...The Roman Empire was an extremely powerful civilization that had thrived and prospered for many centuries. Through its time as one of the greatest empires to have ever existed, Rome was able to conquer many lands and construct one of the most successful systems of government of all time. However, like many other great civilizations, Rome did not last forever. It eventually fell into a period of decline because of political assassinations, military problems, legal injustice, economic and civil decay, foreign invasions, and natural disasters. While all of these factors contributed to the fall of Rome, it was the military mistakes, legal injustice, and political assassinations that were the key issues that really brought this great empire down. First of all, one reason why the Roman Empire entered the state of decline was because of their military mistakes. For example, “Before the year 400 CE, foot soldiers wore breastplates and helmets…because of negligence and laziness, parade ground drills were abandoned, the customary armor began to seem heavy since the soldiers rarely ever wore it” (Document B). Because of this, troops were greatly exposed to wounds in battle, making them a much weaker force than they once were. Also, without armor, troops thought about running, not fighting, which led to losses in battles where Rome was trying to defend itself or conquer new lands. The second major reason why Rome collapsed was because of legal injustice. In the text, it states, “The...
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...Pollard Adam Cleary Philosophy 07/30/14 Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero was a man that came into philosophical fame during the Roman Era. He came from a wealthy family and was born in 106 BC in a town called Arpinum located about 70 miles southeast of Rome. He was known to be a very talented young student which helped him get the opportunity to study in Rome. Cicero studied literature, philosophy, and law in Rome until his studies were interrupted with serving time in the military under Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo during the Social War. After serving in war he continued his studies alongside Servius Sulpicius Rufus and Titus Pomponius. It turns out Cicero was a far better lawyer than those he studied alongside with. His love of Philiosophy flourished during his time of study in Rome and he became one of the leading political figures of his era. Some of his theories are still used to this day. Cicero believed that justice was not a real thing. It is not something that is constant. It is not something that can be controlled. It is each state or person’s own idea of what is right or wrong. What some states may believe is just others might believe is unjust according to their rules, their laws. Who is to really say what is just? Cicero created that question in everyone’s mind of what is really right and how do we really know it is right. An example is hunting animals seems right to us as human beings. We as humans think it is just since we need them to survive. Animals on the other...
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...P.102 The values held by Homer to give meaning to life in the Homeric Age were predominantly heroic values- the strength, skill, and valor of the dominating warrior. Such was the earliest meaning of arête, “excellence” or “virtue”, a term whose meaning changed as values changed during the course of Greek culture. To obtain arête- defined by one Homeric hero as “to fight ever in the forefront and outdo my companions”- and the undying fame that was its reward, men would endure hardship, struggle, and even death. Honor was the just reward for one who demonstrated arête, and the greatest of human injustices was the denial of honor due to a great hero. Homer makes such denial the theme of the Illiad,- the disastrous results of Achilles’s decision to withdraw from battle after he had been denied honor by King Agamemnon. P. 107 In fifth-century Athens, scholars estimate that one out of every four persons was a slave. Some were war captives and others were children of slaves, but most came from outside Greece through slave dealers. No large collections of slaves were used on agricultural estates. Small landowners might own one or more slaves, who worked in the fields alongside their masters. Those who owned many slaves often hired them out to private individuals or to the state, where they worked alongside Athenian citizens and received comparable wages. P. 113 The Greeks were the first to formulate many of the European culture’s fundamental concepts of politics, philosophy, science...
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...Political Power in the Church and the Struggles Associated…….7 Part V: The Necessity for Civil Disobedience..………………………………………..9 Part VI: What Difference Did the Civil Rights Struggle Make? ..................................12 Conclusion…....................................................................................................................16 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………….18 INTRODUCTION This research will focus on the topic of “Civil Disobedience and its Relativity to Christian Ethics.” The research will address whether it is ever justifiable to disobey the laws of secular governments. In doing so, it will discuss the Doctrine of Civic Responsibility as it relates to Christian Ethics. Furthermore, Romans 13:1-7 will be referenced to provide additional insight into how the Church has historically responded to civil government’s demands on society. DEFINITION OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE What is civil disobedience? This is the term used when an action is taken against civil government as a result of a civil law or practice that is considered in direct conflict with God’s law of love. More will be discussed on this subject as it relates to Christian ethics. DEFINITION OF CHRISTIAN ETHICS What...
