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School System

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Sisitem Pendidikan Publik, Perlukah ?
Wulandini

Setiap orang memiliki keterlibatan dalam pendidikan. Baik secara formal maupun informal, pendidikan telah membawa manusia untuk mencapai cita-cita. Alamiahnya manusia bisa melakukan proses belajarnya lewat dua hal yang menurut teory belajar Bandura adalah dengan observational learning dan self regulation. Hanya dengan dua faktor ini, maka manusia bisa melakukan proses belajar. Manusia yang memiliki tiga domain yaitu fisik, kognitif, dan sosial emosi mampu survive sejak penciptaannya dengan mengelola ketiga domain tersebut. Mekanisme cara belajar (aspek nurture) dan nature manusia normal pada dasarnya cukup untuk mempertahankan kehidupan dan kelestariannya. Dengan demikian dapat dipahami bahwa manusia sejak awal sejarah telah mengedukasi diri tanpa mengenal lembaga pendidikan formal melalui proses mandiri dengan berorientasi pada cita-citanya. Saat ini kita melihat bahwa pendidikan telah dilembagakan. Sekolah dalam hal ini adalah bentuk yang merepresentasikan proses belajar yang dengannya eksistensi hubungan manusia dan pendidikan diakui. Manusia berada dalam setting yang memiliki berbagai standar. Standar kompetensi, standar strategi belajar, standar penilaian, standar sarana pendidikan, serta komponen lain yang mensyaratkan berbagai hal untuk menjadikannya pantas mendukung proses pendidikan. Pertanyaannya apakah yang menjadi acuan untuk menentukan standar ? apakah acuan tersebut berorientasi pada nature manusia yang unik ataukah berorientasi pada kepentingan lain ?
Saat ini kita melihat fenomena bahwa sistem pendidikan telah menghubungkan hampir semua lembaga sekolah formal dimanapun terhubung dengan standar universal. Standar tersebut bersifat hirarkhis yang kemudian salah satunya menghasilkan jenjang pendidikan yang berujung pada posisi tertinggi yang terkait gelar pendidikan. Orang akan lebih mudah mendapat pekerjaan ketika telah memiliki gelar. Gelar profesor diyakini secara universal sebagai posisi tertinggi hasil belajar formal. Nyatanya orientasi jenjang pendidikan bersifat akademis dan mengarahkan pada kondidi tertentu yang distandarkan.
Fenomena standarisasi juga menyangkut jenis ilmu-ilmu dasar yang dipelajari, yaitu matematika, bahasa, sosial, dan sains. Bahkan ketika matematika dianggap ilmu yang paling penting dibanding bahasa dan seni, kondisi ini diuniversalkan. Akibatnya orang tergiring untuk memberikan penilaian bahwa ada bidang ilmu yang lebih prestise dibanding yang lainnya. Hal ini berdampak secara sosial karena muncul anggapan, orang yang memperlajari ilmu pasti lebih bernilai dipandang orang yang mempelajari ilmu non eksak. Nature manusia yang sebenarnya memungkinkan untuk dikembangkan di semua bidang yang bisa melibatkan keseluruhan domain, seolah dinilai lebih jika pengembangannya berada di domain kognitif.
Sebelum awal abad 19 dunia tidak mengenal sistem pendidikan publik. Keseluruhan sistem diciptakan kemudian karena tuntutan industrialisasi. Ilmu yang paling mendukung kebutuhan industri akan menjadi prioritas penting. Kondisi ini akan berubah seiring dengan perubahan kebutuhan industrialisasai. Situasi ini memberikan gambaran bahwa pendidikan yang berada dalam sistem publik menjadi variabel yang ditentukan oleh tuntutan industrialisasi. Artinya, manusia berada diposisi deterministik. Sistem industrialisasi global telah membatasi manusia untuk berkehendak bebas. Dengan adanya standar, manusia cenderung takut melakukan hal di luar standar. Sementara dunia butuh juga untuk ditemukan dengan cara-cara di luar standar. Jika saat ini kita sudah menikmati hasil penemuan hasil olahan sistem pendidikan publik yang menitik beratkan aspek kognitif, maka sesungguhnya manusia berhak untuk menikmati manfaat yang jauh lebih besar ketika hal-hal di luar olahan sistem pendidikan standar terfasilitasi dengan baik.
