...Expectations of an Ingroup: interactions within ingroups and how they punish deviant members Abstract Ingroup and outgroups in society view punishment of members differently, ingroups especially. The variables in this study were the group in which the offender belonged to and the writing task. In the study there were 6 male and 27 female psychology students they participated to aid in writing their research paper. Participants read a fictional scenario and were then asked to determine a fine and answer four questions that judged fairness and justice. The hypothesis was that the ingroup would judge deviant ingroup members higher on a retributive justice scale and give them a higher fine. The results of this study showed that when it came to justice the ingroup rated deviant ingroup members lower then the outgroup but created a higher fine. Expectations of an Ingroup: interactions within ingroups and how they punish deviant members In society people are divided into two groups the ingroup and the outgroup both Social Identity Theory and the Black Sheep Effect deal with the idea of these two types of groups. Social Identity Theory is the expectation the ingroup offenders would be treated less harsh than outgroup offenders (Gollwitzer & Keller, 2010). While the Black Sheep Effect states that people see unlikable ingroup members more adversely than unlikeable outgroup members (van Prooijen & Lam, 2007). The theory that these two support is that ingroup members judge deviant...
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...[pic] [pic] IST COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE B.Sc. in Psychology Level 1 Academic Year: 2012-2013 Module: Research Methods Lab Report 4 The effect of Word Processing on Memory ability Tutor: Mary Christopoulou Student: Panagiotis Moschonas Submission Date: 25/3/13 The effect of Word Processing on Memory ability Many researchers have done experiments or had conducted studies about the memory and our ability to storage information inside our brain and recall them when we need them. We divide our memory in three “pieces” the short-term memory and the long-term memory and the sensory memory. This memory model was explained by the researchers Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968. First is the sensory memory, it can memorize things only for a few seconds. The visual system possesses iconic memory for visual stimuli like the shape, the size and the color of an object. Second is the short-term memory, in this case we can store some information for a longer period so that we can be able to use them for example we can memorize a telephone number long enough to dial it and use it, after...
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...Cognitive psychology Mann, Vrij and Bull Aim: To investigate the difference between lying in real life setting and in an experimental situation. Participant group: * 16 suspects; 13 males and 3 females. * 15 Caucasians, 1 Asian * Theft, arson, attempted rape and murder Research method: * Quasi experiment. * Independent Variable: where the police was telling the truth or lying. Data collection process: * By watching an hour long video consisting of clips of 16 suspects telling truth and lies. Type of data collected: * Quantitative data was collected. * Hour-Long video consisting clips of 16 suspects. * 27truth / 38lies. 65 total clips that varied in length. Results: * Behaviors: * Pauses * Head movement LOFTUS and PICKRELL Aim: * To understand how we become tricked about a revised data of what we witnessed Participant group: * 24 participants went to the lab with a close family member. * 3 males and 21 females (aged between 18-53) Research method: * Laboratory Experiment Data collection: * They collected a lot of personal information about these participants, which makes it QUALITATIVE * They compared the amount of people who recalled False memos, which makes it QUANTITATIVE Special material: * 5 page booklet with instructions * 4 short stories of events their relative explained * 3 lies and 1 truth Results: * Out of 72 true stories only...
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...Research Proposal for the Application of Positive Psychology in Training Trainers Introduction Schooling for a number of is a far accomplishment venture. In its most central appearance in America, a individual is expectant to go to at least 12 years of education. Conventional student depart the instructive organization in their belatedly adolescences and either get on an didactic or vocation path, but still as grown-ups they meet many chance for education. University bound scholars choose for at least four or additional years at the university, while others look for work. Many businesses employ company instructors or Human Resources to carry out small training actions in the form of courses or career skills education. Even today’s jobless grown-ups are uncovered to edifying chances in local service place of work or from community support agencies. “In any of these face to face scenarios, a trainer, teacher or facilitator is needed. The trainer’s role in educating adults can encompass many different areas including encouraging growth, assisting adults with problems, preparing adults for current or future work activities or assisting organizations with achieving change” (Caffarella, 2002). Instructors are observation by agenda contributor as topic substance specialist. As such, the teachers has a liability to make a knowledge setting that will make sure accomplishment for grown-up student. Coaches should also be recognizable with chief ideology of grown-up education...
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...Support Material GCE Psychology OCR Advanced GCE in Psychology: H568 Unit: G544 This Support Material booklet is designed to accompany the OCR Advanced GCE specification in Psychology for teaching from September 2008. Contents Contents 2 Introduction 3 Scheme of Work - Psychology : H568 : G544 5 Lesson Plans - Psychology : H568 : G544 27 Other forms of Support 35 Introduction Background A new structure of assessment for A Level has been introduced, for first teaching from September 2008. Some of the changes include: • The introduction of stretch and challenge (including the new A* grade at A2) – to ensure that every young person has the opportunity to reach their full potential • The reduction or removal of coursework components for many qualifications – to lessen the volume of marking for teachers • A reduction in the number of units for many qualifications – to lessen the amount of assessment for learners • Amendments to the content of specifications – to ensure that content is up-to-date and relevant. OCR has produced an overview document, which summarises the changes to Psychology. This can be found at www.ocr.org.uk, along with the new specification. In order to help you plan effectively for the implementation of the new specification...
