...References AFCAP/ Durham University, (2013). TRANSPORT SERVICES AND THEIR IMPACT ON POVERTY AND GROWTH IN RURAL SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. Africa Region - The World Bank; I.T. Transport Ltd, (1996). Sub–Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program. Promoting Intermediate Means of Transport. The World Bank. Asian Development Bank, (2003). Road Funds and Road Maintenance - An Asian Perspective. Manila,: Asian Development Bank. Bentil, N. (2009). ACCRA ROADS DEADLY AFTER RAINS. [Blog] Development Ghana. Department for International Development, (2000). Appropriate and Efficient Maintenance of Low Cost Rural Roads. London: Department for International Development. German Technical Cooperation, (1991). Financing Road Maintenance in West Africa. Eschborn: German Technical Cooperation. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, (1991). Intermediate Means of Transport in - Sub-Saharan Africa Its Potential for Improving Rural Travel and Transport. Washington, DC.: The World Bank. Kodero, K. (2005). PRO-POOR TRANSPORT POLICY Meeting the Challenge in Zimbabwe. Transpolicy, 1. Metschies, G. and Rausch, E. (2000). Financing road maintenance in West Africa. 1st ed. Eschborn: GTZ. Okoko, E. (2011). RURAL TRANSPORTATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT: THE INSTANCE OF AKWAPIM SOUTH DISTRICT IN GHANA. International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment, 2(3), pp.10-24. Oruonye, E. (2014). An Assessment of the Impact of Road Construction on Land Use Pattern in Urban Centres...
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...better economic performance and realizing the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals. The specific objectives are to: i. Review the source of finance of public expenditure and private sector investment. ii. Analyze government expenditure and private investment at sectoral level. iii. Review the fiscal and monetary policy in quest of developing a conducive framework for financing economic growth and poverty reduction. iv. Review the financing policies of the government related to social development and poverty (including policies related to health, education, women, children, indigenous people, etc.). v. Explore the challenges and options for resource mobilization to finance public expenditure and private investment. Methodology In congruence with the objectives of the study, a draft outline for the study and a framework for reviewing the national policies were prepared. While preparing the outline, the following issues were considered: analyzing past and ongoing policy reforms and their implications to growth and poverty reduction; reviewing revenue and development expenditure patterns in the national budgets, their sources and trends, identifying challenges and options; analyzing source of rural financing and agricultural credit, related policy environment and implications, identifying future challenges and options; analyzing sources of financing of small and medium enterprises, related...
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...centers and making it possible for people to participate in decisions affecting their health and health system. In terms of cost, governments are expected to facilitate diversity and competition in the provision and functioning of health services, limiting themselves to financing a set of essential public health activities and clinical services, leaving the rest to private financing, in the form of public or private insurance plans. Governments must also regulate the private insurance market, designing incentives to increase coverage and decrease costs. Furthermore, they must encourage competition and private participation in the provision of clinical services financed with public funds. 1 Health financing can be a key policy instrument to improve health and reduce health inequalities if its primary objective is to facilitate universal coverage by removing financial barriers to access and preventing financial hardship and catastrophic expenditure. The creation of a system to raise sufficient funds for health fairly, a system to pool financial resources across population groups to share financial risks, a financing governance system supported by relevant legislation, financial audit and public expenditure reviews, and clear operational rules to ensure efficient use of funds. 2 The organizational structure of an ideal health-care system is built on the principle of equal access to services for all inhabitants, regardless of their social or economic status and geographical...
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...The Effect of Microfinance Institutions in Promoting Savings CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. Overview The chapter will constitute Background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study, limitations of the study and conceptual frame-work of the study. 2. Background to the study The micro finance business embraced today arose in Bangladesh in 1976 with the founding of the Grameen Bank. It became popular in the 1980s s a response to doubts and research findings about a state delivery of subsidized credit to the poor farmers. According to Ledgerwood (2001), prior the 1980s government agencies were the predominant avenue for providing productive credit to those with no previous access to credit facilities. Their services had and still have limited access, because they need collateral as a requirement for getting a loan and the transaction costs are so high. Governments and international donors assumed that the poor required cheap credit and saw this as a way of promoting agricultural production by small landholders. Since the 1980s the fields of Micro finance (MF) has grown substantially. Donors actively support and encourage micro finance activities focusing on micro finance institutions (MFIs) that are committed to achieving substantial outreach and financial sustainability. In Uganda, the health of the financial sector has been impaired by political and social turmoil. It...
