...It is routinely theorised that one of our most imperative automatic functions, sleep, has two prime purposes: restoring our bodies and minds, allowing us to rest and absorb the information that we have processed throughout our day, and aiding us in our continued survival, allowing us to be awake, alert, and able to avoid and survive potential threats. The first of these subcategories, Restoration theories, deals with such topics as reprogramming, problem solving, and wish fulfilment, and how they pertain to the refreshment of our mental and physical faculties. The first of these concepts, aptly named Restoration Theory, postulated by Oswald (1966), states that sleep is used primarily for bodily repair and the repletion of our energy reserves,...
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...basis of the evolutionary theory is that animals sleep because it serves some adaptive function. The notion of the adaptive nature of sleep comes from the theory of evolution. The idea is that any behaviour that has continued into an animal’s gene pool must have been naturally selected because it has, in some way, aided the survival and reproduction of the animal that possesses that characteristic. One explanation of sleep that the evolutionary theory proposes is that it helps to conserve energy, particularly in warm blooded animals such as mammals which use a considerable amount of energy to maintain their body temperature - This especially true from animals with high metabolic rates such as mice. According to the theory, sleep provides a period of enforced inactivity to conserve energy which Webb explained as the Hibernation Theory of sleep. It is important when thinking about the function of sleep to distinguish between the two different types of sleep, core sleep and other types of sleep. The two main types of core sleep are slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM sleep. It is possible that they both serve a different purpose. Research has shown that energy is only conserved in NREM sleep because the brain is relatively active in REM sleep which suggests that only NREM sleep has evolved for energy conservation. More primitive animals such as reptiles only have NREM sleep, supporting the idea that NREM sleep evolved first for energy conservation and REM sleep evolved later to maintain...
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...definition of terms. Background of the Study Sleep is an integrated part of human health and life and is crucial for learning, performance, and physical and mental health. Sleep deprivation is a serious problem facing individuals in many critical societal roles. It is the condition of not having enough sleep; it can be either chronic or acute. A chronic sleep restricted state can cause fatigue, daytime sleepiness, clumsiness and weight loss or weight gain. It adversely affects the brain and cognitive function. Few studies have compared the effects of acute total sleep deprivation and chronic partial sleep restriction. Complete absence of sleep over long periods is impossible for humans to achieve (unless they suffer from fatal familial insomnia); brief micro sleeps cannot be avoided. A National Sleep Foundation survey found that college/university-aged students get an average of 6.7 hours of sleep each night. Sleep deprivation is common in first year college students as they adjust to the stress and social activities of college life. A study performed by the Department of Psychology at the National Chung Cheng University in Taiwan concluded that freshmen received the shortest amount of sleep during the week. In 1997 the University of Minnesota did research that compared students who went to school at 7:15 am and those who went to school at 8:40 am. They found that students who went to school at 8:40 got higher grades and more sleep on weekday nights. One in four U.S. high school...
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...saw the creature falling above turn into a thousand little daisys. At that moment I woke up. In Pyschology, when dealing with dreams, there are theories that pyschologists go by to interpret and give meaning to our thoughts that go on at night. The three main theories are evolutionary circadian theory which deals with part of circadian rhyths, sleep evolved to conserve energy and to serve as protection from predators. The second one is repair/restoration theory which is sleep that serves a recuperative function, allowing organisms to repair or replenish key factors. The last is Information Consolidation Theory of Sleep which means based on cognitive research and suggests that people sleep in order to process information that has been acquired during the day Based on the theories above, the theory that best supports my dream would by the information consolidation theory. It was clearly a night-terror where i wasn't able to gain control of the situation and gain conscience. Thinking back to that day, i had read an article about a murder about a young girl. It might have been related to the helplessness that i felt in my dream where no matter how hard i faught to get away i had absolutly no power at all. After learning the basics that are involved with disecting a dream in pyschology, i was able to understand that while you sleep, you have random thoughts relating to the previous day spiratically going through your head that might trigger numous thoughts relating to those thoughts...
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...Describe and evaluate research into circadian rhythms (8+16) Research into circadian rhythms has assessed the effects of isolating participants from external time cues (exogenous zeitgebers) on our 24 hour cycles, and suggesting that an internal body clock (endogenous pacemaker) creates a free running sleep/wake cycle rhythm of 25 hours. Siffre (1975) * Case study of his own experiences in an underground cave for 2 months. Without any exogenous zeitgebers such as light or cues to guide him, his sleep/wake cycle generally adjusted to a 25 hour cycle, though sometimes changing dramatically up to 48 hours. Aschoff and Weaver (1976) * Designed a temporal isolation study by placing participants in an underground ww2 bunker without an environmental or time cues. * They found that the free running cycle persisted with a sleep wake cycle of 25 hours, sometimes increasing to 29. Weakness into research of circadian rhythms * Lack internal validity. * They removed natural light sources, artificial light from torches and cameras have been shown to reset the endogenous rhythms, thus interfering as an extraneous variable. Exemplified through Czeisler et al (1999) * Altered participants’ circadian rhythms down to 22 hours and up to 28 only using dim lighting to alter his release of melatonin from the pineal gland. * Findings do not reflect true isolation and have lower internal validity, so his rhythm may not have adjusted so well if he had been truly...
