...View Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue Catalysis Science & Technology Cite this: Catal. Sci. Technol., 2012, 2, 2025–2036 www.rsc.org/catalysis Dynamic Article Links MINIREVIEW Advances in conversion of hemicellulosic biomass to furfural and upgrading to biofuels Saikat Dutta, Sudipta De, Basudeb Saha* and Md. Imteyaz Alam Downloaded on 15 September 2012 Published on 01 June 2012 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/C2CY20235B Received 14th April 2012, Accepted 28th May 2012 DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20235b Recent approaches to furfural synthesis from hemicellulosic biomass and pentose sugars with both homogeneous and solid acidic catalysts have been summarized by addressing the associated sustainability issues. The features of deconstruction of hemicellulosic biomass by acid hydrolysis to produce pentose sugar feedstock for furfural have been discussed in brief. Several strategies including solvent extraction in a biphasic process, application of surface functionalized materials such as acidic resins, mesoporous solids and mechanistic insight in limited cases are discussed. The present status of the promising furfural platform in producing second generation biofuels (furanics and hydrocarbon) is reviewed. The performances of each catalytic system are assessed in terms of intrinsic reactivity and selectivity toward furfural production. Overall, this minireview attempts to highlight the scope of further developments for a sustainable furfural...
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...Abstract Friction stir processing (FSP) has been applied by several researchers to produce surface modification of metallic materials. The feasibility to produce TiC and B4C particle reinforced aluminum (AA6360) hybrid matrix composites (AHMCs) were studied in this paper. The measured content of TiC and B4C powders were compacted into a groove of 0.5 mm X 5 mm. Double pass FSP was carried out using a FSW tool at rotational speed of 1600 rpm, processing speed of 60 mm/min and axial force of 8 kN. A tool made of HCHCr steel; oil hardened to 62 HRC, having cylindrical threaded profile was used in this study. Optical micrographs revealed a defect free FSP zone. TiC and B4C particles were uniformly distributed and well bonded with the matrix alloy. The hardness of the FSW zone increased to 25% higher than that of the matrix alloy. Key words: Surface composite, Friction stir processing, TiC, B4C. 1. Introduction Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) reinforced with ceramic particles exhibit high strength, high elastic modulus, and improved resistance to wear, creep and fatigue compared with unreinforced metals which make them promising structural materials for aerospace and automobile industries. However, these composites also suffer from a great loss in ductility and toughness due to the incorporation of non-deformable ceramic reinforcements, which limits their wide applications to a certain extent [1]. The surface properties dictate the life span of components in several applications...
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...International Journal of Modern Social Sciences, 2013, 2(1): 34-43 International Journal of Modern Social Sciences ISSN: 2169-9917 Florida, USA Journal homepage: www.ModernScientificPress.com/Journals/IJMSS.aspx Article Environment & PEST Analysis: An Approach to External Business Environment Abhishek Gupta Administrative-cum-Accounts Officer & Head of Office, Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Renewable Energy (Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Govt. of India), Wadala Kalan, Kapurthala-144601 (Punjab) E-Mail: iloveindia1909@gmail.com; Ph. No. 01822-255090, Mo. 09592010278 Article history: Received 8 April 2013, Received in revised form 28 May, Accepted 29 May 2013, Published 30 May 2013. Abstract: Environmental management, a term encompassing environmental planning, protection, monitoring, assessment, research, education, conservation and sustainable use of resources, is now accepted as a major guiding factor for sustainable development at the regional and national level. It is now being increasingly recognized that environmental factors and ecological imperatives must be in built to the total planning process if the longterm goal of making industrial development sustainable is to be achieved. Here we will try to define and discuss the role of Environmental Analysis in the strategic management process of organization. The present complex world require as far as is feasible, it consider impact of important factors related to organizations in...
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...International Journal of Modern Social Sciences, 2013, 2(1): 34-43 International Journal of Modern Social Sciences ISSN: 2169-9917 Florida, USA Journal homepage: www.ModernScientificPress.com/Journals/IJMSS.aspx Article Environment & PEST Analysis: An Approach to External Business Environment Abhishek Gupta Administrative-cum-Accounts Officer & Head of Office, Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Renewable Energy (Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Govt. of India), Wadala Kalan, Kapurthala-144601 (Punjab) E-Mail: iloveindia1909@gmail.com; Ph. No. 01822-255090, Mo. 09592010278 Article history: Received 8 April 2013, Received in revised form 28 May, Accepted 29 May 2013, Published 30 May 2013. Abstract: Environmental management, a term encompassing environmental planning, protection, monitoring, assessment, research, education, conservation and sustainable use of resources, is now accepted as a major guiding factor for sustainable development at the regional and national level. It is now being increasingly recognized that environmental factors and ecological imperatives must be in built to the total planning process if the longterm goal of making industrial development sustainable is to be achieved. Here we will try to define and discuss the role of Environmental Analysis in the strategic management process of organization. The present complex world require as far as is feasible, it consider impact of important factors related to organizations in...
