...relationships of monetary policy and inflation are available and most of these have analyzed the effectiveness of monetary policy in controlling inflation in Pakistan. In this paper we have presented the effectiveness of monetary policy it’s framework and data estimation through which we reached to the conclusion that monetary shocks do affect real variables like GDP, inflation and exchange rate. Pakistan has been estimated by a number of researchers and it has been recognized that monetary phenomenon are responsible for the high levels of inflation. Keywords: Monetary Policy, Inflation, Exchange rate, Economic Growth, Gross domestic product and Pakistan. Introduction This paper attempts to examine the long-run effects of Monetary Policy on several economic variables such as inflation, economic growth that is gross domestic product and exchange rate in Pakistan. For this purpose, analysis have been employed for the period 1960-2010. As monetary policy actions affect policy variables with a significant gap and with high degree of unpredictability and insecurity, it is key to predict the probable impact and degree of monetary policy actions on the real variables. Usually, policy makers and central banks decide that price stability or low inflation would prompt higher economic growth. Commonly, historical indication does reveal that Pakistan has been a high inflation and high interest economy given its natural structural flaws. The part and effectiveness of monetary policy appears more...
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...Bangladesh Universal Periodic Review (UPR) 2012 Submitted by: Khalid Hussain President Association of Young generation of Urdu Speaking Community (AYGUSC) Founder & Executive Director Council of Minorities Former UN Minority Fellow-2008 Email: khalid.aygusc@gmail.com Cell: 8801911479073 Inhuman Camp life of Bihari Urdu speaking linguistic minority of Bangladesh: Patterns of inequality, discrimination, political and social marginalization of affected Bihari Urdu Speaking community in Bangladesh. UPR Bangladesh 2012 1 Introduction: One hundred and sixty thousand Urdu speaking Biharis are living in 116 inhuman camps in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh they are identified in the local society by different nomenclatures, such as non-Bengalis, Biharis and Urdu speaking etc. Actually they are linguistic minority in Bangladesh so that their nomenclature should be Urdu Speaking Bangladeshi. In 1947 Sub-continent created two historical events, creation of India, Pakistan and mass migration of Hindus, Muslims and Shik comminutes. When India was divided and creation of Pakistan forced the Indian Muslims to migrate from their original homeland to East and West Pakistan. Most of immigrants from the Indian States of, Bihar, UP and west Bengal came to East Pakistan. The majority of them were Urdu Speaking. They were called as “Mohajirs” meaning refugee, and later they became Biharis and Stranded Pakistani in Bangladesh. The founder of Pakistan Mr. Jinnah’s two nation...
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...In the article “The link between patenting life forms, genetic engineering and food security” (Review of African Political Economy, 1998) the author, Wangari Mathai, concludes that transnational corporations should be restrained to patent seeds using genetic engineering biotechnology. She supports her argument with the following claims. Firstly she reasons that corporations gain private monopoly rights on the raw biological materials by confiscating human resources without prior consent. Subsequently, the development of alternatives to the patented material is deliberately blocked. Secondly, Mathai highlights patenting a reason for food insecurity among farmers due to un-reusability of patented seeds. The seeds developed by genetically engineered technology does not germinate after harvesting, thereby, forcing the poverty ridden farmers to purchase seeds every season from the corporation. I agree with Mathai to some extent; however I feel that some of her reasoning requires further elaboration to make her argument more convincing. In my opinion, the author has failed to highlight on the fact that there might be a possible loss of cultural value and traditional community knowledge with limited or no compensation. Patent monopolies on plant varieties threaten developing countries in three ways. First, by increasing prices so far that most citizens have zero access to these new developments; second, by blocking local production whenever the patent owner so chooses and lastly...