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...Course Syllabus PSYC 101 General Psychology Course Description Introduction to psychology as a scientific discipline concerned with the study of behavior. Consideration will be given to such topics as human development, motivation, emotion, perception, learning, personality, intelligence, measurement, and applied areas. Rationale This course is a broad general overview of the many different areas covered within the field of psychology. It introduces students to the way psychology affects them as a person as well as its ability to help us understand, predict, and control behavior for the betterment of people. It is offered as a general education course because of its impact on our society through the research that is being conducted and the theories that are being presented. This course will study secular aspects of psychology; however, the major emphasis will connect the Christian worldview as the absolute guideline for our psychological decisions in life. I. Prerequisites None II. Required Resource Purchase Myers, D.G. (2010). Psychology (9th ed.) New York, NY: Worth Publishers. ISBN: 9781429251259 (When you order this text from MBS Direct, it will also contain the PsychSim 5.0 CD, a study guide, and booklet. Please note that this is a secular text and you may not agree with all of the views expressed in the text. Liberty strives to provide a well-rounded education for our students that will include secular views...
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...The relationship between risk-adverse and risk-seeking in the framing effect Nina Lesani Douglas College 300065965 Dr. Hajera Rostam Psychology 1200-003 July 10 th, 2014 Relationship between risk-adverse and risk-seeking in the framing effect The way information is presented can greatly impact one’s judgments and decisions on the received information. For instance, the presentation of a cancer treatment in terms of mortality or survival may significantly influence one’s decision whether or not to accept the treatment. It’s important, therefore, to understand the processes behind people’s susceptibility to information presentation and how this may influence their judgements and decisions. The presentation of ideas in different manners influences the way the audience perceives the idea and this phenomenon is called “framing”, as introduced by Tversky and Kahneman (1981), who specifically studied its effects in the decision making preferences of people. The framing effect, such as the one found in the Asian disease problem, is often explained by using Tversky and Kahnman’s (1979) prospect theory. This theory is based on the idea that people value gains and losses differently, and, as such, will base their decisions on perceived gains rather than perceived avoided losses. Thus, if a person were given two equal choices, one expressed in terms of possible gains and the other in possible avoided losses, people would choose the former; even if both achieve the same end results...
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...Cambridge TECHNICALS OCR LEVEL 3 CAMBRIDGE TECHNICAL CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES FOR HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE A/601/2404 LEVEL 3 UNIT 7 GUIDED LEARNING HOURS: 30 UNIT CREDIT VALUE: 5 PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES FOR HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE A/601/2404 LEVEL 3 UNIT 7 AIM OF THE UNIT Psychology is the study of the human mind and behaviour. This unit aims to explain the reasons people do the things they do when it comes to health and wellbeing. The mind and the body are interlinked, e.g. stress caused by daily hassles or lifestyle can have a detrimental effect on the body’s immune system and can lead to serious illness. Psychologists have given us many ways to explain human behaviour and this unit is designed to enable learners to apply what they have learnt to their own practice; from helping people overcome emotional problems to dealing with challenging behaviours. The knowledge and understanding gained throughout the unit will benefit all those who work with others, be it people who use services, their friends and family, and other professionals. A wide range of perspectives is covered which can then be applied to many different health and social care settings. The behaviourists and social learning theorists can help to explain how health related behaviours are learnt as well as ways to teach new behaviours to people who use services. The humanists, on the other hand, provide us with a set of guidelines for working with...
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...Copyright 1998 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0022-3514V98/S3.00 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology IW8, Vol. 74, No. 4, 865-877 The Relation Between Perception and Behavior, or How to Win a Game of Trivial Pursuit Ap Dijksterhuis and Ad van Knippenberg University of Nijmegen The authors tested and confirmed the hypothesis that priming a stereotype or trait leads to complex overt behavior in line with this activated stereotype or trait. Specifically, 4 experiments established that priming the stereotype of professors or the trait intelligent enhanced participants' performance on a scale measuring general knowledge. Also, priming the stereotype of soccer hooligans or the trait stupid reduced participants' performance on a general knowledge scale. Results of the experiments revealed (a) that prolonged priming leads to more pronounced behavioral effects and (b) that there is no sign of decay of the effects for at least 15 min. The authors explain their results by claiming that perception has a direct and pervasive impact on overt behavior (cf. J. A. Bargh, M. Chen, & L. Burrows, 1996). Implications for human social behavior are discussed. behavior in line with the activated constructs (see also Carver, Ganellen, Froming, & Chambers, 1983; Neuberg, 1988). For example, priming participants with the stereotype of the elderly made participants walk more slowly than participants who were not primed (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996, Experiment...
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...seen in dreams and imaginations. This study about color and psychological functioning developed various studies that focused mostly on physics, physiology, and psychology of color (as cited in Elliot, Friedman, Maier, Meinhardt, 2007). The differences of these studies show that there are no presence...