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...considered-- these range from assessing the regulatory challenges, manufacturing challenges, marketing challenges (in particular pricing), and partnering challenges. Each of the treatments would target a unique patient population that differs in both size and composition. Tengion must also consider how quickly it might expect to bring each of the two treatments to market. The decision could have significant long-term implications for the company's ultimate survival and success. Tengion’s lead product Augment was primarily targeted towards patients suffering from Spina bifida (SB) and spinal cord injury (SCI) whose bladders did not function properly. There were 2,000 new cases (babies) of Spina bifida (SB) every year and 12,000 new cases of spinal cord injury (SCI) every year. There were presently 259000 living survivors. Tengion’s second product in line was Conduit which was entering phase I trials. Conduit’s primary target population was bladder cancer patients. 71,000 cases of bladder cancer were reported every year with 14,000 deaths every year. There were 500000 living survivors With regards to the manufacture of Augment,...
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...Networks, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 4 Committee of Yuanpei Honors Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Received June 3, 2010; accepted July 22, 2010 In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in the Earth-Sun distance, with the modern rate reported as 5–15 m/cy on the basis of astronomical measurements. However, traditional methods cannot measure the ancient leaving rates, so a myriad of research attempting to provide explanations were met with unmatched magnitudes. In this paper we consider that the growth patterns on fossils could reflect the ancient Earth-Sun relationships. Through mechanical analysis of both the Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon systems, these patterns confirmed an increase in the Earth-Sun distance. With a large number of well-preserved specimens and new technology available, both the modern and ancient leaving rates could be measured with high precision, and it was found that the Earth has been leaving the Sun over the past 0.53 billion years. The Earth’s semi-major axis was 146 million kilometers at the beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon, equating to 97.6% of its current value. Measured modern leaving rates are 5–14 m/cy, whereas the ancient rates were much higher. Experimental results indicate a special expansion with an average expansion coefficient of 0.57H0 and deceleration in the form of Hubble...
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...International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(11), 82-89, November (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. The Contemporary Scenario of Indian Renewable Energy Sector Md Aquil Ahmad, Shadab Khalid, Shadman Hussain Qaisar and Tiwari Gourav Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 12nd October 2014, revised 14th November 2014, accepted 22nd November 2014 Abstract The paper focuses on the contemporary scenario of renewable energy sources in India. Wind, biomass, small hydro and solar constitutes India’s renewable energy sources. India is a large country with an area of 3,287,263 sq. kilometers. Thus, it has access to ample of renewable resources. With prevailing threats of global warming and exhaustion of conventional energy sources, it becomes mandatory to exploit renewable sources and to develop technologies for efficient extraction of power from them. India has shown remarkable growth in its renewable sector over the last decade. In India, the total installed capacity of power generation from all sources is 2,45,401 MW as on March,2014. About 31,702 MW of power is generated from renewable sources which constitutes nearly 13% of the total installed capacity. India has high capacity of power generation from wind. Nearly 67% of power is generated by wind alone from...
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...SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NOVI PAZAR S ER . A: A PPL . M ATH . I NFORM . AND M ECH . vol. 1, 1 (2009), 11-20 Vernier’s Delay Line Time–to–Digital Converter G. S. Jovanovi´ , M. K. Stojˇ ev c c Abstract: This paper describes the architecture and performance of a high-resolution time–to– digital converter (TDC) based on a Vernier delay line. The TDC is used as a basic building block for time interval measurement in an ultrasonic liquid flowmeter. Operation of the TDC with 10ps LSB resolution and 1 ms input range has been simulated using library models for 1.2 µ m double–metal double–poly CMOS technology. The TDC operates at clock frequency of 200 MHz, and is composed of 500 delay–latch elements. The difference in delay between two chains, one for the start and the other for stop pulse, is controlled by the delay locked loop (DLL). Keywords: Time to digital conversion, Vernier delay line, DLL. 1 Introduction The precise measurement of the time interval between two events with very fine timing resolution is common challenge in the test and measurement instrumentation (logic analyzer, ATE system, nuclear instrumentation), industrial control (multichannel DAS, ultrasonic liquid flowmeters), electronic embedded control system (automotive controllers, medical devices avionics), etc. [1,2,3]. A time–to–digital converter (TDC) is one of the crucial building blocks installed into this type of equipment. High–resolution TDC is primarily used in application...
