...1. Roman Verism was often used by the Romans in marble sculptures of heads. Verism, often described as "warts and all", shows the imperfections of the subject, such as warts, wrinkles and furrows. “The beautiful head of the Buddha, with its expression of deep repose, was also made in the frontier region of Gandhara. (Gombrich, E.H. The Story of Art. 97. Print.)” “This attention to realistic detail almost exaggerating the effect of aging on people is a characteristic of Roman sculpture (Watson, Mark. "Part I." Week 4 Lecture. .Lecture.). 2. “Through the course of Roman history was a transition of a republican model of government to a vast empire that conquered the entire Mediterranean and invested a great deal in one man, an emperor (Watson, Mark. “Part I." Week 4 Lecture. .Lecture.). Victory columns and triumphal arches depict this power and stability of the empire and can be categorized as t. Triumphal arches were monumental symbolic arches built over the top of Main Street and the Roman Empire. “The triumphal arches use the orders frame and accent the large central gateway and to flank it by narrow openings. It was an arrangement that could be used for architectural composition much as a chord used in music (Gombrich, E.H. The Story of Art. 94. Print.)” Victory columns. The victory columns were columns that were put up to show their victories in various wars. The columns were representation of more modern architecture. You can literally step inside from the bottom through...
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...sculpture and painting differ? Two influences in particular drove the Romans fully to explore and develop the art of sculpture: the worship and reverence of images, not only of gods and goddesses, but also of dead ancestors, and the recording of ritualistic and triumphant events in bas-relief on pillars, arches, and tombs As far as we know, paintings were used almost exclusively to cover walls of rooms in houses. These frescoes are brightly coloured, and frequently depict scenes from Greek and Roman mythology. Landscapes were employed to give the impression of picture windows, while the effect of a garden was often extended and enhanced by landscape frescoes along its boundary walls. We have still-life paintings, too, of dead game birds, fish, vegetables, and other kinds of food. Introduction Ancient Rome is famed for her skillful artists producing eternal sculptures and paintings that have mystified generations for centuries. However, speaking personally I feel it is through understanding the different purposes they served the Roman people, that one can truly begin to appreciate their beauty. The Discussion Sculpture Sculpture for Romans was a way of paying tribute and...
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...Spell Check-list Unlike the Greek city-states, the Roman republic embarked almost immediately on imperial expansion. Utilizing its citizen armies, the republic gained control of the entire Italian peninsula. Conquered regions were incorporated into the republic or allowed to remain as independent allies. Rome's greatest rival in the western part of the Mediterranean was the former Phoenician colony of Carthage in northern Africa. Between 264 B.C.E. and 146 B.C.E., Rome defeated Carthage in the three Punic Wars. Rome's victory created an empire that extended from Italy to the Iberian peninsula and into northern Africa. The collapse of the Hellenistic successor states of Alexander's empire drew the Romans into the eastern Mediterranean. Greece, Macedonia, the Asian littoral, and Egypt were drawn into Rome's orbit. Rome and its Empire, (1995), Pearson Education, Pearson Longman, Retrieved from; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_stearns_wc_4/17/4390/1123999.cw/index.html The Regal Period. According to tradition, the first King laid the political foundations for the city, by creating the senate, and by dividing the people into curiae. He also extended Roman power by successful wars. Numa Pompilius is the antithesis, in many ways, of Romulus. He organized priesthoods, established religious rites, and sought to develop the religious life of the people. It was the main purpose of Tullus Hostilius, as it had been that of Romulus, to extend the material power of Rome. Ancus Marcius...
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...of Roman civilization have made such an immense impact in modern society. These aspects include government and architecture. Roman government had a Senate, two Consuls, and an Assembly of Centuries. In the United States, there is an executive, legislative, and judicial branch. Roman architecture used building techniques like the aqueducts, bridges, roads, and public buildings. Specifically, I will focus on Roman architecture in the 21st century. I want to know how Roman architecture influenced today’s structures, which is why I chose this topic. My essential question is “How does Roman architecture influence today’s structures?” Roman architecture influences today’s structures by its forms, designs, and materials. However, there...