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...EXPERIENCE |Credit Program Officer, Millennium Challenge Account-Armenia Program, Foreign Financing Projects Management Center State | | |Institution, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia, February 2012 – current | | |Overall management, oversight and evaluation of implementation of the MCA-Armenia | | |Credit Program (total portfolio 8.5 mln USD), preparation of the reports, memos and other papers on the progress of the Project | | |Review reports, other deliverables and implementation documents developed and submitted by the MCA-Armenia Credit Program | | |implementer | | |Monitoring and analysis of rural financial market development trends, study of the policies for the Rural Financial Market | | |development | | |Consultations and coordination with stakeholders and donors working in the area of rural development | | |Expert, “Millennium...
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...INTRODUCTION * LANKA ORIX FINANCE is a one of the leading financial solution provider in Srilanka.It’s a Licensed Finance Company and part of the diversified LOLC group of companies, which was listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange in June 2011.And backed by the strength of one of the global financial giant “ORIX CORPORATION JAPAN”. * Mr. Kapila Jayewardena was the chairman of the company. And he has appointed as a chairman in 2007 April.Mr.Ishara Nanayakkara was the deputy chairman of the company. And he has appointed as a Deputy Chairman in November 2002.Mr.Brindley de zylva was the CEO of the company and he has appointed as a CEO in April 2003. * LOFC is the only non-bank financial institution to have been granted a license from CBSL to engage in foreign currency business. This enabled LOFC to maintain nonresident foreign currency accounts Resident foreign currency accounts and special foreign investment deposit accounts for their customers. * LOFC is offering savings, Deposits & working capital facilities. The Growth and Diversification have led the company to start the areas such as Auto Finance, ME Finance, Islamic Banking, mobile banking and foreign currency business. * LOFC services are offered through a network of 42 fully fledged branches 10 savings centers strategically located island wide, including a significant presence in the North and the East. * They have several partnerships with business entities such as MAESTRO, IFAD,...
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...this chapter of the PACEAA project the business models and associated sample contracts that could deliver the desired pro-poor benefits are analyzed and discussed, and in the end suitable models are recommended. Here, a business model is taken to mean a setup or arrangement of a business organization with the objective of achieving monetary and other gains after committing investments. The centre of attention in the PACEAA project is power generation by tea factories or companies, and rural electrification involving communities that are target beneficiaries for the generated power. Therefore, the business models that are considered include tea factories and benefiting communities around the tea factories as key players. At the generation level, the tea factories are expected to generate power or have it generated on their behalf, and the bulk of the electricity would be used by the factories. Some of the power available after meeting the factories’ requirements would be taken up by the rural electrification. Thus, the generation business model should be such that it caters for the electrification (social) needs of the communities around the tea factories. Socio-economic gains of the business are also expected to trickle down to the communities through employment of local people and creation of other economic spin-offs from...
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...DEVELOPMENT FINANCE & ITS ROLE IN RURAL AREAS TO ALLEVIATE POVERTY 2010 M. MOBASHAR ALI & RANA RASHID REHMAN STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN-BANKING SERVICES CORPORATION SIALKOT 9/3/2010 Contents INTRODUCTION 4 LITRATURE REVIEW 4 REVIEW OF POVERTY IN PAKISTAN 6 SBP INITIATIVES IN TO PROMOTE DEVELOPMENT FINANCE 8 ESTABLISHMENT OF DEVELOPMENT FINANCE GROUP 8 ESTABLISHMENT OF AGRICULTURE FINANCE DIVISION 9 PUBLIC AWARENESS PROGRAMS 10 DEVELOPMENT FINANCE PROGRAMS CURRENTLY IN OPERATION 11 NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) 11 RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAM (RSP) 11 AGA KHAN RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAM (AKRSP) 11 SARHAD RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAM 12 NATIONAL RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAM (NRSP) 12 ROLE IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION 12 TRANSMISSION MECHANISM OF FINANCE TO POVERTY ALLEVIATION 14 DEVELOPMENT FINANCE SUCCESS STORIES 15 CONCLUSION 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 17 Figure 1 8 Figure 2 10 Figure 3 10 Figure 4 13 Table 1 7 Table 2 7 Table 3 9 Table 4 10 Table 5 13 INTRODUCTION Development Finance is the offering of financial services to the entrepreneurial poor that contributes finally to the economic growth. Although the most notable of these services is the provision of credit, many other offerings are a part of Development Finance including credit for business activities and credit for emergency and for the fulfillment of life cycle needs. Many Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) give finance for...
