...130 Individual Research Paper The Aztecs and the role of Human Sacrifice The Aztec was a culture that dominated the Valley of Mexico in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. All the Nahua-speaking peoples in the Valley of Mexico were Aztecs, while the culture that dominated the area was Tenochca. At the time of the European conquest, they called themselves either "Tenochca" or "Toltec," which was the name assumed by the bearers of the Classic Mesoamerican culture, stated in Manuel Aguilar-Moreno’s book, Handbook to Life in the Aztec World. Sadly, many of the Aztec didn't survive after the arrival of the Europeans. But during the earlier years, the Aztec became one of the most advanced civilizations because of their religion, war, and agriculture. The Aztecs gained an infamous reputation for their bloodthirsty human sacrifices with explicit tales of the beating heart being ripped from the still-conscious victims, decapitation, skinning and dismemberment. All of these things did happen but it is important to remember that for the Aztecs the act of sacrifice was a strictly ritualized process that gave the highest possible honor to the gods and was regarded as a necessity to ensure mankind’s continued prosperity. The Aztecs were not the first civilization in Mesoamerica to practice human sacrifice; human sacrifice was practiced to some extent by many peoples in Mesoamerica and around the world for many centuries. But it was the Aztec empire that really took the ritual to...
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...The Aztecs people of Central Mexico have been a controversial culture studied by many archeologist and anthropologist a like. The Aztec had an empire in central Mexico when the Spanish arrived in the 1500s. The Aztecs had a very controversial practice not seen in many cultures around the world and that is human sacrifice. To understand the practice of human sacrifice one must look at the reasons why the culture did such practices. There are three main ways of examining a cultural practice from a anthropological perspective. These ways are cultural relativism, ethnocentrism and critical cultural relativism. The purpose of the examining the human sacrifice the way of critical cultural relativism is the best and superior way to look at foreign...
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...what Gods influenced its peoples, and who explored it, invaded and colonized this land. It is very uncertain when we speak about the Mexica (people of Mesoamerica) people, because we know very little about them. Much of the information that has been gathered about them comes from large scale excavations, and archeological endeavors that have found ancient ruins, sculptures, temples and the like. But, the things that we do know Beltran 2 about the Mexica come from discoveries that have been well preserved, and are ranked as reliable sources of information by historians, archeologists and anthropologists. One ethnicity that has a tremendous impact in the history of Mesoamerica are the people referred to as the Aztecs, which were the Nahualt speaking people who founded and settled the...
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...Religions of Ancient Origin 22 indicative hours The focus of this study is the response of religions of ancient origin to the human search for ultimate meaning and purpose. The five religious traditions of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism are NOT to be studied. Syllabus Outcomes: P1 describes the main characteristics of religion and belief systems P2 identifies the influence of religion and belief systems on individuals and society P6 selects and uses relevant information about religion from a variety of sources P7 undertakes effective research about religion, making appropriate use of time and resources P8 uses appropriate terminology related to religion and belief systems P9 effectively communicates information, ideas and issues using appropriate written, oral and graphic forms Content: Students are to select TWO religions of ancient origin to study from the following: - Aztec or Inca or Mayan - Celtic - Nordic - Shinto - Taoism - an Indigenous religion from outside Australia |Students learn about: |Students learn to: | ...
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...Martin Feichtenschlager FORL 2150 08.06.2003 Question #1: Understanding of Amerindian/Native Americans October 11th (12th), 1492, the coast was rather quite, except for a moderate wind. The breeze was pushing the waves evermore further on the beach, slowly but surely reaching the foot of a dark-skinned native who was keeping watch along the shore. It was after midnight, as the Indians started crying out that they had seen large objects floating towards them. Soon smaller vessels with people, people not yet seen before, their skin so pale and their hair streaming with gold and some brown, was moving towards the shore. Aboard was a man, quite of stature, blond hair (wearing a hat) and a distinct nose, jumped out of the boat with two soldiers and walked towards the indigenous people. This was the first recorded meeting of the Europeans (Christopher Columbus) and the Indians of South America, the first of their kind called the Arawaks. This marked the opening of a New World and new opportunities for the Europeans, but not the Indians, for them it was mainly a disaster as was mentioned in the book Born in Blood and Fire, written by John Charles Chasteen, “Neither the Europeans’ “Old World” nor the “New World,” as they called the Americas would ever be the same afterward.” (Chasteen, pg. 29) They had somehow managed to live peacefully and resourcefully before the white man came. Life in Central and South America was socially and religiously quite simple compared to...