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...Tests Situational judgment tests (SJTs) are a type of psychological test, which present the test-taker with realistic, hypothetical scenarios and ask the individual to identify the most appropriate response or to rank the responses in the order they feel is most effective. SJTs can be presented to test-takers through a variety of modules, such as booklets, films, or audio recordings. SJTs represent a distinct psychometric approach from the common knowledge-based multiple choice item. They are often used in industrial-organizational psychology applications such as personnel selection. Situational judgment tests tend to determine behavioral tendencies, assessing how an individual will behave in a certain situation, and knowledge instruction, which evaluates the effectiveness of possible responses. Situational judgment tests could also reinforce the status quo with an organization. Unlike most psychological tests SJTs are not acquired 'off-the-shelf', but are in fact designed as a bespoke tool, tailor-made to suit the individual role requirements. This is because SJTs are not a type of test with respect to their content, but are a method of designing tests. Developing a situational judgment test begins with conducting a job analysis that includes collecting critical incidents. These critical incidents are used to develop different situations where the judgment of the prospective new hire would need to make a decision. Once these situations are developed, subject matter experts are...
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...Planning a Career in Psychology A Canadian Perspective for University Bound and Beginning University Students CANADIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS Planning a Career in Psychology A Canadian Perspective for University Bound and Beginning University Students Marvin L. Simner, Ph.D. Address correspondence to: Canadian Psychological Association 141 Ave Laurier West, Suite 702, Ottawa, ON K1P 5J3 © Marvin L. Simner, 2009. All rights reserved/tous droits réservés Published by the Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa, Ontario Copies may be ordered from Canadian Psychological Association 141, Ave Laurier West, Suite 702 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5J3 Phone: (613) 237-2144 Fax: (613) 237-1674 ISBN N°. 978-1-926793-01-6 Planning a Career in Psychology: A Canadian Perspective for University Bound and Beginning University Students Marvin L. Simner CONTENTS Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Subfields of Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Is Psychology the Right Choice for Me? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 How to Become a Professional Psychologist . . . . . . . . . . 8 Occupational Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 How to Succeed in University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Recommended Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...behaviour . The term sample of behaviour refers to an individual s performance on tasks that have usually been prescribed beforehand. The samples of behaviour that make up a paper and pencil test, the most common type of test, are a series of items. Performances on these items produce a test score. A score on a well constructed test is believed to reflect a psychological construct such as achievement in a school subject , cognitive ability , aptitude, emotional functioning, personality , etc. differences in test scores are thought to reflect individual differences in the construct the test is meant to measure. The technical term for the science behind this is psychometrics. Proper psychological testing is conducted after vigorous research and development. Proper testing should include the following : 1. Standardisation : All procedures and steps must be conducted with consistency and under the...
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.... . . . . . . . . . assessment report Administration Practices for Standardized Assessments . . Sasha Zucker With assistance from: Margarita Galindo Elaine Grainger Nancy Severance . . . . . . . . April 2004 Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. Pearson and the Pearson logo are trademarks of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). . . . . . . . . . ASSESSMENT REPORT Administration Practices for Standardized Assessments Administration Practices for Standardized Assessments Note: This report is based on “Appropriate Administration Practices with Standardized Tests” published in Testing Information Bulletin No. 3 by Harcourt Brace Educational Measurement, June 1996. Introduction Pearson Inc. (Pearson) develops and distributes a variety of assessments for educational and clinical purposes. To meet the goal of producing highly valid, reliable results for test users, each of these products is developed according to strict guidelines. For standardized tests, the way in which the test is administered is equally important. By carefully adhering to administration practices, a test user can contribute to the validity and reliability of each student’s results. Moreover, following appropriate administration practices satisfies widely accepted ethical standards and codes of responsibilities required for test administrators. This report discusses general and documented administration practices...
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...Team C Final Paper - Weight Watchers Bethany Deecken, Debbie Duncan, Lisa Ivey, Tina Rakes, Leandra Steele, Thomas Van Horn SCI 220 / Human Nutrition University of Phoenix Weight Watchers Weight Watchers is one of the oldest diet programs in America. In the early 1960’s, their founder Jean Nidetch began inviting friends into her Queens home once a week to discuss how best to lose weight. Today, that group of friends has grown to millions of men and women around the world who use the services and products offered by Weight Watchers to lose their unwanted pounds. The program helps inform people about how to live a healthy and prosperous life by teaching them not only about physical fitness, but about mental and emotional fitness as well. Weight Watchers Philosophy According to Weight Watchers, their philosophy has always been that dieting is just one part of long term weight management. A healthy body results from a healthy lifestyle. This means being not only physically fit, but also mentally and emotionally fit as well. Weight Watchers provides information, tools and knowledge to help you make healthy decisions about eating. This program works by the philosophy that the person who wants to lose weight should eat whatever he/she likes without sacrificing any of their favorite foods, or missing any of their meals. According to Weight Watchers, if we do not eat for a long period of time, any of the unused food is stored for “emergency” use, where the body stores...
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