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...Vinay Kumar Mishra MBA-Rural Development 3rd semester Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad (A constituent Institute of University of Allahabad) Contents1 Topic name Page no. Acknowledgement 3 Executive Summary 4 Introduction 5-6 Literature Review 7-12 Objective of the study 13 About the organization 14-19 Research methodology 20 Questioner used for survey 21-25 Findings 26-31 Case studies 32-33 Conclusion 34-35 Suggestions 36-37 Summary 38 Acknowledgement 2 This evaluation study is a humble effort to understand the concept of Joint liability Group in Micro Finance Institution. The study would not have been completes without the priceless support of those involved in the study. It was essentially programme to find Prospective and limitation of microfinance institution in Indian farming sector. First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr.Anup Singh of Sonata Finance Private Limited (Allahabad) for their continual involvement in our work. I extend my highest indebtedness to Mr. Ashish Kumar Area manager. I am also thankful to other staff member of Sonata Finance Private Limited for support whenever we needed it. I would like to thanks Professor Pradeep Bhargava Director Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad for his motivational and guiding support during the period of summer internship. I also like to thank Dr.Sunit Singh Co-ordinatotar MBA (Rural Development), G.B.Pant...
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...Series Alma-Ata: Rebirth and Revision 7 Integrating health interventions for women, newborn babies, and children: a framework for action Björn Ekman, Indra Pathmanathan, Jerker Liljestrand Lancet 2008; 372: 990–1000 See Editorial page 863 This is the seventh in a Series of eight papers about Alma-Ata: rebirth and revision Lund University, Lund Sweden (B Ekman PhD); Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (I Pathmanathan PhD); Ystad, Sweden (J Liljestrand PhD) Correspondence to: Dr Jerker Liljestrand, Götgången 12 27144 YSTAD, Sweden jerker@ystad.nu For women and children, especially those who are poor and disadvantaged, to benefit from primary health care, they need to access and use cost-effective interventions for maternal, newborn, and child health. The challenge facing weak health systems is how to deliver such packages. Experiences from countries such as Iran, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and China, and from projects in countries like Tanzania and India, show that outcomes in maternal, newborn, and child health can be improved through integrated packages of cost-effective health-care interventions that are implemented incrementally in accordance with the capacity of health systems. Such packages should include community-based interventions that act in combination with social protection and intersectoral action in education, infrastructure, and poverty reduction. Interventions need to be planned and implemented at the district level, which requires strengthening of district planning and management...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Overall, the SME FDI is currently an extremely valuable initiative. Through appropriate and careful analysis of the data, public policy can be directed yet more efficiently to further improve competitive advantage of Canada's SMEs. In particular, the baseline survey associated with the SME FDI is an extraordinarily valuable research undertaking. It provides the potential to assess directly the extent to which financing gaps might occur in the capital markets on which SMEs rely. This is an important issue in practical terms, in terms of the role of public policy, and in terms of economic and finance theory. The SME FDI baseline survey data provides, for the first time internationally, a means of empirically testing Nobel prize-winning ideas related to information asymmetry and capital rationing. The data provides a means of providing yet better guidance for public policy with respect to addressing potential capital market imperfections that might constrain growth and economic development of SMEs. As designed, the research initiative can and will provide valuable information about these issues. In summary, the baseline survey undertaken as part of the SME FDI is a potentially invaluable resource with respect to the design, targeting, implementation, and follow-up assessment of public policy approaches to nurturing SME growth and viability. The outcomes of this research process could help Industry Canada and its partners to provide Canadian SMEs with substantial...