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...Gender Discrimination: Abstract: Gender discrimination is a non-tradition security threat to Pakistan and it has implications for Pakistan security. Pakistani women are more than half of the total population, but women are treated inhumanly within their homes by their husbands or dominant males through different ways like Domestic Violence, Sawara, Vani, Karo Kari, Honour Killing, Acid Throwing, Forced Marriages etc. Gender discrimination is also deeply rooted in Pakistani society in education and employment sectors. The security of a state like Pakistan is connected with the security of whole population and a country cannot be considered secure until its whole population feel secure. For the progress and prosperity of a country there is needed to eliminate the discriminatory attitude of the society towards the women. There are multiple ways to improve gender balance in the country which will reduce gender discrimination. Key Words: Gender Discrimination, Education Sector, Employment Sector, Gender and Human Security. I. Introduction This study discusses gender discrimination as „non-traditional security‟ threat to the country. It argues that women are more than half of the population and the security of women is associated with state security. This is so because no country can be secure until its whole population feels secure. Pakistan needs to empower its women for the progress and prosperity of a country. Balance has been maintained by...
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...SAARC Ministerial Declaration on Cooperation in Combating Terrorism ***** We, the Foreign Ministers of Member States of SAARC, are deeply concerned about the continuing scourge of terrorism afflicting the region which has caused extensive social disharmony, loss of human life, destruction and damage to property. Terrorism poses a serious threat to peace and cooperation, and friendly and good neighbourly relations. It jeopardises the sovereignty and the territorial integrity of States, while constituting a serious violation of fundamental human rights. We renew our commitment to strengthening comprehensive region-wide cooperation among SAARC Member States to combat and eliminate all forms and manifestations of terrorism and in this context affirm the need to reinforce further the regional legal regime and instituting pragmatic cooperation to address this issue effectively. We also recognise that our cooperation shall proceed on the basis of sovereign equality, mutual respect and the principles of non-intervention and non-interference in the internal affairs of Member States consistent with the SAARC Charter. As we meet in Colombo, at the Thirty-first Session of the Council of Ministers, we solemnly declare and agree to undertake the following measures of cooperation: 1. We reiterate our commitment to implement measures against organising, instigating, facilitating, financing, fund raising, encouraging, tolerating and providing training for or otherwise...
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... Paper presented at the pre-budget seminar organized by the Southern Regional Committee of (ICAP), at Marriott Hotel, Karachi. 10 April 2008 1. Introduction All the serious challenges Pakistan’s economy is facing today like very wide budget and trade deficits, galloping inflation, increase in the level of poverty, power outages, water shortages, closure of industries, food insecurity, etc, has diverted our attention from realizing the very serious challenge that we have overcome. Since the 1950s we had a system in this country where the Ministry of Finance and all the economic ministries were headed by World Bank and IMF officials of Pakistan origin. With increase in the indebtedness of the country the situation got from bad to worse. The worst period was the decade of the 1990s when not only the economic ministries, but even prime ministers came from these institutions. During negotiations between the Government of Pakistan (GOP) and the International Financial Institutions (IFI)s it was difficult to distinguish between the GOP and the (IFI)s, for both sides comprised of IFI officials. These were very trying times for those of us who value independence and economic sovereignty of the country. I wrote several articles questioning the wisdom of a system which even after elections denied the representatives of the people to have anything to do with the ministries that dealt with the wealth...
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...Country Evaluation: India Describe the country of investment. Include the following: Economic structure, indicators and risk Throughout India the economic structure differs greatly from state to state. India is known for having one of the fasting growing economies in the world. This has a lot to do with the huge population in India. Capital, labor, and productivity growth have been the main contributors to the economic growth in the country. In recent years the Indian government has made great strides in strengthening the economy. Despite this push by the government there are still several very poor areas and the country still has a lot of uneven economic stability and because of this there is still a lot of room for improvement. The widespread poverty throughout India is one of the biggest challenges the country faces (Dasgupta & Chakraborty, 2005). For many years the Indian government had several rigid policies to discourage foreign investments but in recent years these policies have been under reform. Most of the growth that the economy of India has seen in recent years has been due to internal growth. The country depends very little on exports and this has been an advantage for their stability. When foreign countries have economic problems and in recent years when there are been global economic crisis, the effects are not felt as much on the Indian economy. India has a very good education system which is great for their economic growth. Unfortunately...