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...Roman Art – The Identity of an Empire Christina Kapua ARTS/100 April 18, 2013 Taurie Kinoshita Roman Art – The Identity of an Empire The Romans ingeniously display majestic art while incorporating function and purpose to build an empire. The Romans had many forms in which they created art. They adorned their city, homes, and palaces with paintings, sculptures, and grand architectural structures. Rome admired and emulated the artistry of the Greek, Egyptians, and Celtic designs. They learned engineering techniques from the Etruscans that has developed Rome’s historical development and style. With its influence of other cultures, Romans have established its own characteristics of ancient classical Rome, which has carved a pathway to many forms of artwork in the past and present time. The different genre that Rome has influenced is two-dimensional arts, sculpture, and architecture; with significant contributors, such as Michelangelo Buonarroti and Gian Lorenzo Benini. Historical Development and Evolution of Style Influenced by the Etruscans and inspired by the Greeks, the Romans artistry evolved to display realism and power. Romans learned practical and advanced engineering techniques from the Etruscans that began the groundwork for the vast buildings built to serve the needs of a growing population. After the overthrow of Greece majority of their artwork, and sculptures were brought back to Rome to adorn their city and palaces. Many Greek artists migrated to Rome to impart...
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...Art History 101 – Ancient to Medieval Handout 4 Greek Art: Geometric & Orientalizing (9th-7th BC), Archaic (7th-6th BC), Classical (5th c. BC), Late Classical (4th century BC) and Hellenistic Periods (3rd - 1st c. BC) ! Geometric 800 BC: Prosperity comes again to Greece after the fall of the Mycenaeans. Trade and important ceramic traditions look Eastward for sources. ! 1. Late Geometric belly-handled amphora by the Dypilon master, 8th c. BCE, fig.5.2, use of registers, primarily geometric designs, krater= used to mix wine and water, miander pattern, representations of humans very abstract, focus on living rather than dead. ! Archaic Statuary: Life size human sculpture, funerary, influenced by Egyptian technique. Kouros (youth) sculptures were used as grave markers. male body idealized, broad shoulders, narrow waste, and deeply carved joints (athletic ideal). Kore/Korai is the female version of the Kouros. Archaic smile, heavy cloth draped over them=peplos, curling/stylized hair, round face. Painted pure white, marble, symmetrical face, body not symmetrical, “Business in the front, party in the back” ! Architecture: Sculpture and architecture are integrated in the pediments of the first Greek temples Temple of Artemis at Corfu (600 BC): Doric order, limestone, story of Medusa being slayed by Perseus on the pediment of the temple, central figure on pediment= medusa, situated in the traditional Archaic pose: bent leg, bent arm...
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...that the soft, marshy ground would absorb even the worst of tremors. The original temple was built as a sanctuary to pray to Artemis, the goddess of fertility, who the Ephesians believed also to be the goddess of the hunt. For reasons of the city growing due to trade and the fact that Ephesians thought the daughter of Zeus needed a larger temple, the temple was reconstructed to be larger than the original. However, the reconstruction did not last long. In 550 BCE, Ephesus was conquered by King Croesus and the temple was destroyed. The new king had great wealth and contributed to the rebuilding of the temple. This time it was much larger than those before, measuring around 360 feet by 164 feet. The wooden roof was supported by about 120 columns that were made out of marble and were 60 feet high. Throughout the newly built temple many items were made out of wood, such as doors and frames, as well as some statues. Around 356 BCE, a local man had a dream to be known throughout the world. Herostratus single-handedly...