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...Bank of India. 60 A STUDY OF FINANCIAL MARKETS Overview of Banking and Financial Institutions The Banking Sector The banking system in India is significantly different from that of other Asian nations because of the country’s unique geographic, social, and economic characteristics. India has a large population and land size, a diverse culture, and extreme disparities in income, which are marked among its regions. There are high levels of illiteracy among a large percentage of its population but, at the same time, the country has a large reservoir of managerial and technologically advanced talents. Between about 30 and 35 percent of the population resides in metro and urban cities and the rest is spread in several semi-urban and rural centers. The country’s economic policy framework combines socialistic and capitalistic features with a heavy bias towards public sector investment. India has followed the path of growth-led exports rather than the “exportled growth” of other Asian economies, with emphasis on self-reliance through import substitution. These features are reflected in the structure, size, and diversity of the country’s banking and financial sector. The banking system has had to serve the goals of economic policies enunciated in successive fiveyear development plans, particularly concerning equitable income distribution, balanced regional economic growth, and the reduction and elimination of private sector monopolies in trade and industry. In order for the banking...
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...Elders Limited, in its 2012 financial statements highlights, the company’s intentions to focus on its core business, rural business and sell off other entities including Futuris Automotive. Elders Limited financial statements have been prepared with the assumption that the company will continue as a going concern. The company’s reliance on acquiring financing and the achievement of planned asset sales results in material uncertainty acknowledged by directors (White, 2012). Elders plan to proceed as a going concern and meet their objectives as and when they fall due (Sprague, 2013). The majority of Elders limited business operations are at risk of economic and marketing fluctuations, particularly due to the recent global recession (Elders Financial Statement, 2013). The auditing focus will be to consider whether an entity possess the ability to proceed with operations for the foreseeable future, given the circumstances of the business and the environment in which it operates (SAS 130, Para 8). Potential misstatements Management may be compelled not disclose all relevant facts pertaining to the entity. This insufficient disclosure is a material misstatement on the financial statements (ASA 315). Audit Evidence: The auditor should check sufficiency and correctness of disclosures of financial indicators. The auditor should carry out an extensive review level to which losses are caused by the non-recurrent transactions or events, how cash is expected to flow as well...
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...reflect the views of the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent. The unauthorized commercial use of Bank documents is prohibited and may be punishable under the Bank's policies and/or applicable laws. Copyright © 2014 Inter-American Development Bank. All rights reserved; may be freely reproduced for any non-commercial purpose. Ian Mac Arthur, ianm@iadb.org Quality Improvement of Health Care in Belize: Focusing on Results Abstract Belize is participating in the Salud Mesoamerica 2015 Initiative (SM2015), a regional public-private partnership administered by the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and implemented by the eight Mesoamerican countries, which utilizes a results-based financing model with external verification of indicator values. Countries that reach their goals receive a...
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...Department of Finance took over the task of banking supervision. | | | 1939 | A bill establishing a central bank was drafted by Secretary of Finance Manuel Roxas and approved by the Philippine Legislature. However, the bill was returned by the US government, without action, to the Commonwealth Government. | | | 1946 | A joint Philippine-American Finance Commission was created to study the Philippine currency and banking system. The Commission recommended the reform of the monetary system, the formation of a central bank and the regulation of money and credit.The charter of the Central Bank of Guatemala was chosen as the model of the proposed central bank charter. | | | August 1947 | A Central Bank Council was formed to review the Commission’s report and prepare the necessary legislation for implementation. | | | February 1948 | President Manuel Roxas submitted to Congress a bill “Establishing the Central Bank of the Philippines, defining its powers in the administration of the monetary and banking system, amending pertinent provisions of the Administrative Code with respect to the currency and the Bureau of Banking, and for other purposes. | | | 15 June 1948 | The bill was signed into law as Republic Act No. 265 (The Central Bank Act) by President Elpidio Quirino. | | | 3 January 1949 | The Central Bank of the Philippines (CBP) was inaugurated and formally opened with Hon. Miguel Cuaderno, Sr. as the first governor.The broad policy...
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