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...diversified professions but none investigated bank managers in Pakistan. Therefore, the current study attempts to explore the relationship between work motivation and job satisfaction. Based on the literature review two hypotheses were formulated 1) There will be positive relationship between work motivation and job satisfaction, and 2) There would be a gender difference on the variable of work motivation and job satisfaction. To asses job satisfaction, “Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS; Spector, 1997)”, and for motivation, “Motivation at Work Scale (MAWS, Gagné, M., et.al, 2010)”, were used. The sample of the study consists of 80 middle managers (46 males; 34 females) from different banks of Karachi, Pakistan. A Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was calculated for the correlation between the work motivation and job satisfaction. In order to find out gender differences t test was computed. In conclusion, the findings of the study suggest that there was a positive correlation between work motivation and job satisfaction. Furthermore, there was a significant gender difference on the variable of work motivation and job satisfaction. Keywords: Motivation, job satisfaction, gender difference JEL Classification: J81, O15, Z13, J28 *An earlier version of this refereed paper was presented at the first Business Psychology Seminar held by the Department of Business Psychology IoBM in November, 2010 PAKISTAN BUSINESS REVIEW JULY 2011 332 Research The Relationship between Work Motivation...
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... 3 1.2 Objectives of Study 6 1.3 Methodology and source 7 1.4 Organization 7 2. Review of literature 8 3. Analysis of Data 23 3.1 Global Causes of Unemployment 23 3.2 Costs and effects of Unemployment 24 3.3 Situation of Unemployment in South Asia 26 3.4 Situation in Pakistan 29 3.5 Role of Pakistan Government...
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...experienced since the inception of the UNHCR. Decades of war have led millions to flee their homes and seek refuge in the neighboring countries of Pakistan and Iran, and for those who were able, further abroad. The number of refugees spiked in 1990 at 6.2 million. They began to decrease in 1992 with the fall of the government, but began to increase again in 1996 with the rise of the Taliban. In 2002, with the fall of the Taliban and the US-led invasion, record numbers of Afghan refugees returned to Afghanistan. An international reconstruction and development initiative began to aid Afghans in rebuilding their country from decades of war. Reports indicate that change is occurring in Afghanistan, but the progress is slow. The Taliban have regained strength in the second half of this decade and insurgency and instability are rising. Afghanistan continues to be challenged by underdevelopment, lack of infrastructure, few employment opportunities, and widespread poverty. The slow pace of change has led Afghans to continue migrating in order to meet the needs of their families. Today refugee movements no longer characterize the primary source of Afghan migration. Migration in search of livelihoods is the primary reasons for migration and occurs through rural-urban migration in Afghanistan or circular migration patterns as Afghans cross into Pakistan and/or Iran. Afghans utilize their social networks to find low-skilled work in the cities or neighboring countries. The highly skilled in Afghanistan...
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...Good nutrition programming must take due account of gender issues at all stages of the project cycle — from participatory assessment and analysis through to surveillance, implementation of interventions, monitoring and evaluation. How do gender issues affect nutritional status? * In crisis situations where food is in short supply, women and girls are more likely to reduce their food intake as a coping strategy in favour of other household members. This can contribute to under-nutrition among women and girls. Breastfeeding Challenges in Transition and Emergency Contexts Following the October 2005 earthquake in Kashmir, Pakistan, women frequently shared a shelter with distant male relatives and/or non-related men. The lack of privacy and support led many women to stop breastfeeding as they felt uncomfortable exposing their breasts in front of men. This emphasizes the urgent need for lactation corners in emergency settings to ensure continued breastfeeding. * Because of social traditions men and boys may be favoured and fed better than women and girls. * Women may face constraints in accessing humanitarian services, including food, as a result of insecurity, cultural discrimination and limited mobility. * Women, especially those who are pregnant or lactating, may be disproportionately...