Dengan kondisi seperti ini, maka perlukah pendidikan kita dilembagakan ? Mungkinkah kita melakukan proses pendidikan yang memberi kebebasan pada manusia ?
Jika kita menempatkan manusia sebagai organisme penting, makhluk dunia paling mulia diantara yang lainnya, tujuan hidup manusia perlu diposisikan sebagai orientasi pengelolaan hidupnya. Pada dasarnya manusia memiliki aspek terberi yang bersifat biologis (hereditas) serta memiliki kehendak bebas (free will) seperti yang dikemukakan Abraham Maslow. Oleh Adler manusia dikatatakan bergerak menuju superioritas sebagai kompensasi kondisi awalnya yang inferior. Proses menuju superioritas ini yang dilakukan dengan belajar. Bandura menjelaskan, proses belajar dilakukan dengan cara observational learning dan self regulation. Manusia membutuhkan sesuatu atau seseorang yang bisa dijadikan model memodifikasi tingkah lakunya, serta membutuhkan ketrampilan mengelola dirinya. Dengan proses belajar ini maka perkembangan manusia akan terjadi.
Self regulation menjadi aspek yang menentukan bagaimana manusia memahami hal yang menjadi sumber ketertarikan dalam belajar. Ketika seseorang memberi perhatian dengan intensitas tinggi, maka self regulation memaknai hal tersebut sebagai preferensinya. Preferensi ini meliputi bidang dan strategi tertentu yang ketika berasosiasi dengan belief, akan menguatkan pola gerak menuju tujuannya. Pembentukan self regulasi sendiri sebenarnya merupakan kecendrungan manusia untuk bisa survive , jika dilihat dari sudut pandang evolusioner. Faktor lingkungan berpengaruh untuk membentuk keterampilan self regulation ini. Manusia bisa menentukan cara apa yang akan dilakukan dalam belajarnya. Bandura mengemukakan beberapa cara yang bisa digunakan manusia dalam belajar yaitu atensi. retensi, reproduksi , dan motivasi. Dan secara alamiah, manusia akan melakukan hal ini ketika melakukan observational learning.
Hasil belajar yang ingin diperoleh pada dasarnya adalah tercapainya kompetensi. Kompetensi bisa dilihat sebagai kemampuan seseorang dalam hal tertentu yang akan digunakan dalam kehidupan. Tercapainya kompetensi baru menunjukkan terjadinya perkembangan dari kesemua domain manusia yang akan mendukung tercapainya tujuan hidup. Penilaian hasil belajar sejatinya adalah menyocokkan perkembangan berupa penguasaan kompetensi baru, dengan kondisi diturunkan dari keadaan yang dicita-citakan. Sementara itu perlu disadari bahwa cita-cita manusia bersifat spesifik yang berbeda satu dengan lainnya. Dengan demikian proses penilaian hasil belajar menjadi sangat spesifik pula caranya. Manusia tidak membutuhkan sistem penilaian yang bersifat standar. Bahkan manusia tidak membutuhkan penilaian sama sekali sejauh apa yang dilakukannya adalah perjalanan menuju superioritas yang berorientasi perkembangan.