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...PSY 487: Final Paper Lisa Maiorana Spring 2014 What is terrorism and why is it a part of our global society? Terrorism is often the result of some type of social or economic injustice, such as poverty, the unemployment rate, government-imposed restrictions on individual freedoms, and a lack of order or morality. For most Americans, the words “terrorist” or “terrorism,” instantly triggers a flashbulb memory of where they were when the Twin Towers fell on that fateful day, September 11, 2001. Many people continue to struggle with the notion that there are groups out there, brought together by their unanimous hatred for Americans. The 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center and Pentagon is arguably the most disastrous act of terrorism of all time, forcing Americans and the rest of the world to see the threat of terrorism in a new light (Borum, 2003). The 20th and 21st centuries saw new developments in technology that may have changed the game of terrorism, however, extremist ideology and justification of violence, is not a new political strategy (“Terrorism in the,”). Rebel groups have been establishing roots and sprouting up all over the world since the beginning of human history (*CITE #3). The formation of such groups has occurred across centuries, but the term “terrorism” wasn’t coined until the 18th century, during the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror. Revolutionary officials—referred to as terrorists—and their subordinates, enforced the policies of “The Terror...
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...The Death of Socrates vs. The Death of Perpetua Civil disobedience has been a common element in human behavior. From the time of antiquity to the present, people lash out in various ways against standards that society has placed upon citizens. Two ancient examples of disobedient actions come from different ages revered for standards that hold today and provide a basis for modern law; the Greek and ancient Roman empires. From the Greeks, we have come to know the story of Socrates as memorialized by Plato, and the Roman age was the time of Perpetua, an early Christian woman. The fate of those individuals is the same – a death sentence handed down by the society they lived in. Although the conclusion of their respective lives is the same, the differences that lie in the reasoning of their death run deeper, with several key factors impacting their individual destiny. As we will see, these factors affect their relationship to the states and time periods they existed. Understanding the differences between Socrates and Perpetua rests in two major elements. The first one is the role of religion and understanding of deities. Their respective beliefs affected their relationship with the state that decided their deaths. Beginning with Socrates, we must first remember that Greek society was polytheistic. Standards such as monotheism in Catholic terms did not exist. There were Gods that ruled over emotions, the land, sea, and even realms outside of human reach, such as Zeus in heaven and...
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...Julius Caesar full title · The Tragedy of Julius Caesar author · William Shakespeare type of work · Play genre · Tragic drama, historical drama language · English time and place written · 1599, in London date of first publication · Published in the First Folio of 1623, probably from the theater company’s official promptbook rather than from Shakespeare’s manuscript publisher · Edward Blount and William Jaggard headed the group of five men who undertook the publication of Shakespeare’s First Folio narrator · None climax · Cassius’s death (V.iii), upon ordering his servant, Pindarus, to stab him, marks the point at which it becomes clear that the murdered Caesar has been avenged, and that Cassius, Brutus, and the other conspirators have lost in their attempt to keep Rome a republic rather than an empire. Ironically, the conspirators’ defeat is not yet as certain as Cassius believes, but his death helps bring about defeat for his side. protagonists · Brutus and Cassius antagonists · Antony and Octavius setting (time) · 44 b.c. setting (place) · Ancient Rome, toward the end of the Roman republic point of view · The play sustains no single point of view; however, the audience acquires the most insight into Brutus’s mind over the course of the action falling action · Titinius’ realization that Cassius has died wrongly assuming defeat; Titinius’ suicide; Brutus’s discovery of the two corpses; the final struggle between Brutus’s men and the troops...
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...Does the United States present a Public Administrational model for the rest of the world for avoiding corruption? “Corruption is an insidious plague that has a wide range of corrosive effects on societies. It undermines democracy and the rule of law, leads to violations of human rights, distorts markets, erodes the quality of human life, and allows organized crime, terrorism and other threats to human security to flourish. This evil phenomenon is found in all countries… but it is in the developing world that its effects are most destructive. Corruption hurts the poor disproportionately by diverting funds intended for development, undermining a Government’s ability to provide basic services, feeding inequality and injustice and discouraging foreign aid and investment. Corruption is a key element in economic under-performance and a major obstacle to poverty alleviation and development.” Koffi Anan, foreword, United Nations Convention against Corruption, 2003. When Democracy and central governance was formed in ancient Greece, it was for the very purpose of preventing the powerful few putting their needs above those of the masses they ruled – after all ‘Democracy’, stems from the Greek demos and kratia literally meaning the power of the people. For peoples familiar only with autocracies and hereditary monarchies, this was a radical notion. Why then, in some modern democracies, has the word government come to be almost synonymous with corruption? Corruption in government is...