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...Portocarrero et al., J Tissue Sci Eng 2013, 4:1 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7552.1000e120 Tissue Science & Engineering Editorial Open Access Challenges in Cartilage Tissue Engineering Portocarrero G, Collins G and Livingston Arinzeh T* Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA The Problem Over 27 million Americans suffer from cartilage damage with several million people affected per year. Articular cartilage or hyaline cartilage has a limited capacity to heal after damage from injury or degenerative disease. In an attempt to delay the progression of widespread damage, orthopedic surgeons routinely treat osteochondral injuries with minimally invasive surgical procedures involving articular resurfacing. The knee is the most prevalent joint affected. One of the three most common treatments for injury of the knee is arthroscopic lavage, either with or without debridement. Yet this treatment is merely palliative, providing symptomatic relief but does not repair injury to cartilage [1]. The most frequently used reparative treatment for small symptomatic lesions of articular cartilage of the knee are marrow-stimulating techniques, such as subchondral drilling, abrasion arthroplasty and microfracturin [2]. In microfracturing, which is the most commonly used technique, multiple holes made in the subchondral bone allow bone marrow components to reach the joint surface and facilitate repair. Bone...
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...Journal of Human Kinetics volume 36/2013, 161-168 Section III – Sports Training DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2013-0016 161 Identifying Basketball Performance Indicators in Regular Season and Playoff Games by Javier García1, Sergio J. Ibáñez1, Raúl Martinez De Santos2, Nuno Leite3, Jaime Sampaio3 The aim of the present study was to identify basketball game performance indicators which best discriminate winners and losers in regular season and playoffs. The sample used was composed by 323 games of ACB Spanish Basketball League from the regular season (n=306) and from the playoffs (n=17). A previous cluster analysis allowed splitting the sample in balanced (equal or below 12 points), unbalanced (between 13 and 28 points) and very unbalanced games (above 28 points). A discriminant analysis was used to identify the performance indicators either in regular season and playoff games. In regular season games, the winning teams dominated in assists, defensive rebounds, successful 2 and 3-point field-goals. However, in playoff games the winning teams’ superiority was only in defensive rebounding. In practical applications, these results may help the coaches to accurately design training programs to reflect the importance of having different offensive set plays and also have specific conditioning programs to prepare for defensive rebounding. Key words: Performance analysis, game-indicators, win/lose, basketball. Introduction Traditionally, preparing basketball teams to succeed in competition...
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...International Series in Quantitative Marketing Min Ding Jehoshua Eliashberg Stefan Stremersch Editors Innovation and Marketing in the Pharmaceutical Industry Emerging Practices, Research, and Policies Chapter 3 Portfolio Management in New Drug Development Min Ding, Songting Dong, Jehoshua Eliashberg, and Arun Gopalakrishnan Abstract The pharmaceutical industry leads all industries in terms of R&D spend. Portfolio management in new drug development is extremely challenging due to long drug development cycles and high probabilities of failure. In 2010, a pharmaceutical company like GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) spent over USD 6 billion in R&D expenditure and managed a total of 147 R&D projects across 13 therapeutic areas in different stages of development. There are a lot of challenges in deciding on how to allocate resources to these projects in order to achieve the maximum returns. For example, how to evaluate the value and risk of each project, how to choose new projects for both short-term cash flow and long-term development, how to decide which projects to prioritize and which projects to remove from the portfolio, how to design drug development unit and incentive schemes to maximize the likelihood of success, and so forth. This chapter reviews both practice and the state-of-the-art research and summarizes the latest insights from both industry and academia. For a manager, it provides a guide to the tools they need in portfolio management in the new drug development...