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...THE EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY: COMPARING COMMUNICATION METHODS OF MODERN SOCIAL NETWORKS TO RURAL INDIGENOUS GROUPS [DO NOT CITE WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE AUTHORS] 1 ABSTRACT “It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity” (Einstein 1875-1955). This quote by Albert Einstein shows the vast technology changes experienced by humanity. The early indigenous tribes and groups had developed systems of communication and networks to conduct their daily activities (ie. trade, etc) with the use of technological resources which were far inferior compared to modern day. They created social networks to communicate and share common interests during their interactions. A social network defined is a social structure that encompasses individuals and organizations who become connected through sharing of common interests, for example in friendship, beliefs, knowledge, etc. In the modern era, post 1950s, humankind had begun to see a sharp climb in technology uses to ease daily tasks and activities. They created a social structure such that much of the interaction and creation of social networks revolves around the use of technology as a resource. Technology in the modern era has begun to be viewed as a means of effective communication and function for a majority of individuals. The comparison between rural indigenous groups of the past and the modern era communication methods can be studied to see whether technology has increased level of communication. ...
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...“Historical anthropologists used to believe the Maya were a peaceful people, who warred upon one another rarely if at all, preferring instead to dedicate themselves to astronomy, building and other non-violent pursuits” (ancient Maya:war and warfare). In some cases a city might capture others for sacrificial purposes. These sacrifices would range from a blood sacrifice to one for the gods. The Mayan code was cracked and scientists found out that the Mayans were intelligent but they were also warriors. The reason people thought they were only intelligent was because we didn't understand there language which meant we could only access them by their unique buildings and there many inventions that point to the fact that they were ahead of their time. Recent advances in the interpretation of stonework at Maya sites has changed that. The Maya are now considered a very violent society. Wars and warfare were important to the Maya for a variety of reasons, including domination of neighboring city-states, prestige and capture of prisoners for slaves and sacrifices. Anthropologists concluded that warfare was key to the Mayans because of the capture of prisoners for slaves and sacrifices also other reasons including dominating neighboring cities (ancient Maya:war and warfare). Even though the...
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...Culture.” Abstract This essay focuses on the religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Mayan civilization that spanned from the borders of present day Honduras up to Mexico, but which only a certain amount is truly known. The principal reason why I chose to focus on these people was to challenge myself to try and gain a greater understanding of why they engaged in such strange rituals as bloodletting and even human sacrifice? What prompted them to commit such acts? I proposed that the performance of these actions, as they seemed to be so entwined with their culture, must have had something to do with their religious beliefs but which ones exactly, and how did they originate? It was with this in mind that I conducted an investigation into the sacrificial blood rituals of Maya culture. Thus, from conducting library based research - using books, Encyclopedias and the Internet - I found out that the Mayans had created for themselves a complex Creation Myth and pantheon of gods. It was to supposedly sustain these gods, who were constantly fighting against one another, that the Mayan conducted bloodletting and human sacrifices, believing that in return the gods would provide them the water needed to grow their maize. The gods, replenished by this blood, were able to maintain the harmony of the universe by preventing any one group of gods from becoming too dominant. How many of these sacrifices were voluntary, or were people picked randomly or slaves forced...
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...They became greatly invested in the attainment of gold from the region and the indigenous, particularly from one of the largest native civilizations, the Aztecs; this large group of people was ruled by a man, Montezuma, who was frequently pressured by a conquistador leader, Hernan Cortes, to release large quantities of gold to the Spanish. Despite Montezuma’s generosity and desire for peace, Cortes, with the help of neighboring indigenous tribes, prevented incoming supplies to the capital, and many of the people within the capitol—now present day Mexico City—died of starvation or illness. The conquistadores captured Montezuma and the Aztec capitol in 1521 (“Mexico,”...