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... Greek art and sculpture has had a profound effect throughout the ages. Many of the styles have been reproduced and copied by some of what the modern day audiences would class as some of the finest artists to have ever lived. The Greeks used many different types of materials in their sculptures including stone, marble and limestone as these were abundant in Greece. Other materials such as clay were also used but due to their brittle nature very few have survived. Greek sculptures are very important as the vast majority of them tell us a story about Gods, Heroes, Events, Mythical Creatures and Greek culture in general. Many of the statues that have survived are actually of Roman origin. Like many people today the Romans had a deep respect for Greek sculptures and many were copied. If the Romans had not made these copies, many of the Greek Legends and stories that we know today would have been lost to antiquity. Geometric Art was a dramatic transformation that led to the establishment of primary Greek institutions such as the Greek city and the Greek alphabet. Although primarily visual, transformation is a concept which moves it way through history. Sculptures and carvings began to be made representing each city states' heroes and past legends including animals and humans. The growth of new trade routes and the opportunities for colonization permitted Greek art to flourish. Large temples and sanctuaries were built in tribute to the Gods and were furnished with...
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...God. The political, cultural, religious and economic climates all had a hand in creating the similarities and differences between the two structures. This analysis will show that regardless of temporal period religion plays a significant role in architecture during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. The construction of churches and religious-themed buildings was common in the newly emerging city-states and the already well-established areas. The arch was commissioned by the Roman Senate in the fourth century A.D., in the Italian city of Rome situated between the Coliseum and the Palatine Hill. The beginnings of Christianity, or the Flowering of Christianity as Sayre describes it, saw the construction of the Arch of Constantine in Rome. The triple arch is dedicated to the Roman Emperor Constantine, who is notable for being the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity (Sayre, 255). Though the triple arch is dedicated to Constantine, many aspects of the triple arch are pieces taken from Roman sculpture work and pieces of artwork (Sayre, 256)....
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... I first noticed that there was a lot security as I came to avenue, we went first to the executive building, the building looked really old and worn down and had really high fences. As we kept on walking we arrived to the White House! It was glorious with the high columns and shimmering white walls in the hot summer heat. But there was something off, from the last time I visited they had placed barriers between the fence and the crowd which makes it harder to take pictures close up. Next we went to the the U.S. Department of Treasury and the building was huge, it also showed essence of roman architecture as it had columns. Since it was the weekend the crowds near these national monuments were enormous. We wanted to see the white house both from the north and south lawn. The north lawn was much better looking with the semi-circular portico. After that we walked across the lawn to visit the washington monument we saw the the structure was made up of concrete blocks just stacked upon each other to create one tall structure. Since it was getting late we didn't go see the Capitol building but we saw it from afar and again I saw the presence of roman architecture but this time in the form of a dome, but also with columns. Sadly we did not go on any tours as we were very short on time. Some interesting facts I found was that the White House...
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...The pantheon was built by Marcus Agrippa in 27 AD to celebrate his father in laws victory. The name “Pantheon is made fr4om the greek words “Pan” and “Theon” which meant all and god's, respectively. It was also served as a temple for the roman gods. Unfortunately, it was burned down. Someone named Domitian restored it in 80 AD. Once again, somehow it was struck by lightning and burned down in 110 AD.The destruction of the Pantheon was suggested that the greek gods were highly upset of how they treated this temple. The remains of the pantheon was left in place for 8 years until Hadrian became the new emperor and made it for one last time, and it still stands today. The pantheon had a very, very long history. During the rise of Christianity,...
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...Classical Greece (Athena Nike Adjusting Her Sandal, 2005-2012) This marble sculpture is a segment from the Athena Nike Temple and Parapet. It was built during the Peloponnesian War which was hard on the Athenians and they suffered several defeats. (Athena Nike Parapet Frieze, 2012) With the war’s outcome unknown they choose to depict Nike not in a narrative manor but choose to concentrate instead on the folds of the dress she is wearing. (Athena Nike Parapet Frieze, 2012) It depicts the God Nike which means victory, adjusting her sandal. (Athena Nike Parapet Frieze, 2012) This piece romanticizes the female form and gives a beautiful and very expressive example of the talent it took to create this piece. (Athena Nike Parapet Frieze, 2012) This piece looks as if she could come alive and the form of her legs and torso under the drapery of the dress Nike is wearing, it’s as if one can see through the dress. (Athena Nike Parapet Frieze, 2012) This piece was created in a time of war and Athenians suffered several losses. (Athena Nike Parapet Frieze, 2012) Before this time sculpture was more realistic and depicted what is seen in real life but this is more formal and leans to what is more pleasing the eye. (Athena Nike Parapet Frieze, 2012) Suffering losses in war may be the reason behind this change in the way sculptor was created, with being surrounded with suffering and hardship looking at pleasing, above average depictions of their gods may have giver the people visiting this...