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...Silva Liliana P Fernández National University of Cuyo Universidad Nacional de San Luis 17 PUBLICATIONS 363 CITATIONS 43 PUBLICATIONS 540 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Available from: Maria Fernanda Silva Retrieved on: 08 September 2015 Talanta 51 (2000) 123 – 129 www.elsevier.com/locate/talanta Cloud point extraction of lead in saliva via use of nonionic PONPE 7.5 without added chelating agents Marta O. Luconi, M. Fernanda Silva, Roberto A. Olsina, Liliana P. Fernandez * ´ Area of Analytical Chemistry, National Uni6ersity of San Luis, CONICET, San Luis 5700, Argentina Received 4 March 1999; received in revised form 13 August 1999; accepted 16 August 1999 Abstract A new micelle-mediated phase separation of metal ions to preconcentrate trace levels of lead as a prior step to its determination by flame atomic spectroscopy has been developed. The methodology is based on the cloud point extraction of lead with PONPE 7.5 in the absence of chelating agent. The chemical variables affecting the sensitivity of the extractive-spectrometric procedure were evaluated in detail, optimised and successfully applied to the determination of lead in saliva samples. Under the optimal conditions, a %E higher than 99.9 was achieved. The proposed method showed linear calibration within the range: 0.6 – 4 mg ml − 1 Pb(II). The sensitivity was 0.053 mg ml − 1. The method has been applied to the...
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...Study of the different flow patterns in the melting section of a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Polymer Engineering and Science - February 1, 2003 Guo Yichong Word count: 5666. citation details [pic] INTRODUCTION Twin-screw extrusion (TSE) Involves solid conveying, melting, mixing, venting and homogenizing, and the extrusion process affects the quality of polymer products considerably. Co-rotating twin-screw extruders are mainly used for compounding, and they are commonly of modular design, which means the screw elements can be configured to reach optimal conditions. Conveying elements and kneading blocks are the two common types of screw elements, which are designed based on conjugation or kinematics principles. Investigations of co-rotating TSE have covered many aspects. Recent literature shows that some investigations first obtained data from experiments, and then obtained the regularity about the TSE process according to the experimental results (1-3). Such studies usually had some practicality, for instance, to clarify the temperature profiles, pressure drop, etc. Other investigations simulated the process with physical and mathematical methods, and then verified the simulation results with experimental data (4-9). They often emphasized the theoretical significance. Several experimental methods have been used in TSE melting studies. Todd (10) conducted his experiments using a clam-shell barrel. Bawiskar and White (11) and Potente and Melish (12) adopted the screw extraction...
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...Methylprednisolone. The doctor would be ordering constant blood sugar checks on a patient on IV corticosteroid therapy although the patient does not have a history of hypertension. Protonix: When spinal cord injury occurs above the level of T5, the primary GI problems that occur are related to hypo motility. Paralytic ileus and gastric distention develop as a result of decreased GI motility. Stress ulcers develop because of excessive release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Protonix is frequently used to prevent the occurrence of ulcers in the initial phase. 5. During an injury, the spinal column and the spinal cord can be injured anywhere along their length. The majority of the damage to the spinal cord occurs at the time of injury, but further damage can be caused by improper handling of the unstable spine and by the disruption of the blood supply, which can cause hypoxia and necrosis. Immediately following SCI, spinal shock occurs in the portion of the spinal cord that is injured and results in a complete loss of all motor, sensory, reflex, and autonomic function below the level of the injury. This loss is manifested in loss of bowel and bladder tone and peripheral vascular tone, which result in bladder distention, paralytic ileus, flaccid paralysis, and hypotension. After a period that varies from hours to months, but which usually lasts for 1 to 6 weeks, the spinal neurons gradually regain their excitability and the period of spinal shock ends. 6. Physical therapy:...
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...SCI/151 Week 1 Assignment Basics of Astronomy Outline I. Our place in the universe A. The modern view of the universe 1. The Sun is a star in our solar system that generates heat and light to our planet, Earth through nuclear fusion. 2. Our Milky Way galaxy is an island of stars in space with hundreds of billions of stars like our Sun. 3. The Big Bang is a theory of when the universe started expanding about 14 billion years ago. 4. The phase “looking out in the universe is looking back in time,” refers to the light from other stars we see at night happened in 1913 because light takes time to travel through space. B. Where are we in the universe? 1. Earth’s place in the solar system is the third planet nearest to the Sun, a star. It is very small but the only dense planet with life forms. 2. The nearest stars to the Sun and compare the distance between the Sun and Earth a. The nearest star system is Alpha Centauri that is 4.4 light-years away. b. The distance between the Earth, and the Sun is 92,600,000 miles; it takes eight minutes for light from the Sun to reach Earth. 3. The Milky Way galaxy is about one hundred thousand light-years in diameter. 4. It is estimated that one hundred billion stars are in our galaxy. 5. The Earth is only four and one-half billion years of age in comparison to the universe is 14 billion. C. Motion in the universe 1. Earth orbits the Sun at 66,000 miles per hour that is equal to 107,000 kilometers per hour, which is one...
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