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...Mga Piling Linya sa Tula na Ginamitan ng Tayutay 1. Animang Pantig •Kung ano ang buhay, siyang kamatayan... Ang hirap ko’y alam ng iyong kariktan tapatin mo lamang yaring karaingan At bigyan ng buhay, ang pag-asang patay! --Oksimoron (www.tagaloglang.com) •Siya ang berdugo Na bahid ng dugo Hawak ay gatilyo Dugo’y kumukulo. --Metapora Berdugo ni Greg Bituin •Palaman ko ay margarin Kaya malinamnam ito Para akong nasa bangin Ng paglayang pangarap ko. --Simile Pandesal ni Greg Butuin 2. Waluhang Pantig •Ang pag-ibig ko sa iyo ay lansones na malasa Ganyan din ang pagsinta mong may lamukot na ligaya. --Metapora Parang Buto ng Lansones •Ngunit ang suyuang iyan kapag naging paglililo Parang buto ng lansones sa sinumpang paraiso! --Simile Parang Buto ng Lansones •Bawat hukay, bawat libing Ay isa lang pintong bukas Na patungo sa lupaing Maligaya't walang wakas. --Sinekdoke Bawat Hukay (http://panitikan.hostingsiteforfree.com/criticism/mulasatradisyontungosakongregasyon.htm) 3. Labindalawahing Pantig •May isang lupain sa dakong silangan Na nag-aalaga ay sikat ng araw kaya napatanyag ay sa kagandahan at napabalita sa magandang asal. --Hyperbole (Panitikang Pambata) •Habang nagduruyan ang buwang ninikat sa lundo ng kanyang sinutlang liwanag, isakay mo ako gabing mapamihag sa mga pakpak mong humahalimuyak. --Apostrope (Panitikang Pambata) •Ang puso'y lumukso sa pagkakakita nitong bahagharing pagkaganda-ganda. --Personipikasyon (Panitikang...
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...AP World History Survival Guide Name ________________________________ Teacher __________________________ Block _________________ Table of Contents | Pages | AP World History Overview | 3 – 7 | The AP Exam | 3 | World Regions | 4 – 5 | Five Course Themes | 6 | Four Historical Thinking Skills | 7 | Essays Overview | 8 - 15 | Document-based Question (DBQ) | 8 – 12 | Change and Continuity over Time (CCOT) | 13 – 15 | Comparative Essay | 16 – 18 | Released Free Response Questions | 19 – 20 | AP Curriculum Framework | 21 – 38 | Period 1 (Up to 600 B.C.E.)—5% | 21 – 22 | Period 2 (600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.)—15% | 23 – 25 | Period 3 (600 to 1450)—20% | 26 – 28 | Period 4 (1450 to 1750)—20% | 29 – 31 | Period 5 (1750 to 1900)—20% | 32 – 35 | Period 6 (1900 to the present)—20% | 36 – 38 | Help with Some Confusing Subjects | 39 – 43 | Chinese Dynasties | 39 | Political, Economic, and Social Systems | 40 | Religions | 41 | Primary Sources | 42 | “Must Know” Years | 43 | * Many of the guidelines in this study packet are adapted from the AP World History Course Description, developed by College Board. The AP Exam Purchasing and taking the AP World History exam are requirements of the course. This year, the AP World History exam will be administered on: ___________________________________________ Format I. Multiple...