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...Essay Luong A7-02 English Literature Division - HUFS Nguyen Hien Luong A7-02 Teacher: Nguyen Tuan Ky On the inspiring development of Jane Eyre’s character in the Charlotte Bronte’s novel of the same name Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre is a master work of 19th century English literature and a powerful symbol of the triumph of self will over circumstances. Jane Eyre overcame very trying — or should we say impossible — circumstances to obtain her personal freedom and self-determination at the end of the story. Her success is a powerful inspiration to millions of readers around the world. However, in my opinion, the most inspiring about the novel is not Jane’s success itself, but her character development, which served as the catalyst for this success. This essay aims to illustrate the uniqueness of Jane’s character development, and attempts to explain why this unique development took place. What makes Jane’s character development special and unique is the fact that this type of development is not at all typical for people who were physically or mentally abused (as Jane certainly was during much of her ten-year stay at her uncle’s house). As a matter of fact, these people often grow up carrying with them emotional wounds that can never be healed. As a result, they are more likely to develop difficult personalities and turn into rebellious and violent individuals who see life and other human beings with much hatred. A research (Cathy Spatz Widom, "The Cycle...
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...order and growth can be achieved in a way that may ultimately lead to prosperity for the nation (Kritzer 2003) . Different countries employ many varied legal systems in an effort to ensure this stability and growth. Two such legal systems used by a great number of countries today are the Common Law and Civil law systems (DFAT 2012) . The origins of Common Law extend back almost a thousand years to the Middle Ages in England, and has slowly developed to become a widely used legal system all over the world, implemented in first world western nations such as Australia, America and Canada as well as developing economic powerhouses such as India (Kritzer 2003). The roots of Civil Law can be traced back even further to the accumulation of Roman law in the 6 th century CE. Much of Europe still uses the Civil law system as it has for hundreds of years. (Dainow 1996 ). As with all legal systems both Civil and Common law systems have their differences, which in turn makes up what you could call their strengths and weaknesses. The main difference between the two is how cases are decided within the system. The use of Common law sees cases decided mainly on the precedent of cases that have come before as will further be demonstrated whereas Civil law relies on the use of codes, principles and statutes to create and uphold the law when deciding cases. When deciding which is ‘better’, or perhaps a more fitting term ‘more reliable’, these strengths and weaknesses should be looked...
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...WRITING ASSIGNMENT 1 1. To what did the Latin religio refer? a) The Latin word L. religionem (nom. Religio) is defined as “a respect for what is scared, reverence for the gods”, and according to the text refers to the fear or awe a person feels in the presence of a spirit or a god. 2. Taoism and Confucianism are nontheistic religions, that is, religions for which belief in God or gods is nonessential. While gods are not alien to either Taoism or Confucianism, belief in/of gods is not central to either tradition. What are a couple of other religions that can be called nontheistic religions? a) A few additional examples of some nontheistic religions are Agnosticism, Atheism, Buddhism, Secular Humanism and Scientology. 3. What is Paul Tillich's definition for religion, and why do Hopfe and Woodward consider its development too broad? a) Paul Tillich defines religion as, “that which is of ultimate concern”. Hopfe and Woodward consider the development of Tillich’s definition of religion too broad for a world religions course because a philosophical exploration of Tillich’s definition of religion, yields many an individuals personal belief of what is of ultimate concern hardly lending to the general understanding of popular or mainstream religions they hope to accomplish in this text. 4. Explain E. B. Tylor's theory concerning the origin and evolution of religion. What is animism, and to what, "ultimately" and "finally," did Tylor think it evolved? a) E.B. Tylor’s theory...