Dari penjelasan di atas, alamiahnya manusia telah memiliki kemampuan mengedukasi dirinya. Proses nurture yang baik perlu menghormati genuine nya manusia dengan kehendak bebasnya. Manusia adalah faktor utama yang bisa mempengaruhi dirinya sendiri dan sistem lingkungannya. Menjaga proses belajar manusia menuju tujuan yang genuine perlu terkawal baik. Pengawalaan ini perlu memastikan terpeliharanya orisinalitas tujuan hidup yang dimiliki setiap individu. Standar-standar umum menjadi kontra produktif jika digunakan dalam pendidikan manusia. Dengan demikian potensi akan muncul sebagaimana alamiahnya dan digerakkan oleh kehendak sejati manusia. Prinsip ini bisa dijalankan tanpa selalu perlu dilembagakan. Bersekolah menjadi bukan satu-satunya bukti keterlibatan seseorang berpendidikan. Gelar menjadi bukan suatu pengakuan kemampuan akademis tunggal. Bahkan gelar tidak diperlukan ketika manusia menyadari orientasi mastery.
Budaya ilmiah muncul tidak selalu bermula dari sistem pendidikan publik. Sejarah membuktikan ilmuwan-ilmuwan sebelum abad 19 telah banyak menghasilkan penemuan-penemuan penting. Ibnu Sina, Ibnu Hayyan, Ariestoteles, Phytagoras, Al Biruni, adalah ilmuwan yang dimunculkan dengan sistem mastery. Dan umumnya ilmuwan di masa itu bahkan menguasai kepakaran lebih dari satu bidang keilmuwan. Suatu fenomena yang nyaris tidak tercapai oleh sistem pendidikan publik modern.
Sejatinya alam yang telah menyediakan segala sesuatunya untuk digali dan dipelajari. Alam adalah setting dan konteks dari proses pendidikan. Alam bukan hanya objek eksploitasi seperti pandangan kaum kapitalis dan industrialis yang menyebabkan berbagai dampak buruk dari cara pandang seperti ini, tetapi alam juga sumber inspirasi daya kreatif manusia. Kita mempelajari bagaimana dunia bekerja untuk memudahkan bagaimana kita hidup berdampingan dengan alam. Alam menginspirasi kita tentang order, komposisi, variasi dan estetika yang akan memperkaya kwalitas hidup. Dengan demikian nature manusia dan nature dari setting serta konteks alam, menjamin proses belajar yang membebaskan bisa dilakukan demi tercapainya tujuan manusia.
Sistem pendidikan publik selama ini telah menunjukkan kelemahannya dalam memahami manusia sebagai makhluk yang memiliki kehendak bebas dan memiliki kapasitas luar biasa. Manusia cenderung diarahkan pada hasil belajar berstandar sama dengan tampilan yang sama. Sistem ini memposisikan manusia sebagai variabel yang perlu menyesuaikan dengan tuntutan kebutuhan industrialisasi, dan bukan memposisikan manusia sebagai agent perubah. Hal ini menyebabkan devaluasi kedudukan manusia.
Sudah saatnya masyarakat melihat kembali sistem pendidikan publik dalam rangka mewujudkan cita-cita sejatinya manusia. Jika telah terjadi kegagalan sistem pendidikan publik dalam memfasilitasi demand-nya manusia, maka kita perlu memikirkan alternatif untuk menyelamatkan harmonisasi kehidupan manusia terkait pendidikan seperti apa yang kita inginkan.

Referensi
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory (second edition). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Abboott, Tina. (2001). Social and personality development. Routledge : Taylor & Francis Group.
Maslow, A.H (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
Feist, Jess & Feist, G.J (1998). Theories of personality (seventh edition). McGrow Hill International Edition.

Dalam perkembangannya manusia dihadapkan pada banyak kejadian. Terkadang kejadian yang terjadi di sekelompok manusia di wilayah tertentu bisa menyebabkan dampak pada manusia secara keseluruhan. Sikap manusia pada suatu kelompok dalam memahami masalah di konteks tertentu, bisa menyebabkan dampak pada manusia yang berada jauh di setting yang berbeda dan konteks yang berbeda pula. Sistem sosial telah menyebabkan manusia serba terhubung dan manusia sebagai bagian dari faktor sistem sosial yang aktif bisa mempengaruhi sistem sosial memiliki kemampuan untuk merubah dunia didorong keinginan dan kepentingannya.
Sebelum aning Theorybad 19

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