to technology and other forms of electronic gadgets that have allowed them to become delinquents. Many more juveniles are committing the same type of crimes as before, but within gangs or with other juveniles. So instead of giving the juvenile some type of a “slap” on the wrist punishment that many have not learned from, the evidence has shown new ways of reinforcement approaches have worked. There are ways of dealing with young offenders that are more effective and less costly than prosecuting them as adults and imposing harsh sentences. With the "get tough" reforms from different states and legislation, many juveniles have spent a historic time in adult prisons. Now, widespread legislations are attempting to change the requirements for transferring young offenders from juvenile courts to adult criminal courts, where mandatory minimum sentences and other factors make incarceration more likely. Although many criminal juvenile courts dismiss and overlook the fact that these are juveniles, regardless of the crime committed, youth are not similar to adults in ways important to determining responsibility, such as having an under-developed ability to understand the consequences of their actions. Many juveniles are overlooked at the disabilities they may have, such as ADHD, slow learning abilities or other mental setbacks. ...
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...Preventive Programs University of Phoenix Survey of Justice and Security AJS/502 October 28, 2013 Crime Prevention and Theory, Such as Crime Prevention through Environmental Design and other Preventive Programs Criminal activity is not unplanned; it is either deliberate or opportunistic. Rendering to this philosophy, crime occurs when the activity area of a victim or objective crisscrosses within the activity area of a criminal. As crime rises a mass number of cities are requiring the implementation of crime prevention structures in the design of firsthand essential projects. Community crime prevention programs or strategies target changes in community infrastructure, culture, or the physical environment in order to reduce criminal acts. In a vast majority of cities the mythology of crime prevention embrace community watch organizations and policing, redevelopment of communities to pursue the involvement of residents, neighborhoods, churches and regional government organizations thus addressing the issues that contribute to criminal activities. One such organization is the National Crime Prevention Council which has made providing a multitude of preventive programs that include: Teens, Crime and the Community, McGruff Club, Celebrate Safe Communities among others to assist in addressing the needs and concerns of local communities. Although these programs are successful, this paper will focus on how criminal acts may be prevented through environmental design...
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...experience of linguistic borders. She writes “In childhood we are told that our language is wrong. Repeated attacks on our native tongue diminish our sense of self. The attacks continue throughout our lives” (Anzaldua p.39). Anzaldua’s experience of oppression and marginalization based on her language became the platform for social transformation in her writings. She gives us the ability to understand the depth of reach a border’s systematic oppression while humanizing and celebrating her culture and the culture of those that are marginalized as mere immigrants. Guarded and protected in such a way that social control and oppression justify the dehumanization of immigrants, the US-Mexico border primes mistreatment. Poor administration of justice and the cultural insensitivity of border patrol agents, incite the high incidence of illegal use of force. Coupled with the constant violation of the civil and human rights of those detained or deported, these factors create an atmosphere of tension and distrust that adds to the polarization between Mexicans and US residents and transients. However, despite efforts to silence injustices relating to borders, artists bring attention to the uncomfortable reality of mistreatment of migrants. Stefan Falke, a photographer of German decent found the artists of and around the border needed a voice and started a project that highlights art fueled by the oppression of the border. Falke states “I created this website for my photography project...
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...CHAPTER 1 ETHIC EXPECTATIONS Learning Objectives 2 Understand the basic concepts in ethics, business ethics, governance Understand the relationship between ethics and reputation What constitutes good ethics and good governance? Why are good ethics and good governance important? 3 Changes of ethics trends have brought to the expectation framework Public Expectation （公众的期望） 4 There has been an increasing expectations that business exists to serve the needs of both shareholders and society. Stakeholders’ support are ultimate to the success of businesses or professions to achieve their long-run strategic objectives. A Stakeholder（利益相关者） is: 5 a person, group, organization, member or system who affects or can be affected by an organization's actions. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder) MAP OF CORPORATE STAKEHOLDER ACCOUNTABILITY Shareholders Activists Employees Governments Corporation Customers Creditors Lenders Suppliers Others, including the media, who can be affected by or who can affect the achievement of the corporation’s objectives 6 Figure 1.1 Support of Stakeholders 7 Stakeholders’ support depends on the credibility(可靠 性， 可信性） that stakeholders place in corporate commitments, the corporate’s reputations and the strength of its competitive advantages. How do you get the support from stakeholders? Support of Stakeholders 8 A company’s activities should respect...
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... * 1) Prohibition * 2) Decriminalization * 3) Legalization * 4) Medicalization * 5) Harm Reduction * For Legalization: (short answer) * Policies creating more harm than drugs * Legalize so they don’t have to commit criminal acts * So many people are using it, should be legalized * Failed to reduce use and addiction * Prohibition has negative health consequences * Reduced drug price reduced violence * Crime would decrease less crowded courts and jails * Focus too much on illegal drugs focus on legal drugs * Against Legalization: * Alcohol has history of social acceptance in US * Prohibition is affective against illicit drugs * Legalization of drugs increases consumption increase in overdose and death * How come crack involves higher level of violence than cocaine if less expensive drugs results in less crime? * If legalized more people will start using drugs * Good Country Policies (essay question) * England: * Marijuana is not prescribed for medical use * Prescribe heroin for heroin addicts * Reach out to people to get treatment through the Justice System * When you want help you get help * Portugal: * Jail time replaced with treatment * People caught with small amount sent to a panel * Decriminalization decline illegal drugs, HIV, people seeking treatment...
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...Introduction The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) is the principal federal program through which the federal government sets standards for juvenile justice systems at the state and local levels. It provides direct funding for states, research, training, and technical assistance, and evaluation. The JJDPA was originally enacted in 1974 and even though the JJDPA has been revised several times over the past 30 years, its basic composition has remained the same. Since the act was passed in 1974, the JJDPA focused solitary on preventing juvenile delinquency and on rehabilitating juvenile offenders. Since the original enactment of the JJDPA in 1974, the periodic reauthorizations have been controversial, as the Act's opponents have sought to weaken its protections for youth, reduce prevention resources, and encourage the transfer of youth to the adult criminal justice system. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act follow a series of federal protections, known as the "core protections," on the care and treatment of youth in the justice system. The four "core protections" of the act are, the Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders (DSO), Sight and Sound separation, Jail Removal, and Disproportionate Minority Confinement (DMC). The "DSO" and "Sight and Sound" protections were part of the original law in 1974. The "Jail Removal" provision was added in 1980 in response to finding youth incarcerated in adult facilities resulted in "a high suicide...
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