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...important aspect for strengthening our memories. *Sleep Deprivation - This is caused by exogenous zeitgebers. Exogenous are the external influences that create an impact on our internal regulations of the body. The environmental factors disturbs circadian rhythms, for example, shift work, jet lag, age and ageing. Sleep deprivation is just the way life is for many of us. Having to miss one night of sleep may affect our mood, the way we behave, our mental well-being but sometimes we don’t even realise it. We need to sleep to be able to cognitively function: memory and recognition. *Strengths - Very scientifically proven *Weaknesses - Reductionism 2. A) Explain EITHER the Restoration Theory or Wish fulfilment...
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...Background of the Study Sleep is a physiological need. It is a way to rest our body from fatigue. Hence, adequate sleep is a biological necessity, not a luxury, for the normal functioning of humans. Good mental and physical health depends on maintenance of adequate sleep. College experience is of great value in providing emerging adults with a structured environment in which they can gain knowledge, skills and independence to chart their own path, become successfully employed and contribute to society. For most students, the college environment is full of new living and social experiences, new freedom from parental supervision and new academic demands. In this situations, most often than not, adequate sleep is neglected. According to poll conducted by the National Sleep Foundation (2000) potential obstacle to maximizing success in college is the high prevalence of daytime sleepiness, sleep deprivation, sleep disturbances and irregular sleep schedules among college students. Daytime sleepiness is a major problem, exhibited by 50% of college students compared to 36% of adolescents and adults. At least 3 days a week, 60% of college students report that they are dragging, tired and sleepy. Sleep deprivation is defined as obtaining inadequate sleep to support adequate daytime alertness. How much sleep a young adult needs is known to be eight (8) hours. Most college students are sleep deprived, as 70.6% of students report obtaining less than 8 hours of sleep. Sleepiness is defined...
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...PURPOSELY INDUCED ASC * Consumed substance that slows or depresses the brain and nervous system * Can: impair memory, motor skills, affect emotional responses ect… Define: Hypothetical construct/Psychological – Something we believe exists but cannot be directly measured. INDICATORS OF AN ASC: Physiological (Bodily) * Heart rate (ECG) - may increase during certain ASC involving arousal, but generally will decrease - Eg. Sleeping, meditating * Body temp – Doesn’t change much, but drops about 1 degree whilst sleeping, if it rises too much, resulting in a fever, an ASC may be induced * Galvanic skin response – Indicates skins level of arousal by measuring electrical conductivity - Eg. LOW arousal during sleep,...
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...meta cognition- thinking about thinking. The 5 levels of consciousness: Higher-level- highly focused; selective attention Lower-level- automatic processes; little attention, daydreaming Altered States- trauma, drugs, fear, fatigue, meditation, prayer biorhythms- are periodic physiological fluctuations in the body. Circadian rhythms- daily behavioral or physiological cycles (exs: sleep/wake, body temp, blood sugar, and blood pressure). Why we need sleep: For physical restoration, adaptation, growth, and memory. What it does for us: Sleep rests the body and mind. The effects of chronic sleep deprivation: Have trouble paying attention to tasks and solving problems, decreases brain activity. The 5 stages of sleep: Stage 1: drowsy sleep; myoclanic jerk; (theta waves) Stage 2: Muscle activity decreases Stage 3 & 4: delta waves; deep sleep Stage 5: (REM) dreaming occurs (Rapid Eye Movement) Major sleep disorders: insomnia- inability to sleep Nightmares- occur during REM Night Terrors- occur in kids, during stage 4 Narcolepsy- sudden urge to sleep Sleep Apnea- stop breathing during sleep Psychoactive drugs- act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions and change moods. Tolerance- the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect physical dependence- the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawl (symptoms like physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued) psychological dependence-...
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...The loss-oriented processes are related to experiencing the intrusions of grief and processing their loss; while the restoration-oriented processes addressed discovering ways to recognize changes in their life and integrating the death of their loved one into their “new life” (Stroebe & Shchut, 1999). Neimeyer (2001) posited the central process in grieving revolved around meaning reconstruction. In other words, redefining the bereaved individual’s world after a devastating loss by redefining who he/she is without his/her loved one (Neimyer, 2001). This is imperative for individuals who have lost a child considering their identity is partially defined by being a parent (Neimyer,...
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...SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS UNDER THE PROGRAM B.S. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SAN JOSE-RECOLETOS, ------------------------------------------------- S.Y. 2015-2016 A Research Presented to Engr. Nera Mae Puyo University of San Jose-Recoletos ------------------------------------------------- In Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of IE 22A Angelei Mae R. Cape Lyndrian Shalom R. Baclayon Marc Lou S. Varquez ------------------------------------------------- Jan Kyle A. Lastimosa March 2016 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Rationale Sleep deprivation occurs when a person fails to get enough sleep (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2008). The amount of sleep a person is required to get varies. Some people can function even if they sleep below the recommended amount of sleep; however this is only a rare case and is only applicable to a handful of people. The recommended amount of sleep depends on the age group of each person, with toddlers and children needing 9 hours, teens and young adults alike need 7 to 9 hours. There are many possible causes as to why people lack sleep. It could either be external or internal causes. Internal problems in your body may cause you to lack sleep, such as illnesses, sleep disorders, and taking certain medications. External causes are the things that may influence you to lack sleep, like personal choice, work, poor sleeping hygiene, disturbances in your sleeping environment...
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...Running head: Family Health Assessment Family Health Assessment Teresa A. Harris Grand Canyon University NRS 429V Family Health Promotion June 2, 2011 Family Health Assessment I had the pleasure of interviewing an interesting young couple with an eight year-old daughter who were all very willing to answer my questions openly and honest. The following areas were addressed. Health Perception & Management: The possibility of delays due to her prematurity is what Mom worries most about. She answered “no” when I asked whether or not she allowed smoking in her home and “yes” when I asked it she felt that her health practices contribute to her child’s health. Nutrition: Dinner for this family usually consists of a vegetarian protein replacement, a green vegetable, a starch and water. Sitting down at the dinner table together is a priority. The usual packed lunch contains a sandwich, fruit, vegetable, and water or juice. Elimination: There are no problems with constipation in this family. All three members are able to have a bowel movement in a bathroom other than their own. When asked if Mom or Dad take time to relax in the bathroom if need be, the answer was “yes.” Exercise: The adults in this household do not feel that they prioritize exercise as much as they should, although they do encourage their daughter to participate in organized sports. Mom stated that lack of exercise contributes to childhood obesity and heart disease, but can have a positive psychological...
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...14$12.0010 ~ ENVIRONMENTAL ~ P~Y~HOLOGY THE RESTORATIVE BENEFITS OF NATURE: TOWARD AN INTEGRATIVE FRAM~WORK STEPHEN KAPLAN Department ofPsychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, !ll148109-1109, U.$.A. Abstract Directed attention plays an important role in human information processing; its fatigue, in turn, has far reaching consequences. Attention Restoration Theory provides an analysis of the kinds of experiences that lead to recovery from such fatigue. Natural environments turn out to be particularly rich in the character istics necessary for restorative experiences. An integrative framework is proposed that places both directed attention and stress in the larger context of human-environment relationships. © 1995 Academic Press Limited Introduction Evidence pointing to the psychological benefits of nature has accumulated at a remarkable rate in a relatively short period of time. Whether a theoreti cal understanding of these restorative influences has kept pace with the empirical work is, however, less clear. As Hartig and Evans (1993) have pointed out, theory in' this area has been dominated by con flicting positions, one enlphasizing stress reduction (Ulrich, 1983) and the other concerned with recov ery of the capacity to focus attention (Kaplan & Talbot, 1983; Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989). While it might be argued that these positions are hopelessly far apart, Hartig and Evans hold out hope for a syn thesis. The purpose of this...
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...Background I come from a Catholic family. Since I remember, Sunday has always being the day dedicated specifically to God. We attend mass almost every Sunday. For this religious experience paper, I decided to attend a Seventh-day Adventist Church. I chose to explore this denomination because I was curious to know why they observe Saturdays instead of Sundays as Catholics do. Adventists hold some similar beliefs as many Catholics such as the Trinity, Christ’s divinity, the virgin birth, a physical resurrection of the dead, and Christ’s Second Coming (Brom). However, they believe that the Catholic Church is the Whore of Babylon, the Pope is the Antichrist; in the last days, Sunday worship will be “the mark of the beast”; and that the soul sleeps between death and resurrection (Brom). Ideas Gained through this Experience At the moment I entered their temple, I started noticing differences. I felt everyone was looking at me, as if they knew that was my first time attending their church. Some of the differences I discovered between the Seventh-day Adventist and the Catholic Church are the following: the Adventist Church does not have any images of God, Jesus, Saints or Virgin Mary; all women wear dresses or long skirts, no one had jeans or pants, they do not wear jewelry either; Adventists start their service at 9am and finish at around 2pm, while Catholic masses only last one hour; their pastor wears a regular suit; Adventists take their Bible to church since the pastor would reference...
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...achieve and provide the best one can offer, and through the final understanding that one does not have all the answers or the power but one can help others to alleviate their pain. Advance practice nursing preparation is a journey that takes the nurse through different paths designed to provide understanding to how nursing science has developed and continues to evolve. Nursing science has made great advances-this thanks to the many theorists that thought their theories have guided, provided, and developed essential concepts now use in nursing care delivery. The following will be a discussion about concept analysis and how this lead to the development of theories. The concept of healing will be discussed as it applied though Barbara Dossey’s Theory of Integral Nursing. Third, the concept will be evaluated using the concept analysis process, and the conclusion will be a summary of how the healing concept is utilized within the broad scope of advance nursing practice. Concept Introduction Healing is Barbara Dossey’s Theory of Integral Nursing core concept. According to Dossey we all have the capacity to heal but the process becomes entangled in the intricacies one experiences through everyday life. To truly understand illness one has to view it through the concept of healing; this will allow the understanding of what needs to transcend to achieve healing (Tracy and DiNapoli, 2012) The concept of healing is a constant...
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