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...“The Roman army stands as a military institution without parallel in the history of the world” . The Roman Army was considered the most advanced of its time. It created the Roman Empire - a huge part of Western Europe – and Rome itself greatly benefited from the riches that the army brought back from its conquered territories. But one must ask why such an army was able to convincingly conquer the world for so long? The answer is multi-faceted, the success of the Roman Army was not due to one entity or feature that gave it overwhelming power, rather, the cause was due to a well-cohered military structure. The aspects that will be raised in this paper are the army’s training and technology, and the Roman soldier. Nonetheless, if there were to be one cause to the success of this army for more than 400 years it would arguably be the degree of organization. This notion will be highlighted and explained throughout the paper. The Roman Army developed fighting techniques that were linked to a ferocious training regime; this is a significant reason as to why they were able to defeat all the forces that the world had to offer at the time. All new recruits to the army became very fit and disciplined. Training was harsh, as were punishments for failure. In a battle, new recruits were always placed at the front of the more experienced soldiers in the army . There were three reasons for this. The first was to give them confidence as behind them were experienced soldiers who had fought...
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...Put Hannibal in the scales: how many pounds will that peerless General mark up today? [ Juvenal, Satire X, lines 147-8 ]. A man of cunning intelligence and power sets out in late spring in 218 which would defeat four Roman consular armies and put the great power Rome at its last breath, but ends up losing the war? This brings up many questions that we can't answer becasue of the lost ancient sources, but through investigation of the surviving sources we are able to justify how and why Hannibal lost the 2nd Punic war. Four major contributions to the loss of the war; the troop ratio between Rome and carthage, the obstacles Hannibals army had to go through to arrive in italy, his desicion after Cannae not to attack Rome and what each army was fighting for. A historian must first trace every battle and what led to the end result in order to answer the question, how did Hannibal lose the 2nd Punic war? Ancient sources like Polybius tells us that Hannibal sets out from New Carthage in 218 late spring, with a total of 90,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry and 37 elephants, not only but to treck across the mighty alps and end up in Italy with 20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry. Hannibals loss of men was enormous and could of been a great factor to the loss of the war. Romes power was mainly from its allies and neighbouring cities which were a huge support in numbers compared to the Carthaginians who were scavanging help along the way on Italian soil, that also created language issues in ordering...
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...KHALID BIN WALID INTRODUCTION 1. History could present only a few undefeated Gen of the world. Probably, Khalid Bin Walid is the best amongst them, fought battles after battles being winner. As the first muslim general, Khalid conquered Iraq and greater part of Syria thereby shook the foundations of the proud Roman and Persian empires. These played a great Role in propagation of the cause of islam. In recognition of his skill generalship in defence of the ideology of Islam. Prophet Muhammed (SM) coveted him with the rare title SAIFULLAH (THE SWORD OF ALLAH). 2. Against highly organized standing Armies, Khalid fought with the Arabian Tribes. His leadership did not only compensate own numenrical and material insufficiency but inspired man under his command to perform military actions with unimaginable courage and determination. Regarding his professional ability and skill, I quote Arab historian PK Hitti, “The military campaigns of Khalid bin Walid which ensured (after Muhammads death) in Iraq, Persia, Syria and Egypt are among the most brilliantly executed ones in the history of warfare and bear favourable comparison with those of Napoleon, Hanibal or Alexander.” AIM 3. The aim of this presentation is to analyse the style, actions and personal qualities of Khalid Bin Walid as a military leader. SCOPE 4. I with my group would like to present the analysis on Khalid Bin Walid as per the following sequence: a. Preliminary career. b. ...
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