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...AP World History Survival Guide Name ________________________________ Teacher __________________________ Block _________________ Table of Contents | Pages | AP World History Overview | 3 – 7 | The AP Exam | 3 | World Regions | 4 – 5 | Five Course Themes | 6 | Four Historical Thinking Skills | 7 | Essays Overview | 8 - 15 | Document-based Question (DBQ) | 8 – 12 | Change and Continuity over Time (CCOT) | 13 – 15 | Comparative Essay | 16 – 18 | Released Free Response Questions | 19 – 20 | AP Curriculum Framework | 21 – 38 | Period 1 (Up to 600 B.C.E.)—5% | 21 – 22 | Period 2 (600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.)—15% | 23 – 25 | Period 3 (600 to 1450)—20% | 26 – 28 | Period 4 (1450 to 1750)—20% | 29 – 31 | Period 5 (1750 to 1900)—20% | 32 – 35 | Period 6 (1900 to the present)—20% | 36 – 38 | Help with Some Confusing Subjects | 39 – 43 | Chinese Dynasties | 39 | Political, Economic, and Social Systems | 40 | Religions | 41 | Primary Sources | 42 | “Must Know” Years | 43 | * Many of the guidelines in this study packet are adapted from the AP World History Course Description, developed by College Board. The AP Exam Purchasing and taking the AP World History exam are requirements of the course. This year, the AP World History exam will be administered on: ___________________________________________ Format I. Multiple...
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...diseases and allowed families to survive (Brands, 2012, p. 5). Another pre-colonization culture was the Plains Indians. This particular culture survived by using a combination of hunting, gathering, and farming. This development led to the establishment of villages near river valleys that assisted in the influx of population. The conditions in which the lived were optimal for multi-generation survival (Brands, 2012, p. 7). A third American Indian culture that thrived prior to colonization was the Aztecs. They were able to build enormous cities with complex governments, ruled by aggressive men. The Aztecs successfully developed their own hieroglyphic writing as well as a genuine solar calendar. Over time they conquered a great number of foes across the Valley of Mexico and participated in the practice of human sacrifice, which aligned with the maintenance of their crops. They considered human blood to be quite powerful and extremely useful in satisfying their gods. The development of the Aztec society left the Spanish in awe when they arrived (Brands, 2012, p. 7-9). | 2) The effects of British colonization on the Native Americans. | 1607- 1700 | The effects of British colonization were both great and many. The British brought with them many fatal diseases, which the...
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...WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS Western Civilization HMS 301 1 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS Main Topics The Black Death The Effects of the Black Death The Rise of Constitutional Monarchy The Hundred Years’ War The Decline of the Church The Renaissance Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Italian Renaissance Humanism Machiavelli and Power Politics Leonardo Da Vinci Global Travel and Trade The African Cultural Heritage West African Kingdoms The Europeans in Africa Native American Cultures Maya Civilization The Empires of the Incas and the Aztecs The Spanish in the Americas and the Aftermath of Their Conquest The Impact of Technology Christian Humanism and the Northern Renaissance Luther and the Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism The Catholic Reformation 2 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte The Industrial Revolution Advancing Industrialism Colonialism China and the West Social and Economic Realities Nineteenth-Century Social Theory: conservatism, liberalism & socialism The Radical View of Marx and Engels Picasso and the Birth of Cubism Futurism, Fauvism and Non Objective Art The Birth of Motion Pictures Freud and the Psyche Total War and Totalitarianism The First World War The Russian Revolution Nazi Totalitarianism The Second World War Identity and Liberation: Gandhi, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X 3 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The Black Death ...
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...ENGINEERING ETHICS SENSES OF ‘ENGINEERING ETHICS’ The word ethics has different meanings but they are correspondingly related to each other. In connection with that, Engineering ethics has also various senses which are related to one another. Comparison of the senses of Ethics and Engineering Ethics Ethics 1. Ethics is an activity which concerns with making investigations and knowing about moral values, finding solutions to moral issues and justifying moral issues and justifying moral judgments. 2. Ethics is a means of contrasting moral questions from non-moral problems. 3. Ethics is also used as a means of describing the beliefs, attitudes and habits related to an individual’s or group’s morality. Eg. : Ethics given in the Bhagavat Gita or the Bible or the Quran. 4. As per the definition of dictionaries – ‘moral principles’ is about the actions and principles of conduct of the people. i.e. ethical or unethical. Engineering Ethics 1. Like the ethics, engineering ethics also aims at knowing moral values related to engineering, finding accurate solutions to the moral problems in engineering and justifying moral judgments of engineering. 2. Engineering Ethics gives a total view of the moral problems and how to solve these issues specifically related to engineering field. 3. Engineering ethics is also using some currently accepted codes and standards which are to be followed by group of engineers and engineering societies. 4. Engineering ethics...
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