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...ARTS TEACHERS’ GUIDE Grade 9 ARTS Teacher’s Guide Unit I WESTERN CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS GRADE 9 Unit 1 ARTS TEACHERS’ GUIDE GRADE 9 Unit 1 WESTERN CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS LEARNING AREA STANDARD The learner demonstrates an understanding of basic concepts and processes in music and art through appreciation, analysis and performance for his/her self-development, celebration of his/her Filipino cultural identity and diversity, and expansion of his/her world vision. key - stage STANDARD The learner demonstrates understanding of salient features of music and arts of the Philippines and the world, through appreciation, analysis, and performance, for self-development, the celebration of Filipino cultural identity and diversity, and the expansion of one’s world vision. grade level STANDARD The learner demonstrates understanding of salient features of Western music and the arts from different historical periods, through appreciation, analysis, and performance for self-development, the celebration of Filipino cultural identity and diversity, and the expansion of one’s world vision. CONTENT STANDARDs The Learner: demonstrates understanding of art elements and processes by synthesizing and applying prior knowledge and skills demonstrates understanding that the arts are integral to the development of organizations, spiritual belief, historical events, scientific discoveries, natural disasters/ occurrences and other external phenomenon ...
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...The History of Money THE HISTORY OF MONEY From Its Origins to Our Time This was the final draft of the English text of "Une Histoire de l’Argent: des origines à nos jours" - www.autrement.com/ouvrages.php?ouv=2746710306 - published by Autrement in Paris in November 2007 with a few minor changes in the final French text. I am very grateful to Philippe Godard - www.autrement.com/collections.php?col=277 for his editorial support, and to Autrement for allowing me to make the English version accessible here. INTRODUCTION This book is about the history of money: how did it begin? how has it evolved to the present day? what has it enabled humans to achieve? and why do so many people in the world today have problems with it and suffer from the way it works? The book is also about the future: how may money develop further? how might we want it to develop? Humans are the only creatures that use money. Animals and birds and insects and fishes and plants exist together in the world without it. But in human societies the earning and spending of money has become one of the most important ways we connect with one another. Most of us have to have money. We need to get enough coming in to match what we need to pay out. We all need to understand at least that much about money. But there is more to it than that. Over the centuries, money has reflected changes in politics and government, in economic life and power, in science and technology, in religious and other cultural beliefs, in family and...
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...punishment and retribution has been around since the first set of written laws, the code of Hammurabi. Since then citizens worldwide have committed crimes and have paid for their actions, whether it be an eye for an eye, or paying a one hundred dollar ticket, punishment is still relevant today. In our world today there is a massive scale on which crime can be committed and the worst of the worst can be put to death. For centuries humans have killed humans when they fell justified. Should we have that power, should we be able to take the lives of others? The death penalty might be the most controversial penalty in existence. The penalty of death was used for over twenty five different offenses for the code of Hammurabi, ancient Greece and Rome also killed civilians for crime. Every civilization in history with a set of laws has been using the death penalty, and there are only a few differences today. Instead of crucifixion, drowning, burning or burying someone alive we think that we kill in a more humane way. In the last fifty years we’ve been avoiding using the electric chair, hangings and firing squads. Now we use the lethal injection, a mix of toxic chemicals injected into the bloodstream to kill the person from the inside out. Now this strikes a debate with most people should we do it? Are we doing it the right way? And who deserves it? In American today you can get the death penalty for a slew of factors, first degree murder, aircraft hijacking, espionage, treason...
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...Historical Evidence of The Gap Theory Pre-Geologic Age Almost without exception, the Gap theory is credited to Dr. George Chalmers of Edinburg University in 1814. Supposedly Dr. Chalmers introduced this theory in an attempt to harmonize the Genesis account with the vast periods of time demanded by uniformitarian geologists. It is then claimed that George H. Pember further elaborated the theory in his work (Earth’s Earliest Ages) in 1876, and the theory was finally popularized in the footnotes of the Scofield Reference Bible beginning in 1917. Today, it is said that only pinheads and nitwits of dubious scholastic background maintain a belief in the “Gap Theory”. If, as it is today asserted, the theory can only be traced back to Dr. Chalmers, then the statement of its reason for introduction should not be discounted. On the other hand, if the theory antedates both Dr. Chalmers and any uniformitarian geologist, then it should and indeed must be investigated by any serious student of scripture to determine why such a Gap exist. Mark E. Howerter, in his work “Creation VS Evolution: The Gap Theory Explained”, follows the now accepted view when he wrote: Uninformed Christians have propagated two theories that have tried to reconcile the Bible with evolution. They have done this because from kindergarten through graduate school it is taught that evolution is a proven scientific fact. Christians have swallowed this hook, line and sinker. They have tried...
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