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...PAK-INDIA RELATIONS Section I: Introduction It is axiomatic that Pakistan and India share a turbulent and complex, if also short, history. While the dynamics of the relationship may shift from time to time, numerous existential issues remain in place. Characterised by mistrust, contrasting interests and the oft-quoted ‘missed opportunities’, the bloodshed of 1947 has been replaced by a more diverse set of issues that continue to mar the relationship. Kashmir has come to exemplify the classic case of a territorial dispute between neighbouring countries in the modern world composed of nation States. Extended hostile periods have only been sporadically separated by periods of relative peace – interludes that many hoped would prolong into perpetuity. But failures of State, internal conflicts, deep-rooted differences and perhaps unavoidable circumstances have meant that these spells of tranquillity remain mere specks of light in an otherwise dark corridor, at best offering missed opportunities. In studying the Pakistan-India ties, it is simplistic but also convenient to divide them into phases with regard to important junctures in South Asian history. None of the occasions that gave rise to optimism could ultimately become the watershed they were built up to be. The most recent such case was in 2004; following a prolonged period of military standoff, there began a ‘peace process’ led by President Musharraf and Prime Minister Vajpayee. This phase was significant since it allowed...
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...nation to another for purposes of relief and rehabilitation, economic stabilization, or for mutual defence (Dictionary.Reference). According to Ranking The Rich “foreign aid is pragmatic and principled...in a globalizing world, rich countries cannot insulate themselves from insecurity” (Ranking The Rich, 2004). Our world contains “global cities” meaning; nations tend to be more closely related to each other than they are within their own borders. Therefore what happens globally also has an impact locally because everyone belongs to the global community and if there is an occurrence wealthy countries need to contribute because it has an impact on their own people as well. (Streger, 2010, p.83). Foreign aid should be implemented by wealthy countries to help relieve the oppressed developing countries from downturns because of agriculture changes caused by global warming which in turn causes cultivation to decrease and as a result, less trade among nations for the products. This paper will also go into the analysis of democracy as being beneficial for individuals and society as a whole. Individuals are universally correlated to each other on this planet through the air they breathe, the climate, the food and the water that they drink. (Streger, 2010, 108). According to this statement individuals are boundless, and green house gas emissions cannot be contained within national borders. Climate change is caused by joint responsibility through mutual actions; therefore, each...
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...Punjab-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (P-PRSP) Munib ur Rehman OCTOBER, 2003 Preface Pakistan has always been plagued with the scourge of poverty. This situation has worsened during the last decade. Poverty deprives people of the assets they are entitled to. It takes away their rights and liberties and it results in a loss of dignity. Now, despite many gains at the macro level and a generally healthy economic outlook, poverty still persists and continues to increase. This trend needs to be reversed. Fight against poverty has always remained on the agenda of the government. There has been a significant focus on poverty reduction through various development schemes and projects. Government of Punjab did not have a special poverty reduction programme as such in the past. This meant that while resources were spent on various poverty alleviation schemes and projects, there was no significant attention paid to the poor as the focal point in such programme. Consequentially we neither had a proper data base on poverty nor were any assessments made of the projects and Programmes vis-à-vis their impact on the lives of the poor. The present Punjab Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper [P-PRSP] is an effort to streamline the system and to ensure that poverty and the poor are specially targeted for various interventions. Similarly, review and monitoring is being ensured with a view to creating a feedback loop, allowing us to improve programmes as they are implemented...
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..._____________________________________________________________________ CREDIT Research Paper No. 01/05 _____________________________________________________________________ Reducing Child Malnutrition: How Far Does Income Growth Take Us? by Harold Alderman, Simon Appleton, Lawrence Haddad, Lina Song and Yisehac Yohannes _____________________________________________________________________ Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, University of Nottingham 2 The Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade is based in the School of Economics at the University of Nottingham. It aims to promote research in all aspects of economic development and international trade on both a long term and a short term basis. To this end, CREDIT organises seminar series on Development Economics, acts as a point for collaborative research with other UK and overseas institutions and publishes research papers on topics central to its interests. A list of CREDIT Research Papers is given on the final page of this publication. Authors who wish to submit a paper for publication should send their manuscript to the Editor of the CREDIT Research Papers, Professor M F Bleaney, at: Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, School of Economics, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UNITED KINGDOM Telephone (0115) 951 5620 Fax: (0115) 951 4159 CREDIT Research Papers